Body size and early growth in appropriate- and large-for-gestational-age infants.

AIMS: To study weight, length, body composition, sleeping energy expenditure (SEE), and respiratory quotient (RQ) at birth and at 5 mo of age in both adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) subjects; to compare the changes in body weight and body composition adjusting for gender, age, SEE, RQ and several maternal factors; to investigate the contribution of initial SEE and RQ to changes in body weight and body composition. METHODS: Sixty-nine neonates were recruited among term infants in the University Hospital of Verona, Italy. Forty-nine subjects participated until follow-up. At birth and follow-up, weight and length were measured and arm-fat area and arm-muscle area were calculated from triceps and subscapular skinfolds. SEE and RQ were measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: At birth, weight, length, arm-muscle and arm-fat areas were significantly higher in LGA subjects than in AGA subjects. Weight status, SEE and RQ at birth did not explain the relative weight change after adjusting for gestational weight, placental weight, age at follow-up and gender. Arm-fat area and weight/length ratio at birth were negatively associated with relative changes in body weight after adjusting for the above variables (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Early growth from birth to 5 mo of life is significantly affected by body size and adiposity at birth. Fatter newborns had a slower growth rate than thinner newborns.

FTO genetic variants, dietary intake and body mass index: insights from 177,330 individuals.

FTO is the strongest known genetic susceptibility locus for obesity. Experimental studies in animals suggest the potential roles of FTO in regulating food intake. The interactive relation among FTO variants, dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) is complex and results from previous often small-scale studies in humans are highly inconsistent. We performed large-scale analyses based on data from 177,330 adults (154 439 Whites, 5776 African Americans and 17 115 Asians) from 40 studies to examine: (i) the association between the FTO-rs9939609 variant (or a proxy single-nucleotide polymorphism) and total energy and macronutrient intake and (ii) the interaction between the FTO variant and dietary intake on BMI. The minor allele (A-allele) of the FTO-rs9939609 variant was associated with higher BMI in Whites (effect per allele = 0.34 [0.31, 0.37] kg/m(2), P = 1.9 × 10(-105)), and all participants (0.30 [0.30, 0.35] kg/m(2), P = 3.6 × 10(-107)). The BMI-increasing allele of the FTO variant showed a significant association with higher dietary protein intake (effect per allele = 0.08 [0.06, 0.10] %, P = 2.4 × 10(-16)), and relative weak associations with lower total energy intake (-6.4 [-10.1, -2.6] kcal/day, P = 0.001) and lower dietary carbohydrate intake (-0.07 [-0.11, -0.02] %, P = 0.004). The associations with protein (P = 7.5 × 10(-9)) and total energy (P = 0.002) were attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for BMI. We did not find significant interactions between the FTO variant and dietary intake of total energy, protein, carbohydrate or fat on BMI. Our findings suggest a positive association between the BMI-increasing allele of FTO variant and higher dietary protein intake and offer insight into potential link between FTO, dietary protein intake and adiposity.

Vapaaehtoiset ympäristönhallintajärjestelmät Euroopan Unionissa ja Yhdysvalloissa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää minkälaisia ovat Euroopan Unionin Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) ja yhdysvaltalainen Performance track -ympäristönhallintajärjestelmät. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näihin vapaaehtoisiin ympäristönhallintajärjestelmiin osallistuvien yritysten hyötyjä, kokemuksia sekä tyytyväisyyttä ohjelman antiin ja sitä ylläpitäviin viranomaisiin. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen osa on tehty kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteellaja empiirinen aineisto kerättiin sähköpostikyselynä. EMAS -asetus otettiin käyttöön vuonna 1993. Asetuksessa määritellään ympäristöhallintajärjestelmän osa-alueet yksityiskohtaisesti. Mukana olevien yritysten mielestä järjestelmä on helppo ottaa käyttöön ja suurin osa EMAS -yrityksistä kokee hyötyvänsä osallistumisestaan järjestelmään. Tärkeimmäksi hyödyksi koettiin ympäristöhyödyt sekä parantunut yrityskuva. Yritykset kokivat järjestelmän heikkoutena viranomaisten tuen puutteen. Yhdysvaltain Environmental Protection Agency:n Performance Track -järjestelmä esiteltiin vuonna 2000. Järjestelmän osallistumiskriteerit ovat haastavia. Mukana olevat yritykset kokevat hyötyvänsäjärjestelmästä. Eniten mukana olevat yritykset arvostavat julkisuuskuvan parantumista, ympäristöhyötyjä sekä taloudellisia hyötyjä. Yhdysvalloissa pidettiin myös tärkeänä hyvää suhdetta ympäristöviranomaisiin. Heikkoutena koettiin järjestelmän vähäinen tunnettuus. Euroopassa vapaaehtoisia ympäristönhallintajärjestelmiä käyttävien yritysten tulisi viranomaisten avulla verkostoitua. Yhdysvalloissa tulisi kehittää ympäristöraportin todentamista.

Diagnostic accuracy of body mass index, body fat and waist in defining low aerobic fitness in adolescents

Objective: to assess the diagnostic accuracy of different anthropometric markers in defining low aerobic fitness among adolescents. Methods: cross-sectional study on 2,331 boys and 2,366 girls aged 10 - 18 years. Body mass index (BMI) was measured using standardized methods; body fat (BF) was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Low aerobic fitness was assessed by the 20-meter shuttle run using the FITNESSGRAMR criteria. Waist was measured in a subsample of 1,933 boys and 1,897 girls. Overweight, obesity and excess fat were defined according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) or FITNESSGRAMR criteria. Results: 38.5% of boys and 46.5% of girls were considered as unfit according to the FITNESSGRAMR criteria. In boys, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval were 66.7 (64.1 - 69.3), 67.1 (64.5 - 69.6) and 64.6 (61.9 - 67.2) for BMI, BF and waist, respectively (P<0.02). In girls, the values were 68.3 (65.9 - 70.8), 63.8 (61.3 - 66.3) and 65.9 (63.4 - 68.4), respectively (P<0.001). In boys, the sensitivity and specificity to diagnose low fitness were 13% and 99% for obesity (IOTF); 38% and 86% for overweight + obesity (IOTF); 28% and 94% for obesity (FITNESSGRAMR) and 42% and 81% for excess fat (FITNESSGRAMR). For girls, the values were 9% and 99% for obesity (IOTF); 33% and 82% for overweight + obesity (IOTF); 22% and 94% for obesity (FITNESSGRAMR) and 26% and 90% for excess fat (FITNESSGRAMR). Conclusions: BMI, not body fat or waist, should be used to define low aerobic fitness. The IOTF BMI cut-points to define obesity have a very low screening capacity and should not be used.

Some of the challenges and experiences of formal education in a Mobile-Centric Society (MCS) = Algunos retos y experiencias de la educación formal en la Sociedad Móvil-Céntrica (SMC)

The aim of the paper is to describe some of the challenges faced by schools, or by formal education in general, as a consequence of today"s mobilecentric society (henceforth MCS), the term we will use to denote the new, networked learning ecology that has arisen from the massive penetration of digital media in everyday life. After revisiting some of the ideas of McLuhan and Vygotsky in the light of this new technological scenario, we describe five traits of the MCS and the challenges illustrated through educational practices that we believe schools will face if they wish to preserve their function of individualization and socialization. We believe that despite the emergence of the MCS, the main function of the school is still to provide the"box of tools" (a set of psychological instruments, such as reading, writing, mathematical notation, digital literacy, etc.) that enables people to develop their learning skills and life projects and to become part of communities and groups. However, the complexity and mobility of the new learning environments means that the position held by schools needs to be reevaluated in the face of the informal learning paths and experiences both online and offline to which learners now have access. We also need to reevaluate the meaning of the school itself as an institution and the model of learner it should be training

European Union Eastern Enlargement - Expectations and Experiences of Doing Business in the New Member States

This publication deals with various aspects of European Union enlargement effects faced by the companies from EU15 and especially from Finland when doing business in the ten transitional economies which joined European Union in 2004 and 2007

A genetic risk score combining 32 SNPs is associated with body mass index and improves obesity prediction in people with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is strongly associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and various other diseases. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple risk loci robustly associated with body mass index (BMI). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether a genetic risk score (GRS) combining multiple BMI risk loci might have utility in prediction of obesity in patients with MDD. METHODS: Linear and logistic regression models were conducted to predict BMI and obesity, respectively, in three independent large case-control studies of major depression (Radiant, GSK-Munich, PsyCoLaus). The analyses were first performed in the whole sample and then separately in depressed cases and controls. An unweighted GRS was calculated by summation of the number of risk alleles. A weighted GRS was calculated as the sum of risk alleles at each locus multiplied by their effect sizes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the discriminatory ability of predictors of obesity. RESULTS: In the discovery phase, a total of 2,521 participants (1,895 depressed patients and 626 controls) were included from the Radiant study. Both unweighted and weighted GRS were highly associated with BMI (P <0.001) but explained only a modest amount of variance. Adding 'traditional' risk factors to GRS significantly improved the predictive ability with the area under the curve (AUC) in the ROC analysis, increasing from 0.58 to 0.66 (95% CI, 0.62-0.68; χ(2) = 27.68; P <0.0001). Although there was no formal evidence of interaction between depression status and GRS, there was further improvement in AUC in the ROC analysis when depression status was added to the model (AUC = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.68-0.73; χ(2) = 28.64; P <0.0001). We further found that the GRS accounted for more variance of BMI in depressed patients than in healthy controls. Again, GRS discriminated obesity better in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. We later replicated these analyses in two independent samples (GSK-Munich and PsyCoLaus) and found similar results. CONCLUSIONS: A GRS proved to be a highly significant predictor of obesity in people with MDD but accounted for only modest amount of variance. Nevertheless, as more risk loci are identified, combining a GRS approach with information on non-genetic risk factors could become a useful strategy in identifying MDD patients at higher risk of developing obesity.

Modulation of genetic associations with serum urate levels by body-mass-index in humans.

We tested for interactions between body mass index (BMI) and common genetic variants affecting serum urate levels, genome-wide, in up to 42569 participants. Both stratified genome-wide association (GWAS) analyses, in lean, overweight and obese individuals, and regression-type analyses in a non BMI-stratified overall sample were performed. The former did not uncover any novel locus with a major main effect, but supported modulation of effects for some known and potentially new urate loci. The latter highlighted a SNP at RBFOX3 reaching genome-wide significant level (effect size 0.014, 95% CI 0.008-0.02, Pinter= 2.6 x 10-8). Two top loci in interaction term analyses, RBFOX3 and ERO1LB-EDARADD, also displayed suggestive differences in main effect size between the lean and obese strata. All top ranking loci for urate effect differences between BMI categories were novel and most had small magnitude but opposite direction effects between strata. They include the locus RBMS1-TANK (men, Pdifflean-overweight= 4.7 x 10-8), a region that has been associated with several obesity related traits, and TSPYL5 (men, Pdifflean-overweight= 9.1 x 10-8), regulating adipocytes-produced estradiol. The top-ranking known urate loci was ABCG2, the strongest known gout risk locus, with an effect halved in obese compared to lean men (Pdifflean-obese= 2 x 10-4). Finally, pathway analysis suggested a role for N-glycan biosynthesis as a prominent urate-associated pathway in the lean stratum. These results illustrate a potentially powerful way to monitor changes occurring in obesogenic environment.

Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: Do subjective experiences during first cannabis use increase the probability of using illicit drug use?

Background and aims: Few studies have examined whether subjective experiences during first cannabis use are related to other illicit drug (OID) use. This study investigated this topic. Methods: Baseline data from a representative sample of young Swiss men was obtained from an ongoing Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (N ¼ 5753). Logistic regressions were performed to examine the relationships between cannabis use and of subjective experiences during first cannabis use with 15 OID. Results: Positive experiences increased the likelihood of using hallucinogens (hallucinogens, salvia divinorum, spice; p50.015), stimulants (speed, ecstasy, cocaine, amphetamines/methamphetamines; p50.006) and also poppers, research chemicals, GHB/GBL, and crystal meth (p50.049). Sniffed drugs (poppers, solvents for sniffing) and ''hard'' drugs (heroin, ketamine, research chemicals, GHB/GBL and crystal meth) were more likely to be used by participants who experienced negative feelings on first use of cannabis (p50.034). Conclusion: Subjective feelings seemed to amplify the association of cannabis with OID. The risk increased for drugs with effects resembling feelings experienced on first cannabis use. Negative experiences should also be a concern, as they were associated with increased risk of using the ''hardest'' illicit drugs.

A situated analysis of football goalkeepers' experiences in critical game situations.

This study described elite football (soccer) goalkeepers' activity and performance in critical game situations. The 11 best French players (M age = 15.5 yr., SD = 0.5) participated in the study. Interviews focused on goalkeepers' experiences were conducted to identify meaningful events involved in failed actions. Players formulated 23 critical game situations. Verbatim encoding using a thematic analysis indicated that four main categories (coming off the line, goal-line clearance, one-on-one, and diving) represented the most critical situations encountered during matches. The relations among experience and action, inner states, background, attention contents, and intentions were elucidated. The discussion is grounded on the properties of such critical game situations and their implications for improving goalkeepers' performance.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy with helical TomoTherapy for medically inoperable early stage primary and second-primary non-small-cell lung neoplasm: 1-year outcome and toxicity analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effectiveness of stereotactic body radiotherapy with helical TomoTherapy (T-SBRT) for treating medically inoperable primary and second-primary early stage non-small-cell lung neoplasm (SPLN) and evaluated whether the movement of organizing pneumonia (OP) within the irradiation field (IF) can be detected via analysis of radiological changes. METHODS: Patients (n = 16) treated for 1 year (2011-12) at our hospital by T-SBRT at a total dose of 60 Gy in five fractions were examined retrospectively. Outcome and toxicity were recorded and were separately described for SPLN. CT scans were reviewed by a single radiologist. RESULTS: Of the 16 patients, 5 (31.3%) had primary lung malignancies, 10 (62.5%) had SPLN, and 1 case (6.3%) had isolated mediastinal metastasis of lung neoplasm. Pathological evidence was obtained for 72.2% of all lesions. The median radiological follow-up was 11 months (10.5 months for SPLN). For all cases, the 6- and 12-month survival rates were 100% and 77.7% (100% and 71.4%, respectively, for SPLN), and the 6- and 12-month locoregional control rates were 100% in all cases. 2 (12.5%) of 16 patients developed grade 3 late transient radiation pneumonitis following steroid therapy and 1 (6.3%) presented asymptomatic infiltrates comparable to OP opacities. CONCLUSION: T-SBRT seems to be safe and effective. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Mild OP is likely associated with radiation-induced anomalies in the IF, identification of migrating opacities can help discern relapse of radiation-induced opacities.

La mediación del caballo y su relación con la adquisición de competencias

La mediación educativa razonada mediante la interacción con el caballo facilita una nueva forma de aprendizaje, basada en el desarrollo integral de la persona; partiendo de sus capacidades y transformándolas en competencias. Presentamos el Trabajo Reconducido Con Caballos (TRCC) como un espacio natural para potenciar y desarrollar distintas habilidades personales, sociales, cognitivas y físico-motoras, con el fin de lograr competencias que puedan aportar el pleno ajuste social desde la realidad personal de cada educando. Los canales comunicativos, la actitud para afrontar la realidad del entorno de forma positiva, activa y creativa, los comportamientos pasivos o de dependencia que se manifiestan en esta situación, las cualidades coordinativas necesarias para reorganizar el conocimiento del esquema corporal y las experiencias perceptivas, junto con los movimientos del caballo, aglutinan expectativas interesantes que podemos proponernos gracias al TRCC.

La mediació del cavall i la seva relació amb l’adquisició de competències

La mediació educativa raonada mitjançant la interacció amb el cavall facilita una nova forma d’aprenentatge, basada en el desenvolupament integral de la persona; partint de les seves capacitats i transformant-les en competències. Presentem el Treball Reconduït Amb Cavalls (TRAC) com un espai natural per potenciar i desenvolupar diferents habilitats personals, socials, cognitives i fisicomotrius, per tal d’aconseguir competències que puguin aportar un ajust social complet des de la realitat personal de cada educand. Els canals comunicatius, l’actitud per afrontar la realitat de l’entorn de forma positiva, activa i creativa, els comportaments passius o de dependència que es manifesten en aquesta situació, les qualitats coordinatives necessàries per reorganitzar el coneixement de l’esquema corporal i les experiències perceptives, unides als moviments del cavall, aglutinen expectatives interessants que podem proposar-nos gràcies al TRAC.