Flessibilità nell'abitare : riqualificazione e integrazione dell'Ex Filanda Majani a Forlì

Nel tentativo di rispondere alle esigenze valutate in seguito all’analisi del centro storico in base a differenti profili investigativi, si è formulato un programma di intervento con obiettivi e strategie codificate. In modo particolare viene privilegiata l’indagine effettuata a livello sociale sulla popolazione del centro storico, ambito di ricerca necessario per una buona premessa per un progetto che ha come oggetto l’abitare. Da queste considerazioni nasce l’idea del progetto dove il tema della residenza si inserisce in un contesto urbano in stretta relazione con il tessuto storico della città di Forlì. L’individuazione dell’area di progetto, situata in una posizione di confine tra due realtà differenti, il centro storico e la circonvallazione che lo racchiude, suggerisce la necessità di stabilire attraverso collegamenti perdonali e ciclabili fra l’area in esame e la periferia esterna una configurazione dinamica, dove il vuoto urbano che si presenta è lo scenario ideale per ristabilire una porta moderna alla città, ricomponendo la leggibilità tra la sfera naturale e quella insediativa. Alla scala urbana l’obiettivo è quello di stabilire il ruolo di centralità dell’area, nel suo insieme, restituendo ai fatti urbani della città le funzioni di interesse pubblico generale. La zona oggetto di discussione è un nodo urbano in cui coesistono manufatti di pregio architettonico e storico come quello della Filanda in oggetto e dell’Ex Complesso conventuale della Ripa, in grado di essere potenziali contenitori di funzioni pubbliche di alto livello, e aree verdi da riqualificare, con forte propensione all’uso pubblico, come gli Orti di via Curte. Sotto questo profilo deve essere valutata anche la tematica del rapporto con l’architettura antica, tenendo in considerazione l’effetto di impatto che i nuovi interventi avranno sull’esistente. È dunque il sito di progetto che detta le metodologie di approccio legate alla necessità di un intervento sostenibile e non invasivo. Partendo da queste considerazioni si sviluppano le tematiche legate alla flessibilità e alle sue coniugazioni. La società contemporanea che ci impone ogni giorno modelli di vita sempre nuovi e la necessità di movimento e trasformazione, ci mette di fronte più che mai al bisogno di progettare spazi non rigidi, ma aperti alle molteplici possibilità d’uso e ai cambiamenti nel tempo. La flessibilità viene dunque concepita in relazione ai concetti di complessità e sostenibilità. Se da una parte è necessario riconoscere la molteplicità dei modi d’uso con i quali l’oggetto dovrà confrontarsi ed assumere il carattere aleatorio di qualsiasi previsione relativa ai modelli di comportamento dell’utenza, dall’altra occorre cogliere all’interno del progetto della residenza flessibile la possibilità di pervenire a un costruire capace di riconfigurarsi di volta in volta, adattandosi alle differenti condizioni d’uso, senza dover procedere a drastiche modifiche che impongono la dismissione di materiali e componenti. Il sistema della stratificazione a secco può essere quello che attualmente meglio risponde, per qualità ed economicità, ai concetti della biologia dell’abitare e della casa intelligente, nozioni che acquisiscono sempre più importanza all’interno di una nuova concezione della progettazione. Si sceglie dunque di riportare la Filanda, quanto possibile, alla riconfigurazione originaria, prima che la corte interna fosse completamente saturata di depositi e magazzini come ci si presenta oggi e di concepire una nuova configurazione di quello che diventa un isolato urbano integrato nel tessuto storico, e nodo strutturante per un’area più vasta. Lavorando sulla residenza occorre mettere in primo piano il protagonista dell’architettura che si va a progettare: l’uomo. Per questo la scala urbana e la dimensione umana devono essere concepite parallelamente e la progettazione della cellula di base che si struttura secondo le modalità premesse di flessibilità e sostenibilità si sovrappone all’obiettivo di individuare all’interno del vuoto urbano, una nuova densità, dove il dialogo tra pubblico e privato sia il presupposto per lo sviluppo di un piano integrato e dinamico.

Il museo del riuso. Progetto di riqualificazione dell'ex caserma Sani a Bologna

Il progetto di riqualificazione della Caserma Sani si ispira allʼinteresse nei confronti delle tematiche del recupero edilizio e urbano. Esso nasce dallʼintenzione di reintegrare unʼarea urbana in via di dismissione nel suo contesto attraverso lʼinserimento di nuove funzioni che rispondano alle esigenze di questa parte di città e nel contempo riqualificare i fabbricati esistenti attraverso un progetto di recupero e completamento che favorisca il dialogo del complesso esistente con il sistema urbano circostante. La volontà di riuso della maggioranza degli edifici facenti parte del vecchio impianto si basa su considerazioni legate alla natura stessa del sito: lʼintenzione è quella di conservarne la memoria, non tanto per il suo valore storico-architettonico, ma perché nel caso specifico della Caserma più che di memoria è opportuno parlare di scoperta, essendo, per propria natura militare, un luogo da sempre estraneo alla comunità e al suo contesto, chiuso e oscurato dal limite fisico del muro di cinta. La caserma inoltre si compone di edifici essenzialmente funzionali, di matrice industriale, la cui versatilità si legge nella semplicità e serialità morfologica, rendendoli “organismi dinamici” in grado di accogliere trasformazioni e cambi di funzione. Il riuso si muove in parallelo ai concetti di risignificazione e riciclaggio, dividendosi in modo egualmente efficace fra presupposti teorici e pratici. Esso costituisce una valida alternativa alla pratica della demolizione, nel caso in cui questa non sia specificatamente necessaria, e alle implicazione economiche e ambientali (smaltimento dei rifiuti, impiego dei trasporti e fondi economici, ecc.) che la accompagnano. Alla pratica del riuso si affianca nel progetto quella di completamento e ampliamento, arricchendo il vecchio sistema di edifici con nuove costruzioni che dialoghino discretamente con la preesistenza stabilendo un rapporto di reciproca complementarietà. Il progetto di riqualificazione si basa su più ampie considerazioni a livello urbano, che prevedono lʼintegrazione dellʼarea ad un sistema di attraversamento pedonale e ciclabile che colleghi da nord a sud le principali risorse verdi del quartiere passando per alcuni dei principali poli attrattori dellʼarea, quali la Stazione Centrale, il Dopolavoro Ferroviario adibito a verde attrezzato, il nuovo Tecno Polo che sorgerà grazie al progetto di riqualificazione previsto per lʼex Manifattura Tabacchi di Pier Luigi Nervi e il nuovo polo terziario che sorgerà dalla dismissione delle ex Officine Cevolani. In particolare sono previsti due sistemi di collegamento, uno ciclo-pedonale permesso dalla nuova pista ciclabile, prevista dal nuovo Piano Strutturale lungo il sedime della vecchia ferrovia che correrà da nord a sud collegando il Parco della Montagnola e in generale il centro storico al Parco Nord, situato oltre il limite viario della tangenziale. Parallelamente alla pista ciclabile, si svilupperà allʼinterno del tessuto un ampio viale pedonale che, dal Dopolavoro Ferroviario (parco attrezzato con impianti sportivi) collegherà la grande area verde che sorgerà dove ora giacciono i resti delle ex Industrie Casaralta, adiacenti alla Caserma Sani, già oggetto di bonifica e in via di dismissione, incontrando lungo il suo percorso differenti realtà e funzioni: complessi residenziali, terziari, il polo culturale e le aree verdi. Allʼinterno dellʼarea della Caserma sarà integrato agli edifici, nuovi e preesistenti, un sistema di piazze pavimentate e percorsi di attraversamento che lo riuniscono al tessuto circostante e favoriscono il collegamento da nord a sud e da est a ovest di zone della città finora poco coinvolte dal traffico pedonale, in particolare è il caso del Fiera District separato dal traffico veloce di Via Stalingrado rispetto alla zona residenziale della Bolognina. Il progetto lascia ampio spazio alle aree verdi, le quali costituiscono più del 50 % della superficie di comparto, garantendo una preziosa risorsa ambientale per il quartiere. Lʼintervento assicura lʼinserimento di una molteplicità di funzioni e servizi: residenze unifamiliari e uno studentato, uffici e commercio, una biblioteca, un auditorium e un polo museale.

Aspetti innovativi per la valutazione e la misura della porosità nei materiali dell'edilizia antica e moderna. La geometria frattale della porosità

New concepts on porosity appraisal in ancient and modern construction materials. The role of Fractal Geometry on porosity characterization and transport phenomena. This work studied the potential of Fractal Geometry to the characterization of porous materials. Besides the descriptive aspects of the pore size distribution, the fractal dimensions have led to the development of rational relations for the prediction of permeability coefficients to fluid and heat transfer. The research considered natural materials used in historical buildings (rock and earth) as well as currently employed materials as hydraulic cement and technologically advanced materials such as silicon carbide or YSZ ceramics. The experimental results of porosity derived from the techniques of mercury intrusion and from the image analysis. Data elaboration was carried out according to established procedures of Fractal Geometry. It was found that certain classes of materials are clearly fractal and respond to simple patterns such as Sierpinski and Menger models. In several cases, however, the fractal character is not recognised because the microstructure of the material is based on different phases at different dimensional scales, and in consequence the “fractal dimensions” calculated from porosimetric data do not come within the standard range (less than 3). Using different type and numbers of fractal units is possible, however, to obtain “virtual” microstructures that have the fraction of voids and pore size distribution equivalent with the experimental ones for almost any material. Thus it was possible to take the expressions for the permeability and the thermal conduction which does not require empirical “constants”, these expressions have also provided values that are generally in agreement with the experimental available data. More problematic has been the fractal discussion of the geometry of the rupture of the material subjected to mechanical stress both external and internal applied. The results achieved on these issues are qualitative and prone to future studies. Keywords: Materials, Microstructure, Porosity, Fractal Geometry, Permeability, Thermal conduction, Mechanical strength.

Per un museo virtuale dell'informatica. Un supporto automatico per creare "visite museali"

The subject of the present research is related to the field of computer technology applied to support intellectual activities such as text translation, screenwriting and content organization of popular and education courses, especially concerning museum visits. The research has started with the deep analysis of the cognitive process which characterizes a screenwriter while working. This choice has been made because a screenplay is not only an aid to the realization of a show but, more in general, it can be considered as the planning of an education, popular and formative intellectual activity. After this analysis, the research has focused on the specific area of the planning, description and introduction of topics related to the history of science, and in particular, of computer science. To focus on this area it has been fundamental to analyse subjects concerning the didactics of museum visits organization. The aim was to find out the guide lines that a teacher should follow when planning the visit of a museum (virtual museum of the history of computer science). The consequent designing and realisation of an automatic support system for the description and the production of a formative, education and popular multimedia product (for the history of computer science), has been possible thanks to the results achieved through this research. The system obtained is provided by the following features: ·management of multimedia slides (such as texts, video, audio or images) which can be classified on the bases of the topic and of the profile of the user; ·automatic creation of a sequence of multimedia slides which introduce the topic; ·management of the interaction with the user to check and give validity to the product. The most innovative aspect of the present research is represented by the fact that the product is realised on the bases of the profile of the user.

Musica come Scienza dell'uomo. I caratteri del sapere musicale nel Settecento britannico

The departure point of the present work is the idea that in order to understand what music meant to British society in the Eighteenth-Century an interdisciplinary approach is necessary. Natural philosophy, moral philosophy, musical treatises and histories of music: all these sources concur both to the creation of a new idea about what music and its ‘science’ are, and to question the place which music ought to have in the realm of the Science of Man. The dissertation is divided into two sections. In the first one we will take into account philosophical sources (from John Locke, Joseph Addison and Lord Shaftesbury, to Lord Kames and Adam Smith), and we will examine their thoughts on music. In the second one we will deal with musical sources (from the Treatise of Musick of Alexander Malcom, to the Histories of Music of Charles Burney and John Hawkins) in order to show their connection with the philosophical literature before mentioned. The main aim of the work it to show that the development of specific philosophies of the human mind, such as the ones of John Locke and David Hume, did influence the way in which music was thought. Particularly we will point out the case of Adam Smith’s interpretation of instrumental music, which is heavily indebted to the humeian model of the human mind.

Studio del comportamento idraulico del progetto di by-pass dell'invaso artificiale sul Torrente Conca

Analisi del progetto di canale di bypass al bacino artificiale sul Torrente Conca (comune di Misano Adriatico). Richiami di teoria del trasporto solido. Simulazione del comportamento idraulico in moto vario del canale di bypass attraverso il programma HEC RAS. Verifiche di trasporto solido.

Effetti dell'integrazione visuo-acustica in pazienti con disturbo di campo visivo

Human brain is provided with a flexible audio-visual system, which interprets and guides responses to external events according to spatial alignment, temporal synchronization and effectiveness of unimodal signals. The aim of the present thesis was to explore the possibility that such a system might represent the neural correlate of sensory compensation after a damage to one sensory pathway. To this purpose, three experimental studies have been conducted, which addressed the immediate, short-term and long-term effects of audio-visual integration on patients with Visual Field Defect (VFD). Experiment 1 investigated whether the integration of stimuli from different modalities (cross-modal) and from the same modality (within-modal) have a different, immediate effect on localization behaviour. Patients had to localize modality-specific stimuli (visual or auditory), cross-modal stimulus pairs (visual-auditory) and within-modal stimulus pairs (visual-visual). Results showed that cross-modal stimuli evoked a greater improvement than within modal stimuli, consistent with a Bayesian explanation. Moreover, even when visual processing was impaired, cross-modal stimuli improved performance in an optimal fashion. These findings support the hypothesis that the improvement derived from multisensory integration is not attributable to simple target redundancy, and prove that optimal integration of cross-modal signals occurs in processing stage which are not consciously accessible. Experiment 2 examined the possibility to induce a short term improvement of localization performance without an explicit knowledge of visual stimulus. Patients with VFD and patients with neglect had to localize weak sounds before and after a brief exposure to a passive cross-modal stimulation, which comprised spatially disparate or spatially coincident audio-visual stimuli. After exposure to spatially disparate stimuli in the affected field, only patients with neglect exhibited a shifts of auditory localization toward the visual attractor (the so called Ventriloquism After-Effect). In contrast, after adaptation to spatially coincident stimuli, both neglect and hemianopic patients exhibited a significant improvement of auditory localization, proving the occurrence of After Effect for multisensory enhancement. These results suggest the presence of two distinct recalibration mechanisms, each mediated by a different neural route: a geniculo-striate circuit and a colliculus-extrastriate circuit respectively. Finally, Experiment 3 verified whether a systematic audio-visual stimulation could exert a long-lasting effect on patients’ oculomotor behaviour. Eye movements responses during a visual search task and a reading task were studied before and after visual (control) or audio-visual (experimental) training, in a group of twelve patients with VFD and twelve controls subjects. Results showed that prior to treatment, patients’ performance was significantly different from that of controls in relation to fixations and saccade parameters; after audiovisual training, all patients reported an improvement in ocular exploration characterized by fewer fixations and refixations, quicker and larger saccades, and reduced scanpath length. Similarly, reading parameters were significantly affected by the training, with respect to specific impairments observed in left and right hemisphere–damaged patients. The present findings provide evidence that a systematic audio-visual stimulation may encourage a more organized pattern of visual exploration with long lasting effects. In conclusion, results from these studies clearly demonstrate that the beneficial effects of audio-visual integration can be retained in absence of explicit processing of visual stimulus. Surprisingly, an improvement of spatial orienting can be obtained not only when a on-line response is required, but also after either a brief or a long adaptation to audio-visual stimulus pairs, so suggesting the maintenance of mechanisms subserving cross-modal perceptual learning after a damage to geniculo-striate pathway. The colliculus-extrastriate pathway, which is spared in patients with VFD, seems to play a pivotal role in this sensory compensation.

Max Bill in Italia . Lo spazio logico dell'architettura

I Max Bill is an intense giornata of a big fresco. An analysis of the main social, artistic and cultural events throughout the twentieth century is needed in order to trace his career through his masterpieces and architectures. Some of the faces of this hypothetical mural painting are, among others, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Kandinskij, Klee, Mondrian, Vatongerloo, Ignazio Silone, while the backcloth is given by artistic avant-gardes, Bauhaus, International Exhibitions, CIAM, war events, reconstruction, Milan Triennali, Venice Biennali, the School of Ulm. Architect, even though more known as painter, sculptor, designer and graphic artist, Max Bill attends the Bauhaus as a student in the years 1927-1929, and from this experience derives the main features of a rational, objective, constructive and non figurative art. His research is devoted to give his art a scientific methodology: each work proceeds from the analysis of a problem to the logical and always verifiable solution of the same problem. By means of composition elements (such as rhythm, seriality, theme and its variation, harmony and dissonance), he faces, with consistent results, themes apparently very distant from each other as the project for the H.f.G. or the design for a font. Mathematics are a constant reference frame as field of certainties, order, objectivity: ‘for Bill mathematics are never confined to a simple function: they represent a climate of spiritual certainties, and also the theme of non attempted in its purest state, objectivity of the sign and of the geometrical place, and at the same time restlessness of the infinity: Limited and Unlimited ’. In almost sixty years of activity, experiencing all artistic fields, Max Bill works, projects, designs, holds conferences and exhibitions in Europe, Asia and Americas, confronting himself with the most influencing personalities of the twentieth century. In such a vast scenery, the need to limit the investigation field combined with the necessity to address and analyse the unpublished and original aspect of Bill’s relations with Italy. The original contribution of the present research regards this particular ‘geographic delimitation’; in particular, beyond the deep cultural exchanges between Bill and a series of Milanese architects, most of all with Rogers, two main projects have been addressed: the realtà nuova at Milan Triennale in 1947, and the Contemporary Art Museum in Florence in 1980. It is important to note that these projects have not been previously investigated, and the former never appears in the sources either. These works, together with the most well-known ones, such as the projects for the VI and IX Triennale, and the Swiss pavilion for the Biennale, add important details to the reference frame of the relations which took place between Zurich and Milan. Most of the occasions for exchanges took part in between the Thirties and the Fifties, years during which Bill underwent a significant period of artistic growth. He meets the Swiss progressive architects and the Paris artists from the Abstraction-Création movement, enters the CIAM, collaborates with Le Corbusier to the third volume of his Complete Works, and in Milan he works and gets confronted with the events related to post-war reconstruction. In these years Bill defines his own working methodology, attaining an artistic maturity in his work. The present research investigates the mentioned time period, despite some necessary exceptions. II The official Max Bill bibliography is naturally wide, including spreading works along with ones more devoted to analytical investigation, mainly written in German and often translated into French and English (Max Bill himself published his works in three languages). Few works have been published in Italian and, excluding the catalogue of the Parma exhibition from 1977, they cannot be considered comprehensive. Many publications are exhibition catalogues, some of which include essays written by Max Bill himself, some others bring Bill’s comments in a educational-pedagogical approach, to accompany the observer towards a full understanding of the composition processes of his art works. Bill also left a great amount of theoretical speculations to encourage a critical reading of his works in the form of books edited or written by him, and essays published in ‘Werk’, magazine of the Swiss Werkbund, and other international reviews, among which Domus and Casabella. These three reviews have been important tools of analysis, since they include tracks of some of Max Bill’s architectural works. The architectural aspect is less investigated than the plastic and pictorial ones in all the main reference manuals on the subject: Benevolo, Tafuri and Dal Co, Frampton, Allenspach consider Max Bill as an artist proceeding in his work from Bauhaus in the Ulm experience . A first filing of his works was published in 2004 in the monographic issue of the Spanish magazine 2G, together with critical essays by Karin Gimmi, Stanislaus von Moos, Arthur Rüegg and Hans Frei, and in ‘Konkrete Architektur?’, again by Hans Frei. Moreover, the monographic essay on the Atelier Haus building by Arthur Rüegg from 1997, and the DPA 17 issue of the Catalonia Polytechnic with contributions of Carlos Martì, Bruno Reichlin and Ton Salvadò, the latter publication concentrating on a few Bill’s themes and architectures. An urge to studying and going in depth in Max Bill’s works was marked in 2008 by the centenary of his birth and by a recent rediscovery of Bill as initiator of the ‘minimalist’ tradition in Swiss architecture. Bill’s heirs are both very active in promoting exhibitions, researching and publishing. Jakob Bill, Max Bill’s son and painter himself, recently published a work on Bill’s experience in Bauhaus, and earlier on he had published an in-depth study on ‘Endless Ribbons’ sculptures. Angela Thomas Schmid, Bill’s wife and art historian, published in end 2008 the first volume of a biography on Max Bill and, together with the film maker Eric Schmid, produced a documentary film which was also presented at the last Locarno Film Festival. Both biography and documentary concentrate on Max Bill’s political involvement, from antifascism and 1968 protest movements to Bill experiences as Zurich Municipality councilman and member of the Swiss Confederation Parliament. In the present research, the bibliography includes also direct sources, such as interviews and original materials in the form of letters correspondence and graphic works together with related essays, kept in the max+binia+jakob bill stiftung archive in Zurich. III The results of the present research are organized into four main chapters, each of them subdivided into four parts. The first chapter concentrates on the research field, reasons, tools and methodologies employed, whereas the second one consists of a short biographical note organized by topics, introducing the subject of the research. The third chapter, which includes unpublished events, traces the historical and cultural frame with particular reference to the relations between Max Bill and the Italian scene, especially Milan and the architects Rogers and Baldessari around the Fifties, searching the themes and the keys for interpretation of Bill’s architectures and investigating the critical debate on the reviews and the plastic survey through sculpture. The fourth and last chapter examines four main architectures chosen on a geographical basis, all devoted to exhibition spaces, investigating Max Bill’s composition process related to the pictorial field. Paintings has surely been easier and faster to investigate and verify than the building field. A doctoral thesis discussed in Lausanne in 1977 investigating Max Bill’s plastic and pictorial works, provided a series of devices which were corrected and adapted for the definition of the interpretation grid for the composition structures of Bill’s main architectures. Four different tools are employed in the investigation of each work: a context analysis related to chapter three results; a specific theoretical essay by Max Bill briefly explaining his main theses, even though not directly linked to the very same work of art considered; the interpretation grid for the composition themes derived from a related pictorial work; the architecture drawing and digital three-dimensional model. The double analysis of the architectural and pictorial fields is functional to underlining the relation among the different elements of the composition process; the two fields, however, cannot be compared and they stay, in Max Bill’s works as in the present research, interdependent though self-sufficient. IV An important aspect of Max Bill production is self-referentiality: talking of Max Bill, also through Max Bill, as a need for coherence instead of a method limitation. Ernesto Nathan Rogers describes Bill as the last humanist, and his horizon is the known world but, as the ‘Concrete Art’ of which he is one of the main representatives, his production justifies itself: Max Bill not only found a method, but he autonomously re-wrote the ‘rules of the game’, derived timeless theoretical principles and verified them through a rich and interdisciplinary artistic production. The most recurrent words in the present research work are synthesis, unity, space and logic. These terms are part of Max Bill’s vocabulary and can be referred to his works. Similarly, graphic settings or analytical schemes in this research text referring to or commenting Bill’s architectural projects were drawn up keeping in mind the concise precision of his architectural design. As for Mies van der Rohe, it has been written that Max Bill took art to ‘zero degree’ reaching in this way a high complexity. His works are a synthesis of art: they conceptually encompass all previous and –considered their developments- most of contemporary pictures. Contents and message are generally explicitly declared in the title or in Bill’s essays on his artistic works and architectural projects: the beneficiary is invited to go through and re-build the process of synthesis generating the shape. In the course of the interview with the Milan artist Getulio Alviani, he tells how he would not write more than a page for an essay on Josef Albers: everything was already evident ‘on the surface’ and any additional sentence would be redundant. Two years after that interview, these pages attempt to decompose and single out the elements and processes connected with some of Max Bill’s works which, for their own origin, already contain all possible explanations and interpretations. The formal reduction in favour of contents maximization is, perhaps, Max Bill’s main lesson.