Quantitative repeated open application testing with a rinse-off product in methyldibromo glutaronitrile-sensitive patients: results of the IVDK

While the use of methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) in leave-on products is clearly associated with high sensitization or elicitation risk, such a clear-cut relation could be questioned with regard to rinse-off products.

Oxidative stress precedes peak systemic inflammatory response in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operation

Oxidative stress seems to contribute to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-related postoperative complications. Pediatric patients are particularly prone to these complications. With this in mind, we measured oxidative stress markers in blood plasma of 20 children undergoing elective heart surgery before, during, and up to 48 h after cessation of CPB, along with inflammatory parameters and full analysis of iron status. Ascorbate levels were decreased by approximately 50% (P < 0.001) at the time of aorta cross-clamp removal (or pump switch-off in 4 patients with partial CPB), and associated with corresponding increases in dehydroascorbate (P < 0.001, r = -0.80) and malondialdehyde (P < 0.01, r = -0.59). In contrast to the immediate oxidative response, peak levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were not observed until 3-12 h after CPB cessation. The early loss of ascorbate correlated with duration of CPB (P < 0.002, r = 0.72), plasma hemoglobin after cross-clamp removal (P < 0.001, r = 0.70), and IL-6 and IL-8 levels at 24 and 48 h after CPB (P < 0.01), but not with postoperative lactate levels, strongly suggesting that hemolysis, and not inflammation or ischemia, was the main cause of early oxidative stress. The correlation of ventilation time with early changes in ascorbate (P < 0.02, r = 0.55), plasma hemoglobin (P < 0.01, r = 0.60), and malondialdehyde (P < 0.02, r = 0.54) suggests that hemolysis-induced oxidative stress may be an underlying cause of CPB-associated pulmonary dysfunction. Optimization of surgical procedures or therapeutic intervention that minimize hemolysis (e.g., off-pump surgery) or the resultant oxidative stress (e.g., antioxidant treatment) should be considered as possible strategies to lower the rate of postoperative complications in pediatric CPB.

Paleo erosion rates and climate shifts recorded by Quaternary cut-and-fill sequences in the Pisco valley, central Peru

Fluvial cut-and-fill sequences have frequently been reported from various sites on Earth. Nevertheless, the information about the past erosional regime and hydrological conditions have not yet been adequately deciphered from these archives. The Quaternary terrace sequences in the Pisco valley, located at ca. 13°S, offer a manifestation of an orbitally-driven cyclicity in terrace construction where phases of sediment accumulation have been related to the Minchin (48–36 ka) and Tauca (26–15 ka) lake level highstands on the Altiplano. Here, we present a 10Be-based sediment budget for the cut-and-fill terrace sequences in this valley to quantify the orbitally forced changes in precipitation and erosion. We find that the Minchin period was characterized by an erosional pulse along the Pacific coast where denudation rates reached values as high as 600±80 mm/ka600±80 mm/ka for a relatively short time span lasting a few thousands of years. This contrasts to the younger pluvial periods and the modern situation when 10Be-based sediment budgets register nearly zero erosion at the Pacific coast. We relate these contrasts to different erosional conditions between the modern and the Minchin time. First, the sediment budget infers a precipitation pattern that matches with the modern climate ca. 1000 km farther north, where highly erratic and extreme El Niño-related precipitation results in fast erosion and flooding along the coast. Second, the formation of a thick terrace sequence requires sufficient material on catchment hillslopes to be stripped off by erosion. This was most likely the case immediately before the start of the Minchin period, because this erosional epoch was preceded by a >50 ka-long time span with poorly erosive climate conditions, allowing for sufficient regolith to build up on the hillslopes. Finally, this study suggests a strong control of orbitally and ice sheet forced latitudinal shifts of the ITCZ on the erosional gradients and sediment production on the western escarpment of the Peruvian Andes at 13° during the Minchin period.

In-situ geotechnical measurements with the dynamic penetrometer Nimrod on the continental shelf off the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand

We tested the ability of a small dynamic penetrometer, Nimrod, to infer geotechnical properties of sediment mixtures in the inner shelf. The penetrometer is light and easy to operate, and its operation by scuba divers ensures a greater degree of precision than ship-based penetrometer deployments. We have studied selected positions along a sorted bedform (~ 100 m wide) on the continental shelf off the Coromandel Peninsula close to Tairua, North Island of New Zealand, and additionally took sediment samples at the exact positions of penetrometer impact, also by scuba divers. The derived dynamic penetrometer signatures (i) measured deceleration of the probe and estimated quasi-static bearing capacity as a measure of sediment strength, (ii) reflected changes in grain-size distribution ranging from very fine to very coarse sands, and (iii) revealed the uppermost seafloor stratification (top layer 2-6 cm) potentially being an indicator for sediment dynamics. In this manner, the device proved to be suitable for spatially fine-scaled surveys using divers' support and might deliver complementary information about sediment dynamics, in this case sorted-bedform maintenance.

Gestión del boil off gas en la planta de regasificación de Cartagena

Este proyecto trata sobre la gestión del boil-off gas, o BOG (vapor de gas natural que se produce en las instalaciones de gas natural licuado de las plantas de regasificación), generado en la planta de regasificación de Gas Natural Licuado de Cartagena, tanto en las situaciones en las que se opera por debajo del mínimo técnico, como en las cargas y descargas de buques, en las cuales se ha de gestionar una cantidad del boil-off adicional. Para recuperar el boil-off, las plantas cuentan con un relicuador (intercambiador de calor) en el que el BOG es relicuado por el GNL que se envía a los vaporizadores para ser regasificado y emitido a la red. De forma complementaria cuentan también con una antorcha/venteo donde se quema el exceso de boil-off que no puede ser tratado por el relicuador. Se procede a un análisis de la situación actual, y de cómo la baja demanda de regasificación dificulta la gestión del boil-off. Se simula el proceso de relicuación actual en distintas situaciones de operación. Ante la situación de baja demanda, ha aumentado considerablemente el número de días en los que las plantas españolas en general, y la planta de Cartagena en particular, operan por debajo del mínimo técnico, que es el nivel de producción mínimo para recuperar todo el boil-off generado en cualquier situación de operación al tiempo que mantiene en frío todas las instalaciones, y garantiza el 100% de disponibilidad inmediata del resto de los equipos en condiciones de seguridad de funcionamiento estable. Esta situación supone inconvenientes tanto operativos como medioambientales y acarrea mayores costes económicos, a los cuales da solución el presente proyecto, decidiendo qué alternativa técnica es la más adecuada y definiéndola. Abstract This project is about the management of the boil-off gas (BOG), natural vapour gas that is produced in liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification plants. Specifically, the study is focused on the LNG regasification plant located in Cartagena, when it operates both below the technical minimum level of regasification and in the loading/unloading of LNG carriers, situations when it is needed to handle additional BOG. In order to make the most of BOG, the plants have a re-condenser (heat exchanger). Here, the BOG is re-liquefied by the LNG that is submitted to the vaporizers and delivered to the grid. The plants also have a flare/vent where the excess of BOG that cannot be treated by the re-condenser is burned. An analysis of the current situation of the demand is performed, evaluating how low markets demand for regasification difficult the BOG management. Besides, it is simulated the current re-liquefaction operating in different environments. Due to the reduction of the demand for natural gas, the periods when Spanish LNG regasification plants (and particularly the factory of Cartagena) are operating below the technical minimum level of regasification are more usual. This level is the minimum production to recover all the BOG generated in any operating situation while maintaining cold all facilities, fully guaranteeing the immediate availability from other equipment in a safely and stable operation. This situation carries both operational and environmental drawbacks, and leads to higher economic costs. This project aims to solve this problem, presenting several technical solutions and deciding which is the most appropriate.

A Dynamically Adaptable Bus Architecture for Trading-Off Among Performance, Consumption and Dependability in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems need to handle increasingly complex tasks, which additionally, may have variable operating conditions over time. Therefore, dynamic resource management to adapt the system to different needs is required. In this paper, a new bus-based architecture, called ARTICo3, which by means of Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration, allows the replication of hardware tasks to support module redundancy, multi-thread operation or dual-rail solutions for enhanced side-channel attack protection is presented. A configuration-aware data transaction unit permits data dispatching to more than one module in parallel, or provide coalesced data dispatching among different units to maximize the advantages of burst transactions. The selection of a given configuration is application independent but context-aware, which may be achieved by the combination of a multi-thread model similar to the CUDA kernel model specification, combined with a dynamic thread/task/kernel scheduler. A multi-kernel application for face recognition is used as an application example to show one scenario of the ARTICo3 architecture.

A Dynamically Adaptable Image Processing Application Trading Off Between High Performance, Consumption and Dependability in Real Time

As embedded systems evolve, problems inherent to technology become important limitations. In less than ten years, chips will exceed the maximum allowed power consumption affecting performance, since, even though the resources available per chip are increasing, frequency of operation has stalled. Besides, as the level of integration is increased, it is difficult to keep defect density under control, so new fault tolerant techniques are required. In this demo work, a new dynamically adaptable virtual architecture (ARTICo3) to allow dynamic and context-aware use of resources is implemented in a high performance Wireless Sensor node (HiReCookie) to perform an image processing application.

Evaluation of the PV cell operation temperature in the process of fast switching to open-circuit mode

A procedure for measuring the overheating temperature (ΔT ) of a p-n junction area in the structure of photovoltaic (PV) cells converting laser or solar radiations relative to the ambient temperature has been proposed for the conditions of connecting to an electric load. The basis of the procedure is the measurement of the open-circuit voltage (VO C ) during the initial time period after the fast disconnection of the external resistive load. The simultaneous temperature control on an external heated part of a PV module gives the means for determining the value of VO C at ambient temperature. Comparing it with that measured after switching OFF the load makes the calculation of ΔT possible. Calibration data on the VO C = f(T ) dependences for single-junction AlGaAs/GaAs and triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge PV cells are presented. The temperature dynamics in the PV cells has been determined under flash illumination and during fast commutation of the load. Temperature measurements were taken in two cases: converting continuous laser power by single-junction cells and converting solar power by triple-junction cells operating in the concentrator modules.

Gazprom’s expansion in the EU: co-operation or domination? OSW Report, October 2009. Second edition, revised

Introduction. The energy sector, especially with regard to the gas trade, is one of the key areas of co-operation between the EU and Russia. However, the form this co-operation has taken has been giving rise to some concern, both in Brussels and in the EU member states. Questions arise as to whether the EU has not become excessively dependent on Russia for energy, and whether the presence of the Russian gas monopoly in the EU does not enable Russian interference with the development of EU energy policy. The objective of this series of OSW reports (for the previous edition,see Gazprom’s expansion in the EU: co-operation or domination? April 2008 – pdf 1.2 MB) is to provide facts which will permit an accurat answer to these questions to be formulated. Over the course of last year, two new factors strongly affected Gazprom’s capability to operate on the EU market. One was the ongoing global economic crisis, which has depressed demand for gas both in Russia and in Europe. Gazprom has cut both its own production and the quantities of gas it purchases from the Central Asian states, and the decrease in export revenues has forced the company to modify some of its current investment plans. Less demand for gas and the need to reduce production are also having a positive impact – the Russian company is likely to avoid the difficulties in meeting all of its export commitments which, only a year or so ago, it was expected to experience. The other factor affecting Gazprom’s expansion in Europe is the observed radicalisation of the rhetoric and actions of both the company itself and of the Russian authorities with regard to the gas sector as broadly understood. The gas crisis between Russia and Ukraine in January 2009, which resulted in a two-week interruption of gas supplies from Russia to Europe via Ukraine, was the most prominent example of this radicalisation. The hardening of rhetoric in the ongoing energy talks with the EU and other actors, and increased political and business activities designed to promote Russian gas interests in Europe, in particular the lobbying for the Nord Stream and South Stream projects, are further signs of this shift in tone. These issues raise the question of whether, and to what extent, the current condition of Gazprom’s finance will permit the company to implement the infrastructural projects it has been endorsing and its other investment plans in Europe. Another important question is whether the currently observed changes in how Gazprom operates will take on a more permanent character, and what consequences this will have for the European Union. The first part of this report discusses Gazprom’s production and export potential. The second comprehensively presents the scope and nature of Gazprom’s economic presence in the EU member states. Finally, the third part presents the Russian company’s methods of operation on foreign markets. The data presented in the report come mainly from the statistics of the International Energy Agency, the European Commission and Gazprom, as well as the Central Bank of Russia and the Russian Statistical Office. The figures presented here also include proprietary calculations by the OSW based on figures disclosed by energy companies and reports by professional press and news agencies.

Age determination of sediment cores from the shelf off Mauretania, West Africa

The 60 km wide shelf off Mauritania is cut by several submarine canyons. Its water-circulation is controlled by the cool Canary current and upwelling. Its Recent sediments show faunal associations remarkably related to the grain size distribution which in water depths between 40 and 80 m is strongly influenced by reworking of older coarse sand or sandstone. In this depth range a mixed biofacies originating from Pleistocene and Recent material is encountered. The present lateral faunistic and sedimentological facies change, including horizons of mixed provenance, can be recognized in vertical sequences taken by vibro-coring. This correlation combined with 14C-datations on molluscs enable the reconstruction of the history of the last glacial regression and transgression. Due to the arid climate, the emerging calcareous shelf sediments are indurated and, therefore, protected from subaerial and submarine erosion. During low sea level eolian sand migrates over the shelf, but only about 1/10 of this material remains there and is later incorporated into the sandy shelf sediments. The calculated average rate of total sedimentation during Holocene is 15 cm, and the production rate of carbonate is 5 cm/1000 years.

United States-Latin American relations: some observations on the operation of the Alliance for Progress, the first six months.

At head of title: 87th Cong., 2d sess. Committee print.

Review of operation and maintenance budgets and readiness : hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Nato Standardization, Interoperability, and Readiness of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, December 18, 19, 1979.

Mode of access: Internet.

Study of operation of Civil Aeronautics Administration.:bHearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, Eighty-fourth Congress, second session on s. 2818, a bill to amend airport act, as amended, and for other purposes; and the resignation of Frederick B. Lee, formerly the Administrator of Civil Aeronautics.

Hearings held Jan.4-May 28, 1956.

Commercial operation of vessels on the Great Lakes.

Mode of access: Internet.

The operation of larger trucks on roads with restrictive geometry. Volume I. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development, McLean, Va.