Controle inteligente de pressão para uma rede sem reservatório de abastecimento urbano de água

The sanitation companies from Brazil has a great challenge for the XXI century: seek to mitigate the rate of physical waste (water, chemicals and electricity) and financial waste caused by inefficient operating systems drinking water supply, considering that currently we already face, in some cases, the scarcity of water resources. The supply systems are increasingly complex as they seek to minimize waste and at the same time better serve the growing number of users. However, this technological change is to reduce the complexity of the challenges posed by the need to include users with higher quality and efficiency in services. A major challenge for companies of water supplies is to provide a good quality service contemplating reducing expenditure on electricity. In this situation we developed a research by a method that seeks to control the pressure of the distribution systems that do not have the tank in your setup and the water comes out of the well directly to the distribution system. The method of pressure control (intelligent control) uses fuzzy logic to eliminate the waste of electricity and the leaks from the production of pumps that inject directly into the distribution system, which causes waste of energy when the consumption of households is reduced causing the saturation of the distribution system. This study was conducted at Green Club II condominium, located in the city of Parnamirim, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in order to study the pressure behavior of the output of the pump that injects water directly into the distribution system. The study was only possible because of the need we had to find a solution to some leaks in the existing distribution system and the extensions of the respective condominium residences, which sparked interest in developing a job in order to carry out the experiments contained in this research

Molecular characterization of two Brazilian isolates of Lettuce mosaic virus with distinct biological properties

Efetuou-se a clonagem e seqüenciamento do gene que codifica a proteína capsidial de dois isolados do vírus do mosaico da alface (Lettuce mosaic virus, LMV) provenientes do estado de São Paulo, previamente caracterizados como pertencentes aos patótipos II (AF198, incapaz de infetar cultivares com os genes de resistência mo1¹ ou mo1²) e IV (AF199, capaz de quebrar a resistência propiciada pelos genes mo1¹ e mo1²), com base na virulência em cultivares diferenciadoras. Análise comparativa das seqüências de nucleotídeos de isolados provenientes da Europa, América do Norte, Oriente Médio e os dois isolados brasileiros não permitiu sua separação em estirpes, pois as porcentagens de homologia foram sempre superiores a 95%. Entretanto, análise filogenética dos isolados sugere uma origem comum entre o isolado AF-198 e os isolados LMV-R e LMV-0 (patótipo II, provenientes dos Estados Unidos e da França, respectivamente). O isolado AF199 apresentou uma alta homologia de seqüência com os isolados LMV-Aud e LMV-13, ambos provenientes da França. Esses isolados também são relacionados a isolados provenientes do Chile, embora uma origem comum não seja proposta. Eventos independentes de mutação podem estar ocorrendo em diferentes partes do mundo, propiciando o surgimento de novas estirpes de LMV capazes de quebrar a resistência conferida pelos genes mo1¹ e mo1².

Otimização de um sistema de distribuição predial de água fria: estudo de caso

This dissertation presents a methodology to the optimization of a predial system of cold water distribution. It s about a study of a case applied to the Tropical Buzios Residential Condominium, located in the Búzio s Beach, Nísia Floresta city, the east coast of the Rio Grande do Norte state, twenty kilometers far from Natal. The design of cold water distribution networks according to Norm NBR 5626 of the ABNT - Brazilian Association of Techniques Norms, does not guarantee that the joined solution is the optimal solution of less cost. It s necessary the use of an optimization methodology, that supplies us, between all the possible solutions, the minimum cost solution. In the optimization process of the predial system of water distribution of the Tropical Búzios Condominium, is used Method Granados, that is an iterative algorithm of optimization, based on the Dynamic Programming, that supplies the minimum cost s network, in function of the piezometric quota of the reservoir. For the application of this Method in ramifies networks, is used a program of computer in C language. This process is divided in two stages: attainment of the previous solution and reduction of the piezometric quota of headboard. In the attainment of the previous solution, the minors possible diameters are used that guarantee the limit of maximum speed and the requirements of minimum pressures. The piezometric quota of headboard is raised to guarantee these requirements. In the second stage of the Granados Method, an iterative process is used and it objective is to reduce the quota of headboard gradually, considering the substitution of stretches of the network pipes for the subsequent diameters, considering a minimum addition of the network cost. The diameter change is made in the optimal stretch that presents the lesser Exchange Gradient. The process is locked up when the headboard quota of desired is reached. The optimized network s material costs are calculated, and is made the analysis of the same ones, through the comparison with the conventional network s costs

E Rimbaud se fez Rimbauds

Rimbaud, de 16 à 20 ans, a promu le nouveau des idées et formes de la poésie, en abandonnant la tradition par la recherche de l'inconnu, du nouveau verbe poétique où «je est un autre» et contient Rimbauds, multiple. Selon cette perspective, nous limitons la première partie de ce travail, un profil de ce Rimbauds qui concerne: son «Adieu» à la poésie sous la forme de silence: «Je est un autre» - dans laquelle nous avons également parlé du style, l'innovation et caractéristiques, la question - projet poétique?, et, enfin, le mimétisme littéraire de ses premiers poèmes. Dans la seconde partie, on aborde sa poésie, en particulier ses deux proses majeures «Une saison en enfer» et «Illuminations». De la Saison, ont fait des considérations sur ses proses, les proses narratives précédants et les sept proses centrales, dont détaillée de la «Nuit de l'enfer» et illustrent deux caractéristiques de Rimbaud: indécidabilité et incompossibilité. Des «Illuminations» on a saisi les poèmes Ville et Villes «I et II» pour les étudier sous l optique du non-lieu. On travaille encore un autre concept, de la façon dont il est présenté, sept fois dans les Proses, la notion de l Orient :commme il apparaît dans chaque livre, ce qu il signifie et où Rimbaud a cherché ces représentations

A caminho da fronteira: entre heidegger e os japoneses

Became a little more than half century ago that has been consolidated the also called philosophy of comparative edge, by which was possible exploited new ways of thought, since the dialogue between West and East. This fructiferous cooperation between-edges, by which possibilities has been ramifies in lots of different areas of knowledge, has a common birthplace: the talk between Heidegger and the Japanese from the also called Kyoto School of Philosophy. The intention of this mastering degree s dissertation is show, since Heidegger s thought and the contemporary Japanese philosophy, the theoric viability of such trade of experiences between westerns and easterns in philosophy.

Fundamentos da filosofia moral de Peter Singer

This research aims to reconstruct and explain the argument proposed by Peter Singer to justify the principle of equal consideration of interests (PECI). The PECI is the basic normative principle according to people should consider the interests of all sentient beings affected when somebody taking a moral decision. It is the join that Singer proposes between universalizability and the principle of equal consideration of interests that constitutes a compelling reason to justify it. The universalizability requires to disregard the numerical differences, putting yourself in other people s shoes, and to consider preferences, interests, desires and ideals of those affected. Singer joins universalizability to normative principle and molds the form and content of his theory. The first chapter introduces the discussion will be developed in this essay. The second chapter deals the historical and philosophical viewpoint from which Singer starts his studies. The third chapter is about the Singer s critiques of naturalism, intuitionism, relativism, simple subjectivism and emotivism. The fourth chapter exposes the design of universal prescriptivism proposed by R. M. Hare. The universal prescriptivism indicates, in the Singer s viewpoint, a consistent way to create the join between the universalizability and PECI. It highlights also the criticism designed by J. L. Mackie and Singer himself to universal prescriptivism. The second part of this chapter shows briefly some of the main points of the classical conception of utilitarianism and its possible relationship with the theory of Singer. The fifth chapter introduces the Singer s thesis about the origin of ethics and the universalizability as a feature necessary to the point of view of ethic, and the way which this argument is developed to form the PECI. The sixth chapter exposes the main distinctions that characterize the PECI. Finally the seventh chapter provides a discussion about the reasons highlighted by Singer for one who wants orient his life according to the standpoint of ethics. This structure allows explaining the main ideas of the author concerning the theoretical foundations of his moral philosophy

(Con)vivendo em fortalezas: o outro lado do morar bem

The intensification of the fear in the city and in the spaces controlled by this feeling has contributed to a growing socio-spatial inequality, and the rapid growth of market protection. The residential condos emerge as a possible solution to the problem. This is a housing typology expanding worldwide which is seen, especially by the urban middle class, as enablers of quality of life and safety. In Brazil, especially in large cities, the quest for quality of life is directly connected with the desire for security translated through space control (use of high walls, gates, entrance hall, security cameras) and people who use it. This thesis aims at investigating how the different categories of inhabitants of an area predominantly occupied by vertical residential condos realize the socio-spatial dimension and the socio-urban space determined by this type of development. It especially takes into consideration the issue of urban insecurity, based on the assumption that, although published and sold by marketing as safe places , synonym of welfare and supporters of community life , the living in these condos, may even inhibits, social relationships, contributing to socio-spatial isolation and consequent social weakness. This is a survey that seeks to meet the assumptions of Environmental Psychology towards the comprehension of person-environment studies, emphasizing the use of different methods (desk research, observations of and group interviews, focus group technique using photographic resources), as well as the focus on current problems of the urban scene and the knowledge gained in Social Psychology

Doadores de sangue: qualidade de vida e atendimento em hemocentro de Natal / RN

The context of blood donation in Brazil faces problems since the start of its operations in the 1940, in the beginning the biggest obstacle was obtain safe and qualified blood, and then, established criteria for donations, the barrier is the low number of suitable candidates for donation. This suitability is associated with the good health of those who goes to the services of blood banks and the return of the donor is often conditioned by the way care is given and perceived by the user. The quality of life, defined as a perception that a person has of her/his position in the world, can influence the health and emerges as a way to focus on the subjectivity in a context dominated by objective and practical exams; listen to the views about the received services increases the focus on the user and provides feedback to the institution, guiding and planning its future actions. The purpose of this study was to verify the quality of life in blood donors and their perceptions of care in a blood center in Natal/RN. This is a descriptive cross sectional study conducted with blood donors from Dalton Cunha Barbosa blood center. The used protocols were: a structures questionnaire with questions on sociodemographic and services perception data, and SF-36 quality of life instrument. The sociodemographic and SF-36 data ware analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, using the statistical package PASW 18.0; those related to treatment were submitted to thematic content analysis. The results revealed a sample mainly composed by men, married people, who attended high school and had already made previous donations, with the first two groups returning more often for donations. The scores of the SF-36 confirm the certificated of good health of the screens, beind high in all areas and featuring a healthy population; statistically significant differences were denoted between sexes, levels of education and marital status. The speeches about the service were mostly positive and had as main focus acess, agility, technical aspects and subjective feelings. The data regarding the Rio Grande do Norte blood donors profile confirmed some characteristics of the Brazilian ones, those data of the SF-36 were similar to those found in studies with healthy groups and the impressions about the care received show similarities with national and international studies about the attendance at blood banks

Composição florística e estrutura fitossociológica de dois fragmentos de floresta de restinga no Município de Bertioga, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Sn-polymetallic greisen-type deposits associated with late-stage rapakivi granites, Brazil: fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics

Tin-polymetallic greisen-type deposits in the Itu Rapakivi Province and Rondonia Tin Province, Brazil are associated with late-stage rapakivi fluorine-rich peraluminous alkali-feldspar granites. These granites contain topaz and/or muscovite or zinnwaldite and have geochemical characteristics comparable to the low-P sub-type topaz-bearing granites. Stockworks and veins are common in Oriente Novo (Rondonia Tin Province) and Correas (Itu Rapakivi Province) deposits, but in the Santa Barbara deposit (Rondonia Tin Province) a preserved cupola with associated bed-like greisen is predominant. The contrasting mineralization styles reflect different depths of formation, spatial relationship to tin granites, and different wall rock/fluid proportions. The deposits contain a similar rare-metal suite that includes Sri (+/-W, +/-Ta, +/-Nb), and base-metal suite (Zn-Cu-Pb) is present only in Correas deposit. The early fluid inclusions of the Correas and Oriente Novo deposits are (1) low to moderate-salinity (0-19 wt.% NaCl eq.) CO2-bearing aqueous fluids homogenizing at 245-450 degreesC, and (2) aqueous solutions with low CO2, low to moderate salinity (0-14 wt.% NaCl eq.), which homogenize between 100 and 340 T. In the Santa Barbara deposit, the early inclusions are represented by (1) low-salinity (5-12 wt.% NaCl eq.) aqueous fluids with variable CO2 contents, homogenizing at 340 to 390 T, and (2) low-salinity (0-3 wt.% NaCl eq.) aqueous fluid inclusions, which homogenize at 320380 degreesC. Cassiterite, wolframite, columbite-tantalite, scheelite, and sulfide assemblages accompany these fluids. The late fluid in the Oriente Novo and Correas deposit was a low-salinity (0-6 wt.% NaCl eq.) CO2-free aqueous solution, which homogenizes at (100-260 degreesC) and characterizes the sulfide fluorite-sericite association in the Correas deposit. The late fluid in the Santa Barbara deposit has lower salinity (0-3 wt.% NaCl eq.) and characterizes the late-barren-quartz, muscovite and kaolinite veins. Oxygen isotope thermometry coupled with fluid inclusion data suggest hydrothermal activity at 240-450 degreesC, and 1,0-2.6 kbar fluid pressure at Correas and Oriente Novo. The hydrogen isotope composition of breccia-greisen, stockwork, and vein fluids (delta(18)O quartz from 9.9parts per thousand to 10.9parts per thousand, deltaDH(2)O from 4.13parts per thousand to 6.95parts per thousand) is consistent with a fluid that was in equilibrium with granite at temperatures from 450 to 240 degreesC. In the Santa Barbara deposit, the inferred temperatures for quartz-pods and bed-like greisens are much higher (570 and 500 degreesC, respectively), and that for the cassiterite-quartz-veins is 415 degreesC. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of greisen and quartz-pods fluids (delta(18)O(qtz-H2O)=5.5-6.1parts per thousand) indicate that the fluid equilibrated with the albite granite, consistent with a magmatic origin. The values for mica (delta(18)O(mica-H2O)=33-9.8parts per thousand) suggest mixing with meteoric water. Late muscovite veins (delta(18)O(qtz-H2O)=-6.4parts per thousand) and late quartz (delta(18)O(mica-H2O)=-3.8parts per thousand) indicate involvement of a meteoric fluid. Overall, the stable isotope and fluid inclusion data imply three fluid types: (1) an early orthomagmatic fluid, which equilibrated with granite; (2) a mixed orthomagmatic-meteoric fluid; and (3) a late hydrothermal meteoric fluid. The first two were responsible for cassiterite, wolframite, and minor coluChange in the redox conditions related to mixing-of magmatic and meteoric fluids favored important sulfide mineralization in the Correas deposit. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

El financiamiento para el desarrollo y los países de renta media: nuevos desafíos

Un criterio comúnmente utilizado para clasificar países -empleado, inclusive, por los países donantes del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD) de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE)- es el que se basa en el ingreso per cápita como el principal factor para definir los grupos. Esta clasificación se relaciona con la idea de que los países deberían asumir la responsabilidad de su propio desarrollo luego de alcanzar un cierto nivel de ingresos (proceso denominado "graduación"). Sin embargo, el uso de límites arbitrarios de ingresos para definir categorías acarrea muchas consecuencias importantes. En primer lugar -sobre todo en el caso de los países que están cerca de la línea divisoria entre un grupo y otro-, la "graduación" se puede alcanzar simplemente debido a modificaciones marginales en las condiciones económicas, pero puede provocar cambios mayores en el área de la asistencia para el desarrollo, como la suma recibida por este concepto y las condiciones -la mayor o menor concesionalidad- en que esta se entrega. En segundo lugar, el proceso de ascender a una categoría de ingresos superior no es lineal, y muchas veces los países retroceden al estado anterior. Esto demuestra una vez más que el cambio de categoría puede no ser el resultado de transformaciones fundamentales en la realidad del desarrollo de los países, sino solo reflejar modificaciones marginales en las condiciones económicas. Finalmente, lo más importante es que el uso de límites de ingresos conduce a agrupar los países de un modo que no captura la compleja naturaleza del desarrollo y la diversidad de situaciones que existen en cada grupo y en cada miembro de esos grupos. En particular, los países de renta media considerados como un grupo constituyen un pilar fundamental de la economía mundial; representan una gran proporción de la actividad económica y el comercio, y son el hogar de la mayoría de la población del mundo y de la mayoría de los pobres del mundo. No obstante, si se observa más detenidamente a este grupo, llama la atención la heterogeneidad existente entre los países que lo componen. Al agrupar a los países según el nivel de ingresos, no se toma en cuenta el amplio rango de capacidades y necesidades diferentes que existen entre los países de renta media. En América Latina y el Caribe, casi el 90% de los países pertenecen a la categoría de renta media. Las diferencias de un país a otro se presentan en un amplio rango de variables, no solo relacionadas con el tamaño y la situación de la economía, sino también con la situación social y las condiciones estructurales vinculadas al potencial de desarrollo y al desempeño productivo. Sin embargo, los países donantes y los organismos multilaterales rara vez toman en cuenta esta amplia diversidad de capacidades y necesidades al establecer prioridades para la asignación de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo (AOD). La lógica seguida en las últimas décadas fue canalizar la mayor parte de la asistencia hacia los países de más bajos ingresos, incluidos los clasificados como países menos desarrollados, en detrimento de los países de renta media. Se presume que, dado que estos últimos tienen un ingreso medio más elevado, sus necesidades deben de ser menores. Para una región de renta media como América Latina y el Caribe, esto ha implicado que su participación en los flujos de asistencia para el desarrollo cayera desde un monto ya bajo (9%) en 1990 a uno todavía inferior (7%) en 2009, en contraste con África y Asia, que reciben la mayor proporción (un 37% y un 30%, respectivamente). Si bien es esperable que el sistema de cooperación internacional se centre en nivelar el campo de juego de las economías de bajos ingresos y reducir la brecha del desarrollo con respecto a los países más avanzados, su mandato no debería limitarse a este objetivo. El sistema de cooperación internacional debería buscar una respuesta integral y amplia para el problema del desarrollo que no solo se oriente a las necesidades de los países de bajos ingresos, sino que también considere las diversas necesidades y vulnerabilidades presentes en los países de renta media. Para que esto sea posible, es fundamental tener un conocimiento integral, en cada caso, de las áreas que presentan mayor necesidad y son más vulnerables, e identificar las principales brechas entre las necesidades y las posibilidades, de modo que la asistencia para el desarrollo pueda asignarse adecuadamente. Un paso crucial en esta dirección sería la revisión de los métodos utilizados para clasificar países y la sustitución de los criterios actuales (basados en los ingresos) por nuevos indicadores que sean más adecuados para esta clasificación. Estos nuevos indicadores deberían ser capaces de captar la naturaleza multifacética del problema del desarrollo y, por lo tanto, permitir la formación de grupos de países menos heterogéneos entre sí. Más específicamente, los indicadores deberían reflejar los desafíos estructurales y las áreas vulnerables existentes en los países de renta media y que no son captados por el criterio del ingreso per cápita. En el caso de los países de renta media de América Latina y el Caribe, estos desafíos de largo plazo y áreas vulnerables pueden resumirse en lo que la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) presentó como brechas clave que deben cerrarse para evitar caer en la "trampa de la renta media" y avanzar hacia un proceso de desarrollo sostenible y dinámico que tenga como eje central la equidad (CEPAL, 2010a). Estas son: la brecha del financiamiento, la brecha de la desigualdad y la protección social, la brecha del capital humano y la brecha de la productividad y la inversión. Además de elaborar mejores criterios para la asignación de AOD, la comunidad internacional debe persistir en la tarea de aumentar los recursos disponibles para el financiamiento para el desarrollo. El nivel actual de financiamiento otorgado a los países en desarrollo por medio de la AOD es claramente insuficiente y, por lo tanto, en ocasiones se aumenta la asistencia a ciertos países o regiones a expensas de otros -como los países de renta media- que también tienen importantes necesidades. A pesar de los esfuerzos por parte de los países donantes para elevar el monto de AOD, los niveles de asistencia en 2010 alcanzaron un promedio de apenas un 0,32% de su ingreso nacional bruto (INB), muy por debajo de la meta del 0,7% acordada internacionalmente. Asimismo, las finanzas públicas de muchos donantes se deterioraron sustancialmente como consecuencia de la crisis mundial, lo que hace menos probable el incremento de los niveles de asistencia. Dado que el escenario posterior a la crisis ha agregado nuevas áreas de vulnerabilidad a las que tradicionalmente enfrentan ciertos países en desarrollo, persistirá la tensión entre la escasez de recursos y las grandes necesidades. Por estos motivos, es de vital importancia que la comunidad internacional aúne sus fuerzas para encontrar formas innovadoras de movilizar recursos para el desarrollo que sean adicionales, y no sustitutos, de los flujos de AOD. Los países del norte y del sur se han unido en diferentes ocasiones para elaborar mecanismos de financiación innovadora para el desarrollo. Las propuestas abarcan desde impuestos globales específicos hasta mecanismos para facilitar las donaciones voluntarias privadas de un individuo a otro. Algunas de las propuestas ya se están llevando a cabo, y los resultados son alentadores. No obstante, aún queda mucho por hacer, por lo que la comunidad internacional debería emprender una seria labor en este sentido.

Impacto social y económico del analfabetismo: modelo de análisis y estudio piloto

Incluye Bibliografía

Experiencias emblemáticas para la superación de la pobreza y precariedad urbana: espacio público

Incluye Bibliografía

Dilema del suministro de gas natural en México

Incluye Bibliografía

Imposición a la renta personal y equidad en América Latina: nuevos desafíos

Incluye bibliografia