Phthalocyanines : interaction with carbon structures and as PDT agents

This dissertation describes the synthesis and characterization of different phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives, as well as some porphyrins (Pors), for supramolecular interaction with different carbon nanostructures, to evaluate their potential application in electronic nanodevices. Likewise, it is also reported the preparation and biological evaluation of interesting phthalocyanine conjugates for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) and microorganisms photodynamic inactivation (PDI). The phthalonitrile precursors were prepared from commercial phthalonitriles by nucleophilic substitution of -NO2, -Cl, or -F groups, present in the phthalonitrile core, by thiol or pyridyl units. After the synthesis of these phthalonitriles, the corresponding Pcs were prepared by ciclotetramerization using a metallic salt as template at high temperatures. A second strategy involved the postfunctionalization of hexadecafluorophthalocyaninato zinc(II) through the adequate substituents of mercaptopyridine or cyclodextrin units on the macrocycle periphery. The different compounds were structurally characterized by diverse spectroscopic techniques, namely 1H, 13C and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (attending the elemental composition of each structure); absorption and emission spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. For the specific photophysical studies were also used electrochemical characterization, femtosecond and raman spectroscopy, transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. It was highlighted the noncovalent derivatisation of carbon nanostructures, mainly single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and graphene nanosheets with the prepared Pc conjugates to study the photophysical properties of these supramolecular nanoassemblies. Also, from pyridyl-Pors and ruthenium phthalocyanines (RuPcs) were performed Por-RuPcs arrays via coordination chemistry. The results obtained of the novel supramolecular assemblies showed interesting electron donor-acceptor interactions and might be considered attractive candidates for nanotechnological devices. On the other hand, the amphiphilic phthalocyanine-cyclodextrin (Pc-CD) conjugates were tested in biological trials to assess their ability to inhibit UMUC- 3 human bladder cancer cells. The results obtained demonstrated that these photoactive conjugates are highly phototoxic against human bladder cancer cells and could be applied as promising PDT drugs.

Estudo da maquinabilidade das ligas Ti-6Al-4V e Co-28Cr-6Mo na fresagem de dispositivos biomédicos

Os estudos de maquinabilidade de biomateriais e outros materiais aplicados na área médica são extensos. Todavia, muitos destes estudos recorrem a modelos de geometria regular e operações elementares de maquinagem. Relativamente a estas, os estudos académicos atualmente disponíveis mostram que a tecnologia preferencial é o torneamento, opção que se fundamenta na simplicidade de análise (corte ortogonal). Saliente-se ainda que, neste contexto, a liga de titânio Ti-6Al-4V constitui o biomaterial mais utilizado. Numa perspetiva complementar, refira-se que as publicações científicas evidenciam que a informação disponível sobre a fresagem Ti-6Al-4V não é muito extensa e a do Co-28Cr-6Mo é quase inexistente. A presente dissertação enquadra-se neste domínio e representa mais uma contribuição para o estudo da maquinabilidade das ligas de Titânio e de crómio-cobalto. A aplicação de operações de maquinagem complexas, através do recurso a programas informáticos de fabrico assistido por computador (CAM), em geometrias complexas, como é o caso das próteses femorais anatómicas, e o estudo comparativo da maquinabilidade das ligas Co-28Cr-6Mo e Ti-6Al-4V, constituem os objetivos fundamentais deste trabalho de doutoramento. Neste trabalho aborda-se a problemática da maquinabilidade das ligas metálicas usadas nos implantes ortopédicos, nomeadamente as ligas de titânio, de crómiocobalto e os aços Inoxidáveis. Efetua-se ainda um estudo da maquinagem de uma prótese femoral com uma forma geométrica complexa, onde as operações de corte foram geradas recorrendo às tecnologias de fabrico assistido por computador (CAD/CAM). Posteriormente, procedeu-se ao estudo da maquinabilidade das duas ligas usadas neste trabalho, dando uma atenção particular à determinação das forças de corte para diferentes velocidades de corte. Para além da monitorização da evolução da força de corte, o desgaste das ferramentas, a dureza e a rugosidade foram avaliadas, em função da velocidade de corte imposta. Por fim, com base nas estratégias de maquinagem adotadas, analisa-se a maquinabilidade e selecionam-se os parâmetros de corte mais favoráveis para as ligas de Titânio e Crómio-cobalto. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a liga de crómio-cobalto induz maior valor de força de corte do que a liga de titânio. Observa-se um aumento progressivo das forças de corte quando a velocidade de corte aumenta, até atingir o valor máximo para a velocidade de corte de 80m/min, após a qual, a força de corte tende a diminuir. Apesar do fabricante das ferramentas recomendar a velocidade de corte de 50 m/min para ambos os materiais, conclui-se que a velocidade de corte de 65 m/min induz o mesmo desgaste na ferramenta de corte no caso da liga de titânio, e menor desgaste no caso da liga de crómio-cobalto.

Assessment of the mineralogenic toxicity of aquatic pollutants

In ecotoxicology a major focus is in the aquatic environment, not only because it presents a great economic value to man but it is an ecosystem widely affected by the growing anthropogenic pollution. Most of the studies performed relate to adverse effects in development, reproductive or endocrine disruption but little is known about the possible effects in bone formation and skeletal development. In this study, we set out to evaluate the effects of 8 aquatic pollutants on the skeletal development using an in vivo system, the zebrafish larvae aged 20 days post-fertilization, through chronic exposure. Several endpoints were considered such as the cumulative mortality, total length, occurrence of skeletal deformities and marker gene expression. We were able to establish LD50 values for some pollutants, like 3-methylcholanthrene, lindane, diclofenac, cobalt and vanadate and found that the total length was not affected by any of the pollutants tested. Cobalt was the most harmful chemical to affect hatching time, severely affecting the ability of the zebrafish embryos to hatch and overall the number of deformities increased upon exposure to tested chemicals but no patterns of deformities were identified. We also propose that 3-methylcholanthrene has an osteogenic effect, affecting osteoblast and osteoclast function and that op levels can act as a mediator of 3-methylcholanthrene toxic stress to the osteoblast. In turn we found naphthalene to probably have a chondrogenic effect. Our results provided new insights into the potential osteotoxicity of environmental pollutants. Future studies should aim at confirming these preliminary data and at determining mechanisms of osteotoxicity.

Postglacial paleoecology and effects of European settlement on the environment of Lake Hunger and Lake Lisgar, Southwestern Ontario /

This investigation has three purposes I to make a comparative chemical study on sediment cores collected for Lake Lisgar (man-made lake in an urban center) and Lake Hunger (natural basin in a rural community) encompassing the time since European settlement I to determine the postglacial chemical history of Lake Hunger, and to determine the vegetational history of the Lake Hunger area from postglacial time to the present. The minus 80 mesh fraction of 108 soil samples and 18 stream sediment samples collected in the vicinity of Lakes' Lisgar and Hunger were analyzed for cold hydrochloric acid soluble lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese. Lacustrine sediments from 5 boreholes in the Lake Lisgar basin were collected. Boreholes 1, 2, 3, and 4 were analyzed for palynological and chemical information and Borehole 5 was subjected to pollen and ostracode analysis. Lacustrine sediments from 6 boreholes in the Lake Hunger basin were collected. Palyno- -logical and chemical analysis were performed on Boreholes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and Borehole 5 was analyzed for pollen. In addition, radiocarbon dates were obtained on sediment samples from Boreholes 4 and 5. A total of 8 surface samples were collected from the margins of the Lake Hunger basin and these were chemically analyzed in the laboratory. All of the lacustrine sediments were ashed and analyzed for cold hydrochloric acid soluble lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese using a Perkin Elmer 40) Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The results . obtained for the 12 elements were expressed as parts per million in dry sediments. It was found that man's influence on the element distribution patterns in the sediments of Lake Lisgar appeared to be related to his urbanizing developments within the lake vicinity, whereas, the rural developments in the vicinity of lake Hunger appeared to have had little effect on the element distribution patterns in the lake sediments. The distribution patterns of lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, magnesium, sodium and potassium are similar to the % ash curve throughout postglacial time indicating that the rate of erosion in the drainage basin is the main factor which controls the concentration of these elements in the sediments of Lake Hunger. The vegetational history, from palynological analysis, of Lake Hunger from postglacial time to the present includes the following stages: tundra, open spruce forest, closed boreal forest, deciduous forest and the trend towards the re-establishment of pine following the clearing of land and the subsequent settlement of the Lake Hunger area by European settlers. The concentrations of some elements (cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) in the sediments of Lake Hunger appears to be higher during pre-cultural compared to post-cultural times. At least one complete postglacial record of the chemical history within a lake basin is necessary in order to accurately assess man's effects on his environment.

Properties of NaxCoO2 /

Polycrysttdline samples of NaiCoOa were prepared using the "Rapid heat-up" method. One set of samples was annealed in flowing O2, while the other set in flowing Argon. X-Ray diffraction measurements indicated a stable phase of Nao.7Co02 mixed with C03O4 for all the samples even though they differed in concentration of Na. Argon annealed samples were insulators, whereas the ones annealed in O2 were metallic. Most of the measurements were performed on the sample Nao.7Co02, because it is the host compound for the superconductor sample Nao.35Co02-H20. Magnetization measurement showed that the magnetic moment decreased with increasing sodium concentration. This is due to the existence of C03O4 in samples with Na^ 0.7. As sodium concentration decreases, the magnetic moment increases due to the increasing concentration of C03O4 and its large magnetic moment. Magnetization measurements showed that the magnetic moment of Nao.7Co02 is field-dependent in low fields eind field-independent in fields higher than 100 G. Resistivity changes with temperature (dp/dT) increased with increasing Na concentration. Also resistivity measurements were performed under different hydrostatic pressures on Nao.7Co02. Two transitions were observed; one at a temperature Ti ~20 K and the other at T2 ^280 K, the transition at Ti has a magnetic origin and the one at T2 is a structiural transition. It was noticed that pressure aJfects resistivity of the sample. At higher pressures resistivity changes faster with temperature. Magnetoresistance measurement showed a small change in the resistivity, especially at lower temperatures. A novel layered superconductor Nao.35Co02H20 was prepared using de-intercalation of Na from the host compound Nao.7Co02. FVom the temperature dependence of the magnetization, the superconducting transition temperature and lower critictil field have been estimated as Tc=4.12 K and Hci=66 G, respectively.

Sample preparation and heavy metal determination by atomic spectrometry /

Microwave digestions of mercury in Standards Reference Material (SRM) coal samples with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in quartz vessels were compared with Teflon® vessel digestion by using flow injection cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Teflon® vessels gave poor reproducibiUty and tended to deliver high values, while the digestion results from quartz vessel show good agreement with certificate values and better standard deviations. Trace level elements (Ag, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sn, Ti, V and Zn) in used oil and residual oil samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Different microwave digestion programs were developed for each sample and most of the results are in good agreement with certified values. The disagreement with values for Ag was due to the precipitation of Ag in sample; while Sn, V and Zn values had good recoveries from the spike test, which suggests that these certified values might need to be reconsidered. Gold, silver, copper, cadmium, cobalt, nickel and zinc were determined by continuous hydride generation inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The performance of two sample introduction systems: MSIS™ and gas-liquid separator were compared. Under the respective optimum conditions, MSIS^"^ showed better sensitivity and lower detection limits for Ag, Cd, Cu, Co and similar values for Au, Ni and Zn to those for the gas-liquid separator.

Arsenic and germanium determination by hydride generation in the D.C. plasma optical emission spectrometer

Modifications to the commercial hydride generator, manufactured by Spectrametrics, resulted in improved operating procedure and enhancement of the arsenic and germanium signals. Experiments with arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) showed that identical reiults could be produced from both oxidation states. However, since arsenic(V) is reduced more slowly than arsenic(III), peak areas and not peak heights must be measured when the arsine is immediately stripped from the system (approximately 5 seconds reaction). When the reduction is allowed to proceed for 20 seconds before the arsine is stripped, peak heights may be used. For a 200 ng/mL solution, the relative standard deviation is 2.8% for As(III) and 3.8% for As(V). The detection limit for arsenic using the modified system is 0.50 ng/mL. Studies performed on As(V) standards show that the interferences from 1000 mg/L of nickel(II), cobalt(II), iron(III), copper(II), cadmium(II), and zinc(II) can be eliminated with the aid of 5 M Hel and 3% L-cystine. Conditions for the reduction of germanium to the corresponding hydride were investigated. The effect of different concentrations of HCl on the reduction of germanium to the covalent hydride in aqueous media by means of NaBH 4 solutions was assessed. Results show that the best response is accomplished at a pH of 1.7. The use of buffer solutions was similarly characterized. In both cases, results showed that the element is best reduced when the final pH of the solution after reaction is almost neutral. In addition, a more sensitive method, which includes the use of (NH4)2S208' has been developed. A 20% increase in the germanium signal is registered when compared to the signal achieved with Hel alone. Moreover, under these conditions, reduction of germanium could be accomplished, even when the solution's pH is neutral. For a 100 ng/mL germanium standard the rsd is 3%. The detection limit for germanium in 0.05 M Hel medium (pH 1.7) is 0.10 ng/mL and 0.09 ng/mL when ammonium persulphate is used in conjunction with Hel. Interferences from 1000 mg/L of iron(III), copper(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), cadmium(II), lead(II), mercury(II), aluminum(III), tin(IV), arsenic(III), arsenic(V) and zinc(II) were studied and characterized. In this regard, the use of (NH4)ZS20S and Hel at a pH of 1.7 proved to be a successful mixture in the sbppression of the interferences caused by iron, copper, aluminum, tin, lead, and arsenic. The method was applied to the determination of germanium in cherts and iron ores. In addition, experiments with tin(IV) showed that a 15% increase in the tin signal can be accomplished in the presence of 1 mL of (NH4)2S20S 10% (m/V).

Investigation into the determination of arsenic by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometer

Improvements have been made on the currently available hydride generator system manufactured by SpectraMetrics Incorporated, because the system was found to be unsatisfactory with respect to the following: 1. the drying agent, anhydrous calcium chloride, 2. the special sample tube, 3. the direction of argon flow through the Buchner funnel when it came to dealing with real sample, that is, with reference only to aqueous extracts of soil samples. Changes that were made on the system included the replacement of anhydrous calcium chloride with anhydrous calcium sulphate and the replacement of the special sample tube with a modified one made from silica. Re-directing the flow of argon through the top of the Buchner funnel appeared to make the system compatible with aqueous extracts of soil samples. The interferences from 1000 ~g/mL of nickel(II) , cobalt(II), iron(III), copper(II) have been eliminated with the aid of 1.4 M hydrochloric acid and 1% (weight/volume) L-cystine. Greater than 90% recovery of 0.3 ~g/mL arsenic signal was achieved in each case. Furthermore, 103% of arsenic signal was accomplished in the presence of 1000 ~g/mL cadmium with 5 M Hel. tVhen each of the interferents was present in solution at 1000 ppm, a recovery of 85% was achieved by using 5 M hydrochloric acid and 3% (weight/volume) L-cystine. Without L-cystine and when 1.4 M hydrochloric acid was used, the recoveries were 0% (Ni), 0% (Co), 88% (Fe), 15% (Cu), 18% (Cd). Similarly, a solution containing 1000 ppm of each interferent gave a zero percent recovery of arsenic. The reduction of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic at a pH less than one has also been investigated and shown to be quantitative if peak areas are measured. The reproducibility determination of a 0.3 Vg/mL standard arsenic solution by hydride generation shows a relative standard deviation of 3.4%. The detection limits with and without Porapak Q have been found to be 0.6 ng/mL and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively.

Landscape geochemical investigations in the vicinity of a lead deposit near Snertingdal, southern Norway

Landscape geochemical investigations were conducted upon portions of a natural uniform landscape in southern Norway. This consisted of sampling both soil profile samples and spruce tree twigs for the analysis of twelve chemical elements. These elements were cobalt, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, manganese, magnesium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and aluminum which were determined by atomic absorption analysis on standardized extraction techniques for both organic and inorganic materials. Two "landscape traverses" were chosen for a comparative study of the effects of varying landscape parameters upon the trace element distribution patterns throughout the landscape traverses. The object of this study was to test this method of investigation and the concept of an ideal uniform landscape under Norwegian conditions. A "control traverse" was established to represent uniform landscape conditions typical of the study area and was used to determine "normal" or average trace element distribution patterns. A "signal traverse" was selected nearby over an area of lead mineralization where the depth to bedrock is very small. The signal traverse provided an area of similar landscape conditions to those of the control traverse with significant differences in the bedrock configuration and composition. This study was also to determine the effect of the bedrock mineralization upon the distribution patterns of the twelve chemical elements within the major components of the two landscape traverses (i.e. soil profiles and tree branches). The lead distribution within the soils of the signal traverse showed localized accumulations of lead within the overburden with maximum values occurring within the organic A horizon of soil profile #10. Above average concentrations of lead were common within the signal traverse, however, the other elements studied were not significantly different from those averages determined throughout the soils of the control traverse. The spruce twig samples did not have corresponding accumulations of lead near the soil lead anomaly. This is attributable to the very localized nature of the lead dispersion pattern within the soils. This approach to the study of the geochemistry of a natural landscape was effective in establishing: a) average or "normal" trace element distribution patterns b) local variations in the landscape morphology and c) the effect of unusually high lead concentrations upon the geochemistry of the landscape (i.e. within the soil profiles and tree branches). This type of study provides the basis for further more intensive studies and serves only as a first approximation of the behaviour of elements within a natural landscape.

Spin labile conducting metallopolymers : a new architecture for hybrid multifunctional materials

The synthesis of 3-ethynylthienyl- (2.07), 3-ethynylterthienyl- (2.19) substituted qsal [qsalH = N-(8-quinolyl)salicylaldimine] and 3,3' -diethynyl-2,2' -bithienyl bridging bisqsal (5.06) ligands are described along with the preparation and characterization of eight cationic iron(III) complexes containing these ligands with a selection of counteranions [(2.07) with: SCN- (2.08), PF6- (2.09), and CI04- (2.10); (2.19) with PF6 - (2.20); (5.06) with: cr (5.07), SeN- (5.08), PF6- (5.09), and CI04- (5.10)]. Spin-crossover is observed in the solid state for (2.08) - (2.10) and (5.07) - (5.10), including a ve ry rare S = 5/2 to 3/2 spin-crossover in complex (2.09). The unusal reduction of complex (2.10) produces a high-spin iron(I1) complex (2.12). Six iron(II) complexes that are derived from thienyl analogues of bispicen [bispicen = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-diamine] [2,5-thienyl substituents = H- (3.11), Phenyl- (3.12), 2- thienyl (3.13) or N-phenyl-2-pyridinalimine ligands [2,5-phenyl substituents = diphenyl (3.23), di(2-thienyl) (3.24), 4-phenyl substituent = 3-thienyl (3.25)] are reported Complexes (3.11), (3.23) and (3.25) display thermal spin-crossover in the solid state and (3.12) remains high-spin at all temperatures. Complex (3.13) rearranges to form an iron(II) complex (3.14) with temperature dependent magnetic properties be s t described as a one-dimensional ferromagnetic chain, with interchain antiferromagnetic interactions and/or ZFS dominant at low temperatures. Magnetic succeptibility and Mossbauer data for complex (3.24) display a temperature dependent mixture of spin isomers. The preparation and characterization of two cobalt(II) complexes containing 3- ethynylthienyl- (4.04) and 3-ethynylterhienyl- (4.06) substituted bipyridine ligands [(4.05): [Co(dbsqh(4.04)]; (4.07): [Co(dbsq)2(4.06)]] [dbsq = 3,5-dbsq=3,5-di-tert-butylI ,2-semiquinonate] are reported. Complexes (4.05) and (4.07) exhibit thermal valence tautomerism in the solid state and in solution. Self assembly of complex (2.10) into polymeric spheres (6.11) afforded the first spincrossover, polydisperse, micro- to nanoscale material of its kind. . Complexes (2.20), (3.24) and (4.07) also form polymers through electrochemical synthesis to produce hybrid metaUopolymer films (6.12), (6.15) and (6.16), respectively. The films have been characterized by EDX, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate that spin lability is operative in the polymers and conductivity measurements confirm the electron transport properties. Polymer (6.15) has a persistent oxidized state that shows a significant decrease in electrical resistance.

Ligand Design for Dual Property Single Molecule Magnets

This thesis describes two different approaches for the preparation of polynuclear clusters with interesting structural, magnetic and optical properties. Firstly, exploiting p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (TBC4) macrocycles together with selected Ln(III) ions for the assembly of emissive single molecule magnets, and secondly the preparation and coordination of a chiral mpmH ligand with selected 3d transition metal ions, working towards the discovery of chiral polynuclear clusters. In Project 1, the coordination chemistry of the TBC4 macrocycle together with Dy(III) and Tb(III) afforded two Ln6[TBC4]2 complexes that have been structurally, magnetically and optically characterized. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that both complexes contain an octahedral core of Ln6 ions capped by two fully deprotonated TBC4 macrocycles. Although the unit cells of the two complexes are very similar, the coordination geometries of their Ln(III) ions are subtly different. Variable temperature ac magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that both complexes display single molecule magnet (SMM) behaviour in zero dc field and the energy barriers and associated pre-exponential factors for each relaxation process have been determined. Low temperature solid state photoluminescence studies reveal that both complexes are emissive; however, the f-f transitions within the Dy6 complex were masked by broad emissions from the TBC4 ligand. In contrast, the Tb(III) complex displayed green emission with the spectrum comprising four sharp bands corresponding to 5D4 → 7FJ transitions (where J = 3, 4, 5 and 6), highlighting that energy transfer from the TBC4 macrocycle to the Tb(III) ion is more effective than to Dy. Examples of zero field Tb(III) SMMs are scarce in the chemical literature and the Tb6[TBC4]2 complex represents the first example of a Tb(III) dual property SMM assembled from a p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene macrocycle with two magnetically derived energy barriers, Ueff of 79 and 63 K. In Project 2, the coordination of both enantiomers of the chiral ligand, α-methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (mpmH) to Ni(II) and Co(II) afforded three polynuclear clusters that have been structurally and magnetically characterized. The first complex, a Ni4 cluster of stoichiometry [Ni4(O2CCMe3)4(mpm)4]·H2O crystallizes in a distorted cubane topology that is well known in Ni(II) cluster chemistry. The final two Co(II) complexes crystallize as a linear mixed valence trimer with stoichiometry [Co3(mpm)6]·(ClO4)2, and a Co4 mixed valence complex [Co(II)¬2Co(III)2(NO3)2(μ-mpm)4(ONO2)2], whose structural topology resembles that of a defective double cubane. All three complexes crystallize in chiral space groups and circular dichroism experiments further confirm that the chirality of the ligand has been transferred to the respective coordination complex. Magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that for all three complexes, there are competing ferro- and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. The [Co(II)¬2Co(III)2(NO3)2(μ-mpm)4(ONO2)2] complex represents the first example of a chiral mixed valence Co4 cluster with a defective double cubane topology.

Évaluation de la densité osseuse péri acétabulaire après resurfaçage versus prothèse totale de la hanche métal-métal non cimentée

Ce mémoire présente l’évaluation du remodelage osseux autour des composantes acétabulaires non cimentées press-fit d’une arthroplastie de resurfaçage (RH) et d’une prothèse totale de hanche (PTH) après un minimum de 21 mois d’implantation. Nous avons mesuré par l’absorptiométrie à rayons X en double énergie (DEXA) la densité minérale osseuse (DMO) supra acétabulaire chez 60 patients (44 RH, 16 PTH). Aucune différence significative de la moyenne des DMO au niveau de la zone globale et de la zone centrale de l’acétabulum n’a été trouvée entre la hanche opérée et la hanche controlatérale, dans les deux groupes de traitement. Cependant, la DMO des zones corticospongieuses médiale et latérale est plus élevée du côté opéré par rapport au côté non opéré avec la cupule en chrome cobalt de la RH; (p=0,014 et 0,031 respectivement). Alors que pour la PTH avec une cupule en titane, la différence de la DMO au niveau de ces zones n’est pas significative; (p=0,130 et 0,733). Ces données semblent démontrer qu’avec des cupules plus rigides, il y a transfert des contraintes de charges vers la périphérie corticale. C’est la première étude à évaluer le remodelage osseux péri acétabulaire avec un RH. Cela montre que la DMO est relativement préservée et que le transfert des contraintes vers la périphérie peut être favorable au maintien de la stabilité de l’implant primaire et aux éventuelles révisions de la cupule press-fit du RH.

Modulation de l'expression et de l'activité de la NADPH P450 réductase chez le lapin.

L’activité catalytique du cytochrome P450 dépend de la disponibilité d’électrons produits par la NADPH P450 réductase (NPR). Notre étude a pour but de déterminer comment l’expression de la NPR est modulée chez le lapin. Afin de comprendre comment l’expression de la NPR est modulée, des hépatocytes de lapins témoins ont été incubés pendant 2, 4, 24 et 48 heures en présence de plusieurs activateurs de facteurs de transcription connus du cytochrome P450. De plus, des lapins ayant reçu une injection sous-cutanée de térébenthine afin de produire une réaction inflammatoire aseptique sont sacrifiés 48 heures plus tard dans le but d’étudier les effets de l’inflammation sur l’expression de la NPR. La rosiglitazone, le fénofibrate, l’acétate de plomb et le chlorure de cobalt (des inducteurs des PPAR, PPAR, AP-1 et HIF-1), après 48 heures d’incubation, n’ont provoqué aucun changement d’expression ou d’activité de la NPR. Après 48 heures d’incubation, la dexaméthasone (Dexa) a augmenté la quantité d’ARNm (QT-PCR), l’expression et l’activité de la NPR (p<0,05), en plus d’augmenter l’ARNm des récepteurs nucléaires CAR (récepteur constitutif à l’androstane) et PXR (récepteur X prégnane) (p<0.05). Le phénobarbital (PB) a augmenté seulement l’activité de la NPR (p<0.05). Par contre, après 48 heures d’incubation, la combinaison PB et Dexa a augmenté la quantité d’ARNm, ainsi que l’expression et l’activité de la NPR (p<0.05). La combinaison de PB et Dexa a induit une augmentation d’ARNm des récepteurs nucléaires CAR, PXR et RXR (récepteur X du rétinoïde) plus précocement, soit après 2 heures d’incubation (p<0.05). Le PD098059 (PD), un bloqueur de l’activation de MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase), et l’acide okadaïque (OA), un inhibiteur de la protéine phosphatase 2A (PP2A), ont bloqué l'augmentation d'expression et d'activité de la NPR induite par le PB après 48 heures d’incubation. La réaction inflammatoire aseptique a diminué l’expression et l’activité de la NPR après 48 heures d’incubation (p<0.05). On conclue que la dexaméthasone et le phénobarbital sont des inducteurs potentiels de la NPR et que les voies de signalisation de CAR, PXR et RXR semblent être impliquées dans le contrôle de cette induction. Des études supplémentaires devront être complétées afin de confirmer ces résultats préliminaires.

Synthèse, caractérisation et étude de complexes à réactivité multiélectronique

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Relargage d’ions métalliques après l’arthroplastie de la hanche à grand diamètre avec couple de frottement métal sur métal

La dégénérescence articulaire sévère de la hanche est une pathologie fréquente et son traitement ultime est le remplacement prothétique. L’arthroplastie la plus répandue au monde est la prothèse totale de hanche (PTH) avec un couple de frottement métal-sur-polyéthylène (MPE). Cependant ce type d’intervention présente une longévité limitée à cause de l’usure de PE et ne convient pas aux patients actifs souffrant de coxarthrose sévère tôt dans leur vie. Afin de palier à ce problème, une nouvelle génération de surfaces de frottement métal-sur-métal (MM) est actuellement employée. Ces surfaces de frottement sont utilisées en PTH avec tête de 28 mm, en resurfaçage (RH) et avec la PTH à tête de grand diamètre. Alors qu’il y a beaucoup d’évidence à l’égard du bon fonctionnement des implants PTH 28 mm et du RH, les données quant aux performances in vivo des PTH MM à grand diamètre manquent. Malgré cela, ces implants sont utilisés à grande échelle. Dans un premier temps, l’objectif de ce travail de recherche était d’évaluer l’effet et de comparer les taux d’ions chrome (Cr) et cobalt (Co) chez des sujets porteurs de PTH MM à grand diamètre à ceux de 64 porteurs de RH, tous deux possédant des surfaces de frottement aux propriétés tribologiques identiques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons comparé les taux ioniques (Cr, Co et titane (Ti)) entre quatre PTH MM à grand diamètre provenant de fabricants différents (Zimmer, DePuy, Smith & Nephew et Biomet). Les mesures d’ions étaient effectuées dans le sang entier dans un laboratoire indépendant par la technique de spectrophotométrie de masse à haute résolution HR-ICP-MS, pour l’ensemble de ce travail de recherche. Les deux comparaisons ont démontré le rôle crucial joué par la modularité au niveau de la jonction tête-col des PTH MM à grand diamètre. En effet, des écarts considérables dans les concentrations ioniques de Co ont été retrouvés entre les RH et PTH Durom ayant un couple de frottement identique, ainsi qu’entre les 4 différents designs de PTH MM à grand diamètre comparés entre eux. La PTH MM à grand diamètre Durom était la moins favorable alors que celle de Biomet était la plus performante. Nos observations démontrent que des sources inattendues comme la jonction tête-col de certains implants PTH MM à grand diamètre peuvent contribuer au relargage ionique systémique. Une meilleure compréhension de ce phénomène est indispensable avant l’utilisation clinque de nouveaux implants de ce type.