RELAÇÕES HÍDRICAS EM DOIS HÍBRIDOS DE MILHO SOB DOIS CICLOS DE DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as relações hídricas de dois híbridos de milho (Zea mays L.), em casa de vegetação: o IAC 8222 (híbrido com tolerância ambiental) e o DINA 10 (híbrido comum); submetidos a um ou a dois ciclos de estresse, aos 30 e 46 DAP. O IAC 8222 manteve o potencial hídrico de folha (psihf) superior ao do DINA no primeiro ciclo de estresse e no segundo ciclo, em plantas que sofreram os dois ciclos (com endurecimento), no sexto e último dia de deficiência hídrica, não havendo diferenças em relação ao conteúdo hídrico relativo (CHR) entre os híbridos. Houve um aumento da concentração de açúcares solúveis e de aminoácidos com a deficiência hídrica, sem diferenças entre os híbridos no primeiro ciclo de déficit hídrico, e com aumento significativo somente na concentração de aminoácidos no DINA 10 submetido aos dois ciclos, no último dia do segundo ciclo. A concentração de K+ não variou nem com os ciclos nem entre híbridos. Portanto, só houve diferenças na acumulação de solutos osmóticos entre os híbridos, quanto ao teor de aminoácidos no DINA 10 submetido aos dois ciclos, no segundo ciclo. Contudo, o IAC 8222 manteve o seu psihf alto, podendo ter promovido um ajuste do coeficiente de extensibilidade de parede, que foi acentuado com o endurecimento.

Assessing the associations between mental disorders, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease : the CoLaus/PsyCoLaus study

Background: Cardio-vascular diseases (CVD), their well established risk factors (CVRF) and mental disorders are common and co-occur more frequently than would be expected by chance. However, the pathogenic mechanisms and course determinants of both CVD and mental disorders have only been partially identified.Methods/Design: Comprehensive follow-up of CVRF and CVD with a psychiatric exam in all subjects who participated in the baseline cross-sectional CoLaus study (2003-2006) (n=6'738) which also included a comprehensive genetic assessment. The somatic investigation will include a shortened questionnaire on CVRF, CV events and new CVD since baseline and measurements of the same clinical and biological variables as at baseline. In addition, pro-inflammatory markers, persistent pain and sleep patterns and disorders will be assessed. In the case of a new CV event, detailed information will be abstracted from medical records. Similarly, data on the cause of death will be collected from the Swiss National Death Registry. The comprehensive psychiatric investigation of the CoLaus/PsyCoLaus study will use contemporary epidemiological methods including semi-structured diagnostic interviews, experienced clinical interviewers, standardized diagnostic criteria including threshold according to DSM-IV and sub-threshold syndromes and supplementary information on risk and protective factors for disorders. In addition, screening for objective cognitive impairment will be performed in participants older than 65 years.Discussion: The combined CoLaus/PsyCoLaus sample provides a unique opportunity to obtain prospective data on the interplay between CVRF/CVD and mental disorders, overcoming limitations of previous research by bringing together a comprehensive investigation of both CVRF and mental disorders as well as a large number of biological variables and a genome-wide genetic assessment in participants recruited from the general population.

Children left behind during immigration: repercussions on the mental health of Latin-American mothers and fathers

Emigrating and having to leave children behind may be a risk factor for the mental health of immigrants. This study aimed to compare the psychological symptoms reported by immigrants mothers and fathers who took their children with them with those who left their children behind. The sample comprised 213 Latin American immigrants (123 women and 90 men). The results showed that mothers who did not have children with them reported more psychological symptoms than those who did. Few differences were observed in the case of fathers, except that those who had their children with them reported more symptoms related with somatization. After controlling for possible confounding variables ('time since immigration', ·having a job', 'legal status', and social support') it is concluded that for mothers not being accompanied by own's children explains the largest proportion of the psychological synptoms analyzed, although the time since immigration also accounts for some of the variance in the case of depressive sympthomatology and general distress. It is likely that the despair and frustation felt by mothers grows as time goes on and they remain unable to reunite the family. These results may be useful in terms of designing prevention and intervention programs with immigrants mothers.

Family burden related to clinical and functional variables of people with intellectual disability with and without a mental disorder

Few studies have been found that to assess the factors that explain higher levels of familyburden in adults with intellectualdisability (ID) and intellectualdisability and mental disorders (ID-MD). The aims of this study were to assess familyburden in people with ID and ID-MD and to determine which sociodemographic, clinical and functionaldisabilityvariables account for familyburden. The sample is composed of pairs of 203 participants with disability and their caregivers, of which 33.5% are caregivers of people with ID and 66.5% of ID-MD. Assessments were performed using scales of clinical and functionaldisability as the following instruments: Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III), Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP), Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Development Disability (PAS-ADD checklist), Disability Assessment Schedule of the World Health Organization (WHO-DAS-II) and familyburden (Subjective and Objective FamilyBurden Inventory - SOFBI/ECFOS-II). People with ID-MD presented higher levels of functionaldisability than those with ID only. Higher levels of familyburden were related to higher functionaldisability in all the areas (p < 0.006-0.001), lower intelligence quotient (p < 0.001), diagnosis of ID-MD (p < 0.001) and presence of organic, affective, psychotic and behavioral disorders (p < 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression showed that behavioral problems, affective and psychotic disorder, disability in participation in society, disability in personal care and presence of ID-MD explained more than 61% of the variance in familyburden. An integrated approach using effective multidimensional interventions is essential for both people with ID and ID-MD and their caregivers in order to reduce familyburden.

Family impact in intellectual disability, severe mental health disorders and mental health disorders in ID. A comparison

Family impact (or family burden) is a concept born in the field of mental health that has successfully been exported to the ambit of intellectual disability (ID). However, differences in family impact associated with severe mental health disorders (schizophrenia), to ID or to mental health problems in ID should be expected. Seventy-two adults with intellectual disability clients of the Carmen Pardo-Valcarce Foundation's sheltered workshops and vocational employment programmes in Madrid (Spain), 203 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia from four Spanish Community Mental Health Services (Barcelona, Madrid, Granada and Navarra) and 90 adults with mental health problems in ID (MH-ID) from the Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu Health Care Site in Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona (Spain) were asked to participate in the present study along with their main caregivers. Family impact experienced by caregivers was assessed with the ECFOS-II/SOFBI-II scale (Entrevista de Carga Familiar Objetiva y Subjetiva/Objective and Subjective Family Burden Interview). In global terms, results showed that the higher family impact was found between caregivers to people with MH-ID. The interaction of both conditions (ID and mental health problems) results in a higher degree of burden on families than when both conditions are presented separately. There was also an impact in caregivers to people with schizophrenia, this impact being higher than the one detected in caregivers to people with intellectual disability. Needs of caregivers to people with disability should be addressed specifically in order to effectively support families.

Mental imagery for full and upper human bodies: common right hemisphere activations and distinct extrastriate activations.

The processing of human bodies is important in social life and for the recognition of another person's actions, moods, and intentions. Recent neuroimaging studies on mental imagery of human body parts suggest that the left hemisphere is dominant in body processing. However, studies on mental imagery of full human bodies reported stronger right hemisphere or bilateral activations. Here, we measured functional magnetic resonance imaging during mental imagery of bilateral partial (upper) and full bodies. Results show that, independently of whether a full or upper body is processed, the right hemisphere (temporo-parietal cortex, anterior parietal cortex, premotor cortex, bilateral superior parietal cortex) is mainly involved in mental imagery of full or partial human bodies. However, distinct activations were found in extrastriate cortex for partial bodies (right fusiform face area) and full bodies (left extrastriate body area). We propose that a common brain network, mainly on the right side, is involved in the mental imagery of human bodies, while two distinct brain areas in extrastriate cortex code for mental imagery of full and upper bodies.

Mental Causation : Investigating the mind's powers in a natural world

4.6 Summary and Conclusion In this chapter, we have first tried to make precise the distinctions between the concepts of parthood and coincidence and the concepts of causation and causal influence. These distinc-tions had never been made entirely explicit in the debate on mental causation before, despite the fact that they constantly figure in its background. Section 4.2 then demonstrated that the at-tained definitions are both compatible with all the solutions elaborated in chapters 2 and 3 and that they are even of great help in clarifying both what precisely the mentioned accounts are claiming respectively and what their mutual connections are. In sections 4.3. and 4.4, we have then tried to explore two possible solutions to the problem of mental causation that, at least in these particular versions, have not been explicitly defended in the literature. These solutions we dubbed "overdeteiminationism lite" and "plural determinism". We found the accounts both to bear impressive explanatory capabilities and to be vulnerable to far fewer problems than is commonly supposed. We also found out that they have many corresponding aspects and that their theoretical costs stand in a relation of a relative mutual balance. Our final discussion in section 4.5 revealed, however, that overdetenninationism lite should probably be considered the more successful theory. The fact that it needs to endorse the existence of two kinds of causation, although not unproblematic itself, did not appear as a commitment as strong as that of an ontological hierarchy that extends over all time, which at least the broad version of plural determinism was forced to make.

The importance of environmental exposures to physical, mental and social well-being

"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" states the WHO. However, the current focus in this important area seems to be on reducing diseases, while less attention is paid on aspects how to increase the well-being of populations. This paper reviews three examples where well-being has drawn attention of the public and policy makers, and compares the policies of two wealthy countries. The first example is noise. Noise can reduce sleep quality and cause physiological, mental, and social effects. In Switzerland, noise receives a lot of attention by the public. Swiss laws are extensive, e.g., they prohibit trucks and planes from traveling at night. In the USA, there is little public attention and no national strategy against environmental noise. The second example is aesthetics and recreation. Many humans seek contact with the beauty of nature. The USA and Switzerland have similar strategies for achieving clear waters, while the protection of scenic views is approached very differently. Lifestyle is the last example. In the USA, the desire for individual freedom is a leading cause for suburban sprawl, a car-dependent sedentary lifestyle resulting in obesity, asthma and loss of community spirit. In Switzerland, a strict land use planning seeks to balance individual and public interests and stresses public transportation, which seems to be a more promising approach. Paying attention to aspects of well-being while developing political strategies might be a promising model to tackle environmental problems. Successful strategies employed so far seem to include the public, local authorities, politicians and scientists in this process, which might have been a key for their success. [Authors]

Trocas gasosas de mudas de videira, obtidas por dois porta-enxertos, submetidas à deficiência hídrica

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da deficiência hídrica e de dois porta-enxertos nas trocas gasosas de mudas de videira cultivadas em vasos, nas condições de casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se como copa a 'Niágara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca), e como porta-enxertos, o 101-14 (V. riparia) e o 1103 Paulsen (V. rupestris x V. berlandieri). Doze dias após a suspensão da rega, o potencial hídrico foliar da combinação 'Niágara Rosada'/101-14 apresentou os menores valores (-2,80 MPa) em relação à 'Niágara Rosada'/1103 Paulsen (-2,10 MPa) nas plantas não-irrigadas, enquanto o teor relativo de água variou apenas entre os tratamentos hídricos. Com a evolução do estresse hídrico, houve uma sensível redução nas trocas gasosas da cultivar 'Niágara Rosada', que apresentaram valores próximos de zero, devido ao fechamento dos estômatos, sem diferenças entre os porta-enxertos. Somente após 12 dias sem rega, os porta-enxertos influenciaram a eficiência no uso da água e eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II, onde a 'Niágara Rosada' enxertada sobre o 101-14 apresentou valores inferiores ao 1103 Paulsen. Entretanto, durante o período de suspensão da rega, os porta-enxertos não influenciaram as trocas gasosas da cultivar 'Niágara Rosada', e apresentaram comportamento semelhante em condições de baixa disponibilidade hídrica.

Troubles psychiques et épilepsies [Mental disorders and epilepsies]

Mental disorders in patients having difficulties to treat their epilepsy are without a doubt more frequent than those presented by patients with controlled epilepsies or within a general population. These problems are especially affective disorders; clinical presentations of these troubles are often particular and difficult to classify through the current admitted classification guidelines. We speak generally about an interictal dysphoric disorder. The relationship between observed troubles in seizures is in some cases very particular: postictal depressions and psychosis are very peculiar disorders, self limited, difficult to detect and to treat. Some considerations are made about certain topics related to severe epilepsies: suicide, pseudo seizures and therapeutic attitude.

Presentación de REICESMA - Red Española de Investigación en Cuidados de Enfermería de Salud Mental y Adicciones

La Red Española de Investigación en Cuidados de Enfermería de Salud Mental y Adicciones (REICESMA) es una estructura formada por grupos enfermeros de investigación que desarrollan su actividad científica en el ámbito de los cuidados de la enfermería de salud mental y adicciones. REICESMA es un proyecto de larga evolución: como es sabido, no se puede crear una red de forma espontánea sino que se requieren unas bases y unos requisitos previos imprescindibles. Si revisamos esos requisitos en plan descendente, el paso previo y el que se mantiene en todo el proceso de construcción y desarrollo de una red de investigación es la existencia de Grupos de Investigación. Podríamos aceptar que a partir de la existencia de dos Grupos de Investigación ya se podría configurar una Red. Seguramente es posible, pero en nuestra visión de REICESMA la estructura ha de ser mucho más amplia. Nuestro punto de referencia (aunque no necesariamente tiene que ser el punto de llegada) son las convocatorias oficiales de reconocimiento de redes /los criterios de definición de Red en los que se detalla que una Red deberá estar formada por al menos 10 grupos de investigación de cuatro más comunidades autónomas.