Pirólise térmica e catalítica de resíduos de vácuo gerados no refino de petróleo

In this study, was used a very promising technique called of pyrolysis, which can be used for obtaining products with higher added value. From oils and residues, since the contribution of heavier oils and residues has intensified to the world refining industry, due to the growing demand for fuel, for example, liquid hydrocarbons in the range of gasoline and diesel. The catalytic pyrolysis of vacuum residues was performed with the use of a mesoporous material belonging the M41S family, which was discovered in the early 90s by researchers Mobil Oil Corporation, allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal arrangement of mesopores with pore diameters between 2 and 10 nm and a high specific surface area, making it very promising for use as a catalyst in petroleum refining for catalytic cracking, and their mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more positive for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous material of the type Al-MCM41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) was synthesized by hydrothermal method starting from the silica gel, NaOH and distilled water added to the gel pseudobohemita synthesis. Driver was used as structural CTMABr. Removal of organic driver (CTMABr) was observed by TG / DTG and FTIR, but this material was characterized by XRD, which was observed the formation of the main peaks characteristic of mesoporous materials. The analysis of adsorption / desorption of nitrogen this material textural parameters were determined. The vacuum residues (VR's) that are products of the bottom of the vacuum distillation tower used in this study are different from oil fields (regions of Ceará and Rio de Janeiro). Previously characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, viscosity, density, SARA, elemental analysis and thermogravimetry, which was performed by thermal and catalytic degradation of vacuum residues. The effect of AlMCM-41 was satisfactory, since promoted a decrease in certain ranges of temperature required in the process of conversion of hydrocarbons, but also promoted a decrease in energy required in the process. Thus enabling lower costs related to energy expenditure from degradation during processing of the waste

Bio-óleo: alternativa para extrair combustíveis líquidos e químicos renováveis do eucalipto.

2015

Avaliação da correlação entre os parâmetros, carbono orgânico total e elementos tóxicos, em solo de um posto de serviço e revenda de combustíveis

Today a major responsibility for the contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water are establishments known as gas stations of fuel which has attracted increasing attention from both the general population as the state agencies of environmental control due to leaks in storage tanks and mainly to disruption of pipe corrosion of tanks and pumping. Other services, like oil changes and car wash are also causes for concern in this type of establishment. These leaks can cause or waste produced, and the contamination of aquifers, serious health problems and public safety, since most of these stations located in urban areas. Based on this, the work was to evaluate soil contamination of a particular service station and fuel sales in the city of Natal, through the quantification of heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn of total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter using different techniques such as optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source (ICP OES), Total Organic Carbon analyzer and gravimetric analysis respectively. And also to characterize the soil through particle size analysis. Samples were taken in 21 georeferenced points and collected in the same period. The soils sampled in sampling stations P3, P5, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18 and P20 showed the smallest size fractions ranging from fine sand to medium sand. The other study sites ranged from fine sand to medium sand, except the point P8 showed that only the type size medium sand and P19, indicating a particle size of the coarse type. The small correlation of organic matter with the elements studied in this work suggests that these are not of anthropogenic origin but geochemical support

Avaliação de HPA e BTEX no solo e água subterrânea, em postos de revenda de combustíveis: estudo de caso na cidade de Natal -RN

The retail fuel stations are partially or potentially polluters and generators of environmental accidents, potentially causing contamination of underground and surface water bodies, soil and air. Leaks in fuel retail stations´ underground storage systems are often detected in Brazil and around the world. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an indication of the presence of contamination due to its high toxicity. This paper presents a case study of contamination in a Fuel Retail Station by petroleum derivative products in the city of Natal. For identification and quantification of the hydrocarbons, EPA analytical methods were used. The values of benzene quantified by EPA method 8021b CG-PID/FID, ranged from 1.164 to 4.503 mg.Kg-1 in soil samples, and from 12.10 to 27,639 μg.L-1 in underground water samples. Among the PAHs, naphthalene and anthracene showed the most significant results in soil samples, 0.420 to 15.46 mg.Kg-1 and 0.110 to 0,970 mg.Kg-1, respectively. In underground water samples, the results for Naphthalene varied between 0.759 and 614.7 μg.L-1. PAHs were quantified by EPA Method 8270 for GCMS. All of the results for the chemical analysis were compared with the values for the CONAMA 420/2009 resolution. The results for benzene (27,639 μg.L-1) showed levels highly above the recommended by the CONAMA 420 resolution, wherein the maximum permissible for underground water is 5 μg.L-1. This is a worrying factor, since underground water makes up 70% of the city of Natal´s water supply

Tratamento eletroquímico de efluente proveniente de caixas separadoras de água e óleo de postos revendedores de combustíveis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Investigação e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas por postos revendedores de combustíveis em Natal

Activities that have fuel subterranean storage system are considered potentially polluting fuels by CONAMA Resolution 273, due to the possibility of leak, outpouring and overflow of fuel into the ground. Being even more worrying when contaminate groundwater for public supply, as the case of Natal City. For this reason, the Public Ministry/RN, in partnership with UFRN, developed the project environmental suitability of Gas stations in Natal, of which 36% showed evidence of contamination. This paper describes the four stages of the management of contaminated areas: preliminary assessment of environmental liabilities, detailed confirmatory investigation of the contamination, risk analysis to human health (RBCA), as well as the remediation plan of degraded areas. Therefore it is presented a case study. For the area investigated has been proposed a mathematical method to estimate the volume of LNAPL by a free CAD software (ScketchUp) and compare it with the partition method for grid area. Were also performed 3D graphics designs of feathers contamination. Research results showed that passive benzene contamination in groundwater was 2791.77 μg/L, when the maximum allowed by CONAMA Resolution 420 is 5 μg/L which is the potability standards. The individual and cumulative risks were calculated from 4.4 x10-3, both above the limits of 1.0 x10-5 or by RBCA 1.0 x10-6 by the Public Ministry/RN. Corrective action points that remediation of dissolved phase benzene is expected to reach a concentration of 25 μg/L, based on carcinogenic risk for ingestion of groundwater by residents residential, diverging legislation. According to the proposed model, the volume of LNAPL using the ScketchUp was 17.59 m3, while by the grid partitioning method was 14.02 m3. Because of the low recovery, the expected removal of LNAPL is 11 years, if the multiphase extraction system installed in the enterprise is not optimized

Development of a 1-D Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter Model for Simulation of the Performance and the Oxidation of Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Oxides Using Passive Oxidation and Active Regeneration Engine Experimental Data

Back-pressure on a diesel engine equipped with an aftertreatment system is a function of the pressure drop across the individual components of the aftertreatment system, typically, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Pressure drop across the CPF is a function of the mass flow rate and the temperature of the exhaust flowing through it as well as the mass of particulate matter (PM) retained in the substrate wall and the cake layer that forms on the substrate wall. Therefore, in order to control the back-pressure on the engine at low levels and to minimize the fuel consumption, it is important to control the PM mass retained in the CPF. Chemical reactions involving the oxidation of PM under passive oxidation and active regeneration conditions can be utilized with computer numerical models in the engine control unit (ECU) to control the pressure drop across the CPF. Hence, understanding and predicting the filtration and oxidation of PM in the CPF and the effect of these processes on the pressure drop across the CPF are necessary for developing control strategies for the aftertreatment system to reduce back-pressure on the engine and in turn fuel consumption particularly from active regeneration. Numerical modeling of CPF's has been proven to reduce development time and the cost of aftertreatment systems used in production as well as to facilitate understanding of the internal processes occurring during different operating conditions that the particulate filter is subjected to. A numerical model of the CPF was developed in this research work which was calibrated to data from passive oxidation and active regeneration experiments in order to determine the kinetic parameters for oxidation of PM and nitrogen oxides along with the model filtration parameters. The research results include the comparison between the model and the experimental data for pressure drop, PM mass retained, filtration efficiencies, CPF outlet gas temperatures and species (NO2) concentrations out of the CPF. Comparisons of PM oxidation reaction rates obtained from the model calibration to the data from the experiments for ULSD, 10 and 20% biodiesel-blended fuels are presented.

MODELING OF TRANSFER PATH FOR DETERMINATION OF COMBUSTION AND NOISE METRICS ON DIESEL ENGINES

Determination of combustion metrics for a diesel engine has the potential of providing feedback for closed-loop combustion phasing control to meet current and upcoming emission and fuel consumption regulations. This thesis focused on the estimation of combustion metrics including start of combustion (SOC), crank angle location of 50% cumulative heat release (CA50), peak pressure crank angle location (PPCL), and peak pressure amplitude (PPA), peak apparent heat release rate crank angle location (PACL), mean absolute pressure error (MAPE), and peak apparent heat release rate amplitude (PAA). In-cylinder pressure has been used in the laboratory as the primary mechanism for characterization of combustion rates and more recently in-cylinder pressure has been used in series production vehicles for feedback control. However, the intrusive measurement with the in-cylinder pressure sensor is expensive and requires special mounting process and engine structure modification. As an alternative method, this work investigated block mounted accelerometers to estimate combustion metrics in a 9L I6 diesel engine. So the transfer path between the accelerometer signal and the in-cylinder pressure signal needs to be modeled. Depending on the transfer path, the in-cylinder pressure signal and the combustion metrics can be accurately estimated - recovered from accelerometer signals. The method and applicability for determining the transfer path is critical in utilizing an accelerometer(s) for feedback. Single-input single-output (SISO) frequency response function (FRF) is the most common transfer path model; however, it is shown here to have low robustness for varying engine operating conditions. This thesis examines mechanisms to improve the robustness of FRF for combustion metrics estimation. First, an adaptation process based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm was developed and added to the single-input single-output model. Second, a multiple-input single-output (MISO) FRF model coupled with principal component analysis and an offset compensation process was investigated and applied. Improvement of the FRF robustness was achieved based on these two approaches. Furthermore a neural network as a nonlinear model of the transfer path between the accelerometer signal and the apparent heat release rate was also investigated. Transfer path between the acoustical emissions and the in-cylinder pressure signal was also investigated in this dissertation on a high pressure common rail (HPCR) 1.9L TDI diesel engine. The acoustical emissions are an important factor in the powertrain development process. In this part of the research a transfer path was developed between the two and then used to predict the engine noise level with the measured in-cylinder pressure as the input. Three methods for transfer path modeling were applied and the method based on the cepstral smoothing technique led to the most accurate results with averaged estimation errors of 2 dBA and a root mean square error of 1.5dBA. Finally, a linear model for engine noise level estimation was proposed with the in-cylinder pressure signal and the engine speed as components.

DYNAMIC MODEL BASED STATE ESTIMATION IN A HEAVY DUTY DIESEL AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEM FOR ONBOARD DIAGNOSTICS AND CONTROLS

Estimating un-measurable states is an important component for onboard diagnostics (OBD) and control strategy development in diesel exhaust aftertreatment systems. This research focuses on the development of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based state estimator for two of the main components in a diesel engine aftertreatment system: the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst. One of the key areas of interest is the performance of these estimators when the catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) is being actively regenerated. In this study, model reduction techniques were developed and used to develop reduced order models from the 1D models used to simulate the DOC and SCR. As a result of order reduction, the number of states in the estimator is reduced from 12 to 1 per element for the DOC and 12 to 2 per element for the SCR. The reduced order models were simulated on the experimental data and compared to the high fidelity model and the experimental data. The results show that the effect of eliminating the heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients are not significant on the performance of the reduced order models. This is shown by an insignificant change in the kinetic parameters between the reduced order and 1D model for simulating the experimental data. An EKF based estimator to estimate the internal states of the DOC and SCR was developed. The DOC and SCR estimators were simulated on the experimental data to show that the estimator provides improved estimation of states compared to a reduced order model. The results showed that using the temperature measurement at the DOC outlet improved the estimates of the CO , NO , NO2 and HC concentrations from the DOC. The SCR estimator was used to evaluate the effect of NH3 and NOX sensors on state estimation quality. Three sensor combinations of NOX sensor only, NH3 sensor only and both NOX and NH3 sensors were evaluated. The NOX only configuration had the worst performance, the NH3 sensor only configuration was in the middle and both the NOX and NH3 sensor combination provided the best performance.

Ottimizzazione di una testata per un motore diesel aeronautico

In questo elaborato di tesi ci si è occupati di riprogettare la testata del motore bicilindrico Twin Air del gruppo Fiat. La testata viene ridisegnata al fine di poter destinare questo motore, particolarmente leggero flessibile e dai bassi consumi, ad un uso aeronautico. In questa tesi si è appunto realizzata una nuova testata inserendovi 3 valvole, due di aspirazione e una di scarico, e 2 iniettori per cilinrdo. Una volta completato il disegno sono stati realizzati diversi test attraverso un software di simulazione. In particolare ci si è accertati che la camera di combustione realizzata possa resistere alle alte pressioni e temperature in gioco e che i fluidi scorrano al meglio all'interno dei condotti. Si sono utilizzati i risultati ottenuti per riprogettare iterattivamente la testa ed arrivare a un risultato finale soddisfacente.

Avaliação socioambiental da produção integrada de café com vistas a certificação ambiental: aplicação do sistema Eco-Cert.Rural.

Através de indicadores ambientais presentes no Sistema Eco-cert.Rural foram avaliadas as dimensões ecológicas e sócioambientais da produção cafeeira da Fazendo Ponte Queimada, localizada em São Sebastião do Paraíso/MG, cujo manejo agrícola encontra-se no início da adoção de práticas de Produção Integrada de Café (PIC). Foram verificadas grandes contribuições das Boas Práticas Agrícolas características da PIC, principalmente no que se refere ao aspecto Uso de insumos agrícolas, que apresentaram grande redução quando comparada a prática de manejo convencional antecedente. Os indicadores ambientais de desempenho referentes à Recuperação ambiental, Segurança alimentar e Disposição de resíduos, também foram influenciados positivamente pela nova conduta sustentável adotada pelo produtor. Apesar do aumento no uso de combustíveis fósseis (diesel, principalmente), conseqüência da intensificação produtiva, o índice geral de desempenho da cafeicultura integrada em avaliação apresentou um valor positivo de 2,97, em um máximo de 15, evidenciando as vantagens da PIC e os possíveis pontos de melhoria para a obtenção da certificação da produção cafeeira na propriedade.

Proposta de desenvolvimento regional sustentável no semi-árido promovido por agente do setor elétrico.

Este trabalho sugere uma proposta de desenvolvimento regional sustentável no semiárido nordestino brasileiro promovido por termelétricas convencionais já instaladas e operando atualmente com combustíveis não-renováveis (diesel ou óleo mineral pesada). A proposta está formatada num modelo de cadeia produtiva de oleaginosa composta por processo seqüencial de produção agrícola caracterizada com agricultura familiar, extração de óleo vegetal in natura das sementes de mamona e conversão em biodiesel e, finalmente, aplicação de misturas de óleos de origem vegetal adlcloaados aos atuais combustíveis de termelétricas para geração de eletricidade. Os resultados dessa aplicação são geradores tornando-se agentes de desenvolvimento sustentável sobre os aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais, como: estímulo da economia local; a promoção de geração de emprego e renda para a comunidade local; fixação do homem no campo; minimização de emissão de gás de efeito estufa, geração de energia limpa e renovável e etc.

Cultivo de oleaginosas para produção de biodiesel como uma estratégia de mitigação às mudanças climáticas.

O aumento da concentração de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) tem sido apontado como o principal agente das mudanças climáticas. O carbono é o principal GEE de origem antrópica. A redução das emissões de GEE para a atmosfera pode ser alcançada pela adoção de medidas mitigadoras, tais como o uso de biodiesel, em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis. Neste trabalho foram elaborados cenários de mitigação do uso de biodiesel produzido a partir do cultivo de oleaginosas por agricultores familiares do semiárido em substituição ao diesel mineral no setor de transporte rodoviário no Brasil. Os resultados apontam para o potencial de produção total de cerca de 0,9 a 2 bilhões de litros biodiesel em 2015, a partir do fornecimento de matéria -prima pelos agricultores familiares do semiárido, o que corresponde a uma redução de emissões de CO2 de até 7% no setor de transporte rodoviário. Na possibilidade de geração de créditos de carbono (Reduções Certificadas de Emissões - RCE) as emissões evitadas do uso desse biodiesel em substituição do diesel mineral, poderiam gerar entre 103 a 4.835 RCE ao ano, dependendo do cenário e do ano considerado. No caso da venda desses créditos a renda bruta equivale a cerca de U$5 a U$18,00 por metro cúbico (1000 litros) de biodiesel produzido, dependendo do cenário analisado e considerando o valor de venda de créditos de carbono igual a U$ 10,00/tCO2.

INDÚSTRIA SUCRO-ALCOOLEIRA NA ARGENTINA, NO BRASIL E O CONTEXTO DOS BIO-COMBUSTÍVEIS NO CONTINENTE AMERICANO

O objetivo desse artigo é abordar aspectos relacionados à produção e ao consumo de biocombustíveis – sobretudo bio-etanol - no continente americano, analisando as seguintes áreas: Estados Unidos; América Central, Caribe e América do Sul – com maior ênfase para Brasil e Argentina. Para nos atentarmos ao tamanho limite de páginas, deixaremos de abordar algumas experiências interessantes, como as de Peru, Colômbia, México, Guatemala e Guiana, entre outras.