La educación como oportunidad para la emergencia de la humanidad

El presente trabajo parte de una investigación etnográfica en una pequeña comunidad educativa del centro de la Sierra ecuatoriana, develando en ella el carácter de reproductora de cultura de la institución escolar y, en particular, de las distorsiones de las relaciones sociales en las prácticas escolares. A partir de esta investigación cualitativa, y mediante un prolijo estudio de las teorías curriculares, como también de ciertas categorías como cultura, ideología y poder; apoyándose en la teoría crítica del currículum, en la ley general del desarrollo cultural de Lev Vygotsky, en la teoría de Pierre Bourdieu del poder simbólico, en la observación de las microestructuras de poder de Michel Foucault, y en muchos otros aportes geniales de ayer y de hoy, el autor ha logrado ampliar significativa mente las conceptualización sobre la educación. Esta es una obra que renueva el debate sobre los fines de la educación, las políticas educativas y la calidad de la educación y, en consecuencia, puede ser útil para todas las personas que tienen que ver con la función de educar: padres, docentes, estudiantes, gobernantes y, en general, para quienes desprendiéndose de la educación tradicional esperan que la educación sirva para la construcción de un mejor orden social y planetario.

El fondo de liquidez en el Código Orgánico Monetario y Financiero

El presente trabajo de investigación hace referencia a la importancia que tienen los países a nivel mundial de contar con un prestamista de última instancia a fin de aplacar las crisis financieras; y expresamente a la realidad ecuatoriana desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad a través del Fondo de Liquidez. En tal sentido se explica los antecedentes, estructura, naturaleza, operatividad, ámbito de aplicación del Fondo de Liquidez, la naturaleza de la administración de sus fideicomisos, así como la problemática persistente en el Código Orgánico Monetario y Financiero con relación a la Ley de Creación la Red de Seguridad Financiera. Esta tesis parte de un análisis de la normativa legal, así como de los criterios expresados a través de entrevistas realizadas a directivos del Banco Central del Ecuador y de la Corporación de Seguros de Depósitos Fondo de Liquidez y Fondo de Seguros Privados, instituciones que tienen a cargo la administración del Fondo de Liquidez. Se evidencia los problemas de la creación de los fideicomisos del Fondo de Liquidez a través de la ley, la duplicidad de ciertas funciones entre las entidades administradoras, pero a la vez se propone alternativas de su gestión de acuerdo al ámbito de sus competencias a fin de clarificar la operatividad del Fondo a pesar del vacío que el Código Orgánico Monetario y Financiero deja sobre el tema.

De los avatares de una memoria pública. La toma del Palacio de Justicia en la prensa colombiana: el caso de la revista Semana

En esta tesis se analiza la construcción de la memoria pública que realiza la revista Semana en el caso de la Toma y la Retoma del Palacio de Justicia en los artículos noticiosos publicados durante los años 1985, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2007, 2009 y 2010 y que están estrictamente relacionados con dicha construcción. El estudio se realiza entrecruzando las categorías de investigación del Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) y las de los estudios de la memoria, con el fin de dar cuenta de la metamorfosis en la variable tiempo. Los datos analizados sugieren que la memoria pública del evento, como toda memoria, construida por el medio de comunicación siempre estuvo en relación directamente proporcional con los contextos nacionales, internacionales y del desarrollo de la revista Semana en sí misma; así como que los olvidos fueron inducidos bien sea de forma consciente o inconsciente y se instalaron en el relato de la revista Semana.

El proceso de paz como elemento que redefine las relaciones internacionales de Colombia con algunos actores del sistema internacional

El proceso de paz como elemento que redefine las relaciones internacionales de Colombia con algunos actores del sistema internacional, presenta un avance importante en la construcción de la política exterior de Colombia, que busca dar respuesta al interrogante ¿Cómo el proceso de paz ha redefinido las relaciones internacionales de Colombia con algunos actores del sistema internacional?. Este trabajo aborda un análisis teórico descriptivo sobre la incidencia que ha tenido el proceso de paz en las relaciones internacionales de Colombia (2010-2014), respaldado en los aportes teóricos en los que se estructura esta investigaciòn como el Realismo, Neorrealismo Cooperativo y Constructivismo social, con especial atención en la política de seguridad frente al manejo de los diálogos de paz, que serán utilizados para presentar y advertir el cambio o continuidad en las relaciones internacionales de Colombia. Para cumplir con el objetivo trazado esta investigación se divide en dos capítulos. En el primero, se caracteriza la política exterior de Colombia enfocada en la seguridad democrática durante la presidencia de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, con una lógica operativa ligada a Estados Unidos, que llevó a la fragmentación de las relaciones internacionales con Ecuador y Venezuela, En el segundo, se describe y define el cambio en las relaciones internacionales con la presidencia de Juan Manuel Santos, con la puesta en marcha de un proyecto ambicioso -los diálogos de paz-, que buscan poner fin al conflicto armado mediante la vía negociada con el grupo beligerante de mayor trayectoria las FARC. Este hecho, permitió a Colombia recomponer las relaciones con Ecuador y Venezuela, todo ello bajo un manejo discrecional de su relación con Estados Unidos.

The effects of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the population dynamics of four animal species in a Danish landscape

Background: Variation in carrying capacity and population return rates is generally ignored in traditional studies of population dynamics. Variation is hard to study in the field because of difficulties controlling the environment in order to obtain statistical replicates, and because of the scale and expense of experimenting on populations. There may also be ethical issues. To circumvent these problems we used detailed simulations of the simultaneous behaviours of interacting animals in an accurate facsimile of a real Danish landscape. The models incorporate as much as possible of the behaviour and ecology of skylarks Alauda arvensis, voles Microtus agrestis, a ground beetle Bembidion lampros and a linyphiid spider Erigone atra. This allows us to quantify and evaluate the importance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the population dynamics of the four species. Results: Both spatial and temporal heterogeneity affected the relationship between population growth rate and population density in all four species. Spatial heterogeneity accounted for 23–30% of the variance in population growth rate after accounting for the effects of density, reflecting big differences in local carrying capacity associated with the landscape features important to individual species. Temporal heterogeneity accounted for 3–13% of the variance in vole, skylark and spider, but 43% in beetles. The associated temporal variation in carrying capacity would be problematic in traditional analyses of density dependence. Return rates were less than one in all species and essentially invariant in skylarks, spiders and beetles. Return rates varied over the landscape in voles, being slower where there were larger fluctuations in local population sizes. Conclusion: Our analyses estimated the traditional parameters of carrying capacities and return rates, but these are now seen as varying continuously over the landscape depending on habitat quality and the mechanisms of density dependence. The importance of our results lies in our demonstration that the effects of spatial and temporal heterogeneity must be accounted for if we are to have accurate predictive models for use in management and conservation. This is an area which until now has lacked an adequate theoretical framework and methodology.

Bayesian estimation of recent migration rates after a spatial expansion

Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is a highly flexible technique that allows the estimation of parameters under demographic models that are too complex to be handled by full-likelihood methods. We assess the utility of this method to estimate the parameters of range expansion in a two-dimensional stepping-stone model, using samples from either a single deme or multiple demes. A minor modification to the ABC procedure is introduced, which leads to an improvement in the accuracy of estimation. The method is then used to estimate the expansion time and migration rates for five natural common vole populations in Switzerland typed for a sex-linked marker and a nuclear marker. Estimates based on both markers suggest that expansion occurred < 10,000 years ago, after the most recent glaciation, and that migration rates are strongly male biased.

Identification of Bartonella species in rodents, shrews and cats in Denmark: detection of two B-henselae variants, one in cats and the other in the long-tailed field mouse

Small mammals and stray cats were trapped in two areas of North Zealand, Denmark, and their blood cultured for hemotrophic bacteria. Bacterial isolates were recovered in pure culture and subjected to 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Bartonella species were isolated from five mammalian species: B. grahamii from Microtus agrestis (field vole) and Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked field mouse); B. taylorii from M. agrestis, A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus (long-tailed field mouse); B. tribocorum from A. flavicollis; R vinsonii subsp. vinsonii from M. agrestis and A. sylvaticus; and B. birtlesii from Sorex vulgaris (common shrew). In addition, two variant types of B. henselae were identified: variant I was recovered from three specimens of A. sylvaticus, and B. henselae variant 11 from I I cats; in each case this was the only B. henselae variant found. No Bartonella species was isolated from Clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) or Micromys minutus (harvest mouse). These results suggest that B. henselae occurs in two animal reservoirs in this region, one of variant I in A. sylvaticus, which may be transmitted between mice by the tick Ixodes ricinus, and another of variant 11 in cats, which may be transmitted by the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of B. henselae and B. tribocorum in Apodemus mice.

The effects of landscape modifications on the long-term persistence of animal populations

Background: The effects of landscape modifications on the long-term persistence of wild animal populations is of crucial importance to wildlife managers and conservation biologists, but obtaining experimental evidence using real landscapes is usually impossible. To circumvent this problem we used individual-based models (IBMs) of interacting animals in experimental modifications of a real Danish landscape. The models incorporate as much as possible of the behaviour and ecology of four species with contrasting life-history characteristics: skylark (Alauda arvensis), vole (Microtus agrestis), a ground beetle (Bembidion lampros) and a linyphiid spider (Erigone atra). This allows us to quantify the population implications of experimental modifications of landscape configuration and composition. Methodology/Principal Findings: Starting with a real agricultural landscape, we progressively reduced landscape complexity by (i) homogenizing habitat patch shapes, (ii) randomizing the locations of the patches, and (iii) randomizing the size of the patches. The first two steps increased landscape fragmentation. We assessed the effects of these manipulations on the long-term persistence of animal populations by measuring equilibrium population sizes and time to recovery after disturbance. Patch rearrangement and the presence of corridors had a large effect on the population dynamics of species whose local success depends on the surrounding terrain. Landscape modifications that reduced population sizes increased recovery times in the short-dispersing species, making small populations vulnerable to increasing disturbance. The species that were most strongly affected by large disturbances fluctuated little in population sizes in years when no perturbations took place. Significance: Traditional approaches to the management and conservation of populations use either classical methods of population analysis, which fail to adequately account for the spatial configurations of landscapes, or landscape ecology, which accounts for landscape structure but has difficulty predicting the dynamics of populations living in them. Here we show how realistic and replicable individual-based models can bridge the gap between non-spatial population theory and non-dynamic landscape ecology. A major strength of the approach is its ability to identify population vulnerabilities not detected by standard population viability analyses.

Forecasters priorities for improving probabilistic flood forecasts.

Hydrological ensemble prediction systems (HEPS) have in recent years been increasingly used for the operational forecasting of floods by European hydrometeorological agencies. The most obvious advantage of HEPS is that more of the uncertainty in the modelling system can be assessed. In addition, ensemble prediction systems generally have better skill than deterministic systems both in the terms of the mean forecast performance and the potential forecasting of extreme events. Research efforts have so far mostly been devoted to the improvement of the physical and technical aspects of the model systems, such as increased resolution in time and space and better description of physical processes. Developments like these are certainly needed; however, in this paper we argue that there are other areas of HEPS that need urgent attention. This was also the result from a group exercise and a survey conducted to operational forecasters within the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) to identify the top priorities of improvement regarding their own system. They turned out to span a range of areas, the most popular being to include verification of an assessment of past forecast performance, a multi-model approach for hydrological modelling, to increase the forecast skill on the medium range (>3 days) and more focus on education and training on the interpretation of forecasts. In light of limited resources, we suggest a simple model to classify the identified priorities in terms of their cost and complexity to decide in which order to tackle them. This model is then used to create an action plan of short-, medium- and long-term research priorities with the ultimate goal of an optimal improvement of EFAS in particular and to spur the development of operational HEPS in general.

Exoplanet discoveries with the CoRoT space observatory

The CoRoT space observatory is a project which is led by the French space agency CNES and leading space research institutes in Austria, Brazil, Belgium, Germany and Spain and also the European Space Agency ESA. CoRoT observed since its launch in December 27, 2006 about 100 000 stars for the exoplanet channel, during 150 days uninterrupted high-precision photometry. Since the The CoRoT-team has several exoplanet candidates which are currently analyzed under its study, we report here the discoveries of nine exoplanets which were observed by CoRoT. Discovered exoplanets such as CoRoT-3b populate the brown dwarf desert and close the gap of measured physical properties between usual gas giants and very low mass stars. CoRoT discoveries extended the known range of planet masses down to about 4.8 Earth-masses (CoRoT-7b) and up to 21 Jupiter masses (CoRoT-3b), the radii to about 1.68 x 0.09 R (Earth) (CoRoT-7b) and up to the most inflated hot Jupiter with 1.49 x 0.09 R (Earth) found so far (CoRoT-1b), and the transiting exoplanet with the longest period of 95.274 days (CoRoT-9b). Giant exoplanets have been detected at low metallicity, rapidly rotating and active, spotted stars. Two CoRoT planets have host stars with the lowest content of heavy elements known to show a transit hinting towards a different planethost-star-metallicity relation then the one found by radial-velocity search programs. Finally the properties of the CoRoT-7b prove that rocky planets with a density close to Earth exist outside the Solar System. Finally the detection of the secondary transit of CoRoT-1b at a sensitivity level of 10(-5) and the very clear detection of the ""super-Earth"" CoRoT-7b at 3.5 x 10(-4) relative flux are promising evidence that the space observatory is being able to detect even smaller exoplanets with the size of the Earth.

A transiting giant planet with a temperature between 250 K and 430 K

Of the over 400 known(1) exoplanets, there are about 70 planets that transit their central star, a situation that permits the derivation of their basic parameters and facilitates investigations of their atmospheres. Some short-period planets(2), including the first terrestrial exoplanet(3,4) (CoRoT-7b), have been discovered using a space mission(5) designed to find smaller and more distant planets than can be seen from the ground. Here we report transit observations of CoRoT-9b, which orbits with a period of 95.274 days on a low eccentricity of 0.11 +/- 0.04 around a solar-like star. Its periastron distance of 0.36 astronomical units is by far the largest of all transiting planets, yielding a `temperate` photospheric temperature estimated to be between 250 and 430 K. Unlike previously known transiting planets, the present size of CoRoT-9b should not have been affected by tidal heat dissipation processes. Indeed, the planet is found to be well described by standard evolution models(6) with an inferred interior composition consistent with that of Jupiter and Saturn.

Effects of the cationic antimicrobial peptide eumenitin from the venom of solitary wasp Eumenes rubronotatus in planar lipid bilayers: Surface charge and pore formation activity

Eumenitin, a novel cationic antimicrobial peptide from the venom of solitary wasp Eumenes rubronotatus, was characterized by its effects on black lipid membranes of negatively charged (azolectin) and zwitterionic (1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPhPC) or DPhPC-cholesterol) phospholipids: surface potential changes, single-channel activity, ion selectivity, and pore size were studied. We found that eumenitin binds preferentially to charged lipid membranes as compared with zwitterionic ones. Eumenitin is able to form pores in azolectin (G(1) = 118.00 +/- 3.67 pS or G(2) = 160.00 +/- 7.07 pS) and DPhPC membranes (G = 61.13 +/- 7.57 pS). Moreover, cholesterol addition to zwitterionic DPhPC membranes inhibits pore formation activity but does not interfere with the binding of peptide. Open pores presented higher cation (K (+)) over anion (Cl-) selectivity. The pore diameter was estimated at between 8.5and 9.8 angstrom in azolectin membranes and about 4.3 angstrom in DPhPC membranes. The results are discussed based on the toroidal pore model for membrane pore-forming activity and ion selectivity. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A new model of outbred genetically selected mice which present a strong acute inflammatory response in the absence of complement component C5

Mice selected for a strong (AIRmax) or weak (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response present different susceptibilities to bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases and carcinogenesis. Variations in these phenotypes have been also detected in AIRmax and AIRmin mice rendered homozygous for Slc11a1 resistant (R) and susceptible (S) alleles. Our aim was to investigate if the phenotypic differences observed in these mice was related to the complement system. AIRmax and AIRmin mice and AIRmax and AIRmin groups homozygous for the resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) alleles of the solute carrier family 11a1 member (Slc11a1) gene, formerly designated Nramp-1. While no difference in complement activity was detected in sera from AIRmax and AIRmin strains, all sera from AIRmax Slc11a1 resistant mice (AIRmax(RR)) presented no complement-dependent hemolytic activity. Furthermore, C5 was not found in their sera by immunodiffusion and, polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing of its gene demonstrated that AIRmax(RR) mice are homozygous for the C5 deficient (D) mutation previously described in A/J. Therefore, the C5D allele was fixed in homozygosis in AIRmax(RR) line. The AIRmax(RR) line is a new experimental mouse model in which a strong inflammatory response can be triggered in vivo in the absence of C5.