Contracting Freedom: Governance and East Indian Indenture in the British Atlantic, 1838-1917

This is a dissertation about identity and governance, and how they are mutually constituted. Between 1838 and 1917, the British brought approximately half a million East Indian laborers to the Atlantic to work on sugar plantations. The dissertation argues that contrary to previous historiographical assumptions, indentured East Indians were an amorphous mass of people drawn from various regions of British India. They were brought together not by their innate "Indian-ness" upon their arrival in the Caribbean, but by the common experience of indenture recruitment, transportation and plantation life. Ideas of innate "Indian-ness" were products of an imperial discourse that emerged from and shaped official approaches to governing East Indians in the Atlantic. Government officials and planters promoted visions of East Indians as "primitive" subjects who engaged in child marriage and wife murder. Officials mobilized ideas about gender to sustain racialized stereotypes of East Indian subjects. East Indian women were thought to be promiscuous, and East Indian men were violent and depraved (especially in response to East Indian women's promiscuity). By pointing to these stereotypes about East Indians, government officials and planters could highlight the promise of indenture as a civilizing mechanism. This dissertation links the study of governance and subject formation to complicate ideas of colonial rule as static. It uncovers how colonial processes evolved to handle the challenges posed by migrant populations.

The primary architects of indenture, Caribbean governments, the British Colonial Office, and planters hoped that East Indian indentured laborers would form a stable and easily-governed labor force. They anticipated that the presence of these laborers would undermine the demands of Afro-Creole workers for higher wages and shorter working hours. Indenture, however, was controversial among British liberals who saw it as potentially hindering the creation of a free labor market, and abolitionists who also feared that indenture was a new form of slavery. Using court records, newspapers, legislative documents, bureaucratic correspondence, memoirs, novels, and travel accounts from archives and libraries in Britain, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago, this dissertation explores how indenture was envisioned and constantly re-envisioned in response to its critics. It chronicles how the struggles between the planter class and the colonial state for authority over indentured laborers affected the way that indenture functioned in the British Atlantic. In addition to focusing on indenture's official origins, this dissertation examines the actions of East Indian indentured subjects as they are recorded in the imperial archive to explore how these people experienced indenture.

Indenture contracts were central to the justification of indenture and to the creation of a pliable labor force in the Atlantic. According to English common law, only free parties could enter into contracts. Indenture contracts limited the period of indenture and affirmed that laborers would be remunerated for their labor. While the architects of indenture pointed to contracts as evidence that indenture was not slavery, contracts in reality prevented laborers from participating in the free labor market and kept the wages of indentured laborers low. Further, in late nineteenth-century Britain, contracts were civil matters. In the British Atlantic, indentured laborers who violated the terms of their contracts faced criminal trials and their associated punishments such as imprisonment and hard labor. Officials used indenture contracts to exploit the labor and limit the mobility of indentured laborers in a manner that was reminiscent of slavery but that instead established indentured laborers as subjects with limited rights. The dissertation chronicles how indenture contracts spawned a complex inter-imperial bureaucracy in British India, Britain, and the Caribbean that was responsible for the transportation and governance of East Indian indentured laborers overseas.

Seroprotection against tetanus in patients of an an emergency department in Belgium and evaluation of a bedside immunotest (Tetanos Quick Stick R).

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Seroprotection against tetanus in patients of an an emergency department in Belgium and evaluation of a bedside immunotest (Tetanos Quick Stick R). A prospective observational study

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Seroprotection against tetanus in patients présenting to an emergency department in Belgium and evaluation of a bedside immunotest (Tetanos Quick Stick R): A prospective observational study

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Análisis de la Corporación J.R Lindley S.A. : caso Inca Kola

Inca Kola es una bebida gasificada del Perú y elaborada por la Corporación Lindley, que ha conservado el liderazgo en el mercado peruano desde su creación, a pesar del ingreso de bebidas internacionales y de bebidas que tienen un menor precio. Desde su creación, la corporación se enfocó en vincular la bebida con la identidad peruana; estrategia que ha sido efectiva y se pueden comprobar por el liderazgo que presenta en el mercado. En los noventa, la corporación Lindley tuvo que enfrentar un escenario turbulento debido al ingreso de Coca Cola y Pepsi, sin embargo, estas no desplazaron a Inca Kola a pesar del poder de marketing que cuentan. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar cómo la Corporación Lindley mantiene su bebida "Inca Kola" como una especialidad en el Perú, por medio de la metodología de las tres vías propuesto por Joskow. Los resultados indican que existen leyes que salvaguardan la marca Inca Kola, tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional y que gracias a la alianza entre la corporación Lindley y Coca Cola Company, se puso fin a la competencia, aumentando las barreras de ingreso en el sector de bebidas, y como resultado la corporación pudo enfocar sus esfuerzos en seguir vinculando la bebida con la cultura peruana y modernizar sus diferentes plantas de envasado. Las conclusiones más resaltantes indican que la corporación Lindley se apalancó en el Entorno Institucional informal para captar las preferencia de los peruanos, en otras palabras vinculó una bebida aprovechando las características que tienen los consumidores peruano, los cuales tienen lazos muy fuertes con productos que asocian con la identidad nacional. En la vía de la Moderna Organización Industrial se observa que la bebida sigue liderando las ventas con un precio mayor que los competidores, indicando que la corporación tiene una estrategia de diferenciación. Respecto a la vía de la estructura de gobernaza, la corporación pudo alinear sus transacciones con los proveedores de insumos y distribuidores para garantizar la calidad, precio y a asegurando su activo especifico más importante, la marca "Inca Kola". Estas características son propias de las Especialidades.

Preliminary studies on the effect of the increased biodiversity on the population dynamics of Caliroa cerasi L. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), and its natural enemy Trichogramma minutum R. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in a sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchard in Virch (Southern Patagonia Argentina)

p.25-36

Una propuesta para predecir el factor de erosividad R para el centro y norte de la Argentina

p.133-138

Efecto del 2,4 - DP sobre el tamaño de frutos de kiwi, Actinidia deliciosa (Chevalier) - C.F. Liang - A.R.Ferguson

p.161-165

Preliminary studies on the effect of the increased biodiversity on the population dynamics of Caliroa cerasi L. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), and its natural enemy Trichogramma minutum R. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in a sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchard in Virch (Southern Patagonia Argentina)

p.25-36

Introducción a la Estadística con R

Generalmente, los estudiantes de bachillerato y universitarios tienen dificultades para comprender los conceptos más elementales de probabilidad y estadística. La presentación de conceptos abstractos de una forma visual y dinámica puede ayudar a comprenderlos mejor. La simulación de experimentos aleatorios ayudará a conseguirlo. Presentamos a continuación algunas de las actividades preparadas para ello.

Implementación del análisis en componentes principales con el software estadístico R

El Análisis en Componentes Principales (ACP) constituye la técnica base para el Análisis Multivariado de Datos. Su objetivo principal es reducir la cantidad de variables, manteniendo la máxima cantidad de información, presente en una tabla de datos de variables cuantitativas. En el presente artículo se expone un panorama general sobre la estructura que fundamenta un ACP y se implementa un caso concreto en el software estadístico R. Para ello es necesario un conocimiento básico de este software.

[1H,15N] N.M.R. Kinetic Studies of Reactions of cis- and trans-[PtCl2(15NH3)(c-C6H1115NH2)] with Guanosine 5'-Monophosphate

cis-[PtCl2(15NH3)(c-C6H11NH2)] is an active metabolite of the oral platinum(IV) anticancer drug cis,trans,cis-[PtCl2(CH3CO2)2(NH2)(c-C6H11NH2)]. Since it is likely that guanine bases on DNA are targets for this drug, we have analysed the kinetics of reaction of this platinum(II) metabolite with guanosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP) at 310 K, pH 7, using [1H, 15N] n.m.r. methods. Reactions of the trans isomer are reported for comparison. The reactions proceed via aquated intermediates, and, for the cis isomer, the rates of aquation and substitution of H2O by 5′-GMP are 2-5 times faster trans to the amine ligand (c-C6H11NH2) compared to trans to NH3 for both the first and second steps. For the trans complex, the first aquation step is c. 3 times faster than for the cis complex, as expected from the higher trans influence of Cl¯, whereas the rate of the second aquation step (trans to N7 of 5′-GMP) is comparable to that trans to NH3. These findings have implications for the courses of reactions with DNA.

Letter from Wilfred T. Grenfell Esq., M.R.C.S.

An account of of the 1892(?) voyage from Yarmouth to St John's, Newfoundland, Canada.