Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland, 1981-1989. ACES Working Paper (Report) No. 8, 2007

Early on the morning of December 13, 1981, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, the leader of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), declared martial law, ending the so-called "Polish Crisis," which began with the creation of the Independent Free Trade Union "Solidamosc" in August 1980. Over the next eight years, the Communist government and the opposition struggled over power, culminating in 1989 with the creation of a Solidamosc-led government which ended fifty years of Communist rule in Poland and led the way to further democratic revolutions throughout Eastern Europe. The purpose of this dissertation is to utilize newly available and underutilized archival sources as well as oral history interviews, from both international and American perspectives, to fully chronicle American policy toward Poland from the declaration of martial law until the creation of the Solidarnosc government. Rather than explaining Polish-American relations in bilateral terms, the dissertation illuminates the complex web of influences that determined American policy in Washington and affected its implementation within Poland. This includes descriptions of internal tensions within the Reagan administration, differences between American decisions in Washington and implementation in Warsaw, lobbying from Polish-American groups, clashes between Capitol Hill and the White House, coordination with American labor organizations to support Solidarnosc, disagreements with West European allies in NATO and international financial organizations, cooperation with the Vatican and the Polish Catholic Church, synchronization with American humanitarian organizations working in Poland, limitations caused by the realities of Soviet power in Eastern Europe, and complications caused by domestic Polish concerns. By taking a broad view of American policy and highlighting internal Polish decisions, with both the Communist government and the democratic opposition, the dissertation provides concrete examples of America's role in Poland's transformation, arguing, however, that this role was very limited. These conclusions are relevant to arguments about the end of the Cold War, the nature of American power, as well as current discussions about possibilities to promote democracy within hostile regimes.

How Do Second-Generation Immigrant Students Access Higher Education? The Importance of Vocational Routes to Higher Education in Switzerland, France, and Germany

We analyse the access to different institutional pathways to higher education for second-generation students, focusing on youths that hold a higher-education entrance certificate. The alternative vocational pathway appears to compensate to some degree, compared to the traditional academic one, for North-African and Southern-European youths in France, those from Turkey in Germany, and to a lesser degree those from Portugal, Turkey, Ex-Yugoslavia, Albania/Kosovo in Switzerland. This is not the case in Switzerland for Western-European, Italian, and Spanish youths who indeed access higher education via the academic pathway more often than Swiss youths. Using youth panel and survey data, multinomial models are applied to analyse these pathway choices.

Theologiae R.P. Fr. Suarez e Societate Jesu, summa, seu compendium /

Table of contents at end of each volume.

R.P. Francisci Suarez, Granatensis, e Societate Iesu doctoris theologi, et in Conimbricensi Academia sacrarum literarum primarij professoris. Defensio fidei Catholicae et apostolicæ aduersus Anglicanæ sectæ errores. : Cum responsione ad Apologiam pro Iuramento fidedelitatis, & præfationem monitoriam sernessimi Iacobi Magnæ Britanniæ Regis. Ad serenissimos totius Christiani orbis Catholicos reges et principes.

Includes index.

Die Katholische Kirche unserer Zeit und ihre Diener in Wort und Bild,

Vol. 2 published München [etc.]; v. 3: München.

Fundamentals of pedagogy; a textbook for Catholic teachers,

Bibliography: p. 257-262.

Essays in order /

Each essay is also published separately under its own title by Sheed and Ward, London, as no.1-3 of the series Essays in order.

A guide to American Catholic history.

Mode of access: Internet.

Calendar of entries in the Papal registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland. Papal letters.

Vols. 15- published by Stationery Office for the Irish Manuscripts Commission, Dublin.

Innocentii Quinti pontificis maximi, ex ordine praedicatorum assumpti, qui antea Petrus de tarantasia dicebatur, in IV librum sententiarum commentaria.

Reprint of 1649-1652 edition.

Revue thomiste; revue doctrinale de théologie et de philosophie.

Subtitle varies.

Catholic Record Society publications.

Mode of access: Internet.

What Catholics have done for science. With sketches of the great Catholic scientists.

Mode of access: Internet.

Das römische Brevier in deutscher Sprache.

Mode of access: Internet.

The nullity of the government of Queen Victoria in Ireland, or, The pope the virtual ruler of the land : Being an exhibition of the laws of the papacy, set up by the Romish bishops to subvert the authority of their lawful sovereign, in 1832 /

Mode of access: Internet.