Extravascular modified lipoproteins: a role in the propagation of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to determine whether plasma lipoproteins, after leakage into the retina and modification by glycation and oxidation, contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.<br/><br/>Methods: To simulate permeation of plasma lipoproteins intoretinal tissues, streptozotocin-induced mouse models of diabetes and non-diabetic mice were challenged with intravitreal injection of human ���highly-oxidised glycated��� low-density lipoprotein (HOG-LDL), native- (N-) LDL, or the vehicle PBS.Retinal histology, electroretinography (ERG) and biochemical markers were assessed over the subsequent 14 days.<br/><br/>Results: Intravitreal administration of N-LDL and PBS had noeffect on retinal structure or function in either diabetic or non-diabetic animals. In non-diabetic mice, HOG-LDL elicited a transient inflammatory response without altering retinal function,but in diabetic mice it caused severe, progressive retinal injury, with abnormal morphology, ERG changes, vascular leakage, vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression, gliosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and propensity to apoptosis.<br/><br/>Conclusions/interpretation: Diabetes confers susceptibility to retinal injury imposed by intravitreal injection of modified LDL. The data add to the existing evidence that extravasated, modified plasma lipoproteins contribute to the propagation of diabetic retinopathy. Intravitreal delivery of HOG-LDL simulates a stress known to be present, in addition to hyperglycaemia, in human diabetic retinopathy once blood retinal barriers are compromised.

Beneficial effect of a polyphenol-rich diet on cardiovascular risk: a randomised control trial

<p>OBJECTIVES: There is previous epidemiological evidence that intake of polyphenol-rich foods has been associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. We aimed to investigate the effect of increasing dietary polyphenol intake on microvascular function in hypertensive participants.</p><p>METHODS: All participants completed a 4-week run-in phase, consuming &lt;2 portions of fruit and vegetables (F&amp;V) daily and avoiding berries and dark chocolate. Subjects were then randomised to continue with the low-polyphenol diet for 8���weeks or to consume a high-polyphenol diet of six portions F&amp;V (including one portion of berries/day and 50���g of dark chocolate). Endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine, ACh) and endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilator responses were assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography. Compliance with the intervention was measured using food diaries and biochemical markers.</p><p>RESULTS: Final analysis of the primary endpoint was conducted on 92 participants. Between-group comparison of change in maximum % response to ACh revealed a significant improvement in the high-polyphenol group (p=0.02). There was a significantly larger increase in vitamin C, carotenoids and epicatechin in the high-polyphenol group (between-group difference p&lt;0.001; p&lt;0.001; p=0.008, respectively).</p><p>CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that increasing the polyphenol content of the diet via consumption of F&amp;V, berries and dark chocolate results in a significant improvement in an established marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive participants.</p>

Biodiversity and molecular evolution of malacostraca

No actual cen��rio de perda acelerada de biodiversidade, o nosso conhecimento dos ecossistemas marinhos, apesar da sua extens��o e complexidade, continua muito inferior ao dos ecossistemas terrestres. A classe Malacostraca (Arthropoda, Crustacea), um grupo dos mais representativos nos ecossistemas marinhos, apresenta um elevado n��vel de diversidade morfol��gica e ecol��gica, mas dif��cil sua identifica����o ao n��vel de esp��cie requer frequentemente a ajuda de especialistas em taxonomia. A utiliza����o recente do ���barcoding��� (c��digo de barras do ADN), revelou ser um m��todo r��pido e eficaz para a identifica����o de esp��cies em diversos grupos de metazo��rios, incluindo os Malacostraca. No ��mbito desta tese foi constru��da uma base de dados de c��digo de barras de ADN envolvendo 132 esp��cies de Malacostraca v��rios locais de amostragem no Atl��ntico Nordeste e Mediterr��neo. As sequ��ncias de ADN mitocondrial provenientes de 601 esp��cimes formaram, em 95% dos casos, grupos congruentes com as identifica����es baseadas em caracter��sticas morfol��gicas. No entanto, foi detectado polimorfismo em seis casos e a diverg��ncia intra-espec��fica foi elevada em exemplares pertencentes a duas esp��cies morfol��gicas, sugerindo, neste caso, a ocorr��ncia de especia����o cr��ptica. Este estudo confirma a utilidade do c��digo de barras de ADN para a identifica����o de Malacostraca marinhos. Apesar do sucesso obtido, este m��todo apresenta alguns problemas, como por exemplo a poss��vel amplifica����o de pseudogenes. A ocorr��ncia de pseudogenes e as poss��veisabordagens para a detec����o e resolu����o deste tipo de problemas s��o discutidas com base em casos de estudo: an��lises dos c��digos de barras ADN na esp��cie Goneplax rhomboides (Crustacea, Decapoda). A an��lise dos c��digos de barras ADN revelou ainda grupos priorit��rios de dec��podes para estudos taxon��micos e sistem��ticos, nomeadamente os dec��podes dos g��neros Plesionika e Pagurus. Neste ��mbito s��o discutidas as rela����es filogen��ticas entre esp��cies seleccionadas dos g��neros Plesionika e Pagurus. Este trabalho aponta para v��rias quest��es no ��mbito da biodiversidade e evolu����o molecular da classe Malacostraca que carecem de um maior esclarecimento, podendo ser considerado como a base para estudo futuros. An��lises filogen��ticas adicionais integrando dados morfol��gicos e moleculares de um maior n��mero de esp��cies e de fam��lias dever��o certamente conduzir a uma melhor avalia����o da biodiversidade e da evolu����o dentro da classe.

Trawling and creeling for nephrops: impacts on biodiversity and populations structure

Disserta����o de mestrado, Aquacultura e Pescas, Faculdade de Ci��ncias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Assessing the atmospheric oscillations effects on the biology of the bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) and its possible linkage with global warming

Disserta����o de mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ci��ncias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve; Instituto Espa��ol de Oceanografia; 2015

Analyse pal��o��cologique des formations r��cifales du golfe de Skoura (bordure m��ridionale du sillon Sud rifain; SE de F��s; Maroc) implications pal��og��ographiques: communications Atlantique - M��diterran��e au Mioc��ne Terminal

The reef levels of the gulf of skoura belong to the reef formation of the Upper Miocene of the South-Rifan straits. A detailed analysis of the vertical distribution of various forms of colonies has led to the establishment of precise coral morphologies zonation. This palaeoecological approach leads us to distinguish between two environments in the Skoura gulf, probably corresponding to two reef episodes. The palaeogeographical implications (relationships between the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea) will be pointed out.

Predi����o precoce de risco de Pr��-ecl��mpsia na doen��a hipertensiva e diabetes na gravidez: Papel de fatores angiog��nicos

RESUMO: A pr��-ecl��mpsia tem elevada morbi-mortalidade materna e perinatal. A sua etiologia multi-fatorial tem sido objeto de investiga����o, n��o sendo ainda totalmente conhecida. N��o se conhece tamb��m a raz��o da diferente suscetibilidade individual e das diferentes express��es da doen��a. A hipertens��o cr��nica e a diabetes s��o fatores de risco reconhecidos, e o adiamento da maternidade contribui para que estas duas patologias sejam atualmente mais prevalentes entre as mulheres gr��vidas. Uma vez que o seu quadro fisiopatol��gico precede em meses o quadro cl��nico, tem-se investigado a possibilidade de serem encontrados marcadores precoces e indicadores de risco. Em Portugal, os estudos relativos �� hipertens��o na gravidez s��o escassos, bem como a investiga����o sobre fatores de risco e marcadores para a mesma. No sentido de avaliar poss��veis marcadores de risco para o desenvolvimento de pr��ecl��mpsia ou complica����es hipertensivas foi colhida, para esta disserta����o, uma amostra de 1215 mulheres que frequentaram a consulta de Hipertens��o ou de Diabetes na gravidez de um centro terci��rio, entre 2004 e 2013. Optou-se pela realiza����o de tr��s estudos independentes, abrangendo os dois primeiros um leque temporal de 9 e de 2 anos respetivamente. O primeiro, centrado na hipertens��o, pesquisou, em 521 mulheres com hipertens��o na presente ou em anterior gravidez, fatores de risco capazes de influenciar a progress��o para pr��-ecl��mpsia. O segundo, direcionado para a diabetes gestacional, considerou uma amostra de 334 gr��vidas, parte das quais tinha tamb��m hipertens��o cr��nica e procurou identificar fatores que contribu��ram para o aparecimento de complica����es hipertensivas. O terceiro estudo, realizado em 2012 e 2013, em tr��s coortes de gr��vidas com hipertens��o cr��nica, com diabetes gestacional, e sem estas patologias - procurou avaliar no 1�� trimestre o comportamento de dois marcadores placentares obtidos no 1�� trimestre - prote��na plasm��tica A associada �� gravidez (PAPP-A) e o fator de crescimento placentar (PlGF) - e o seu papel, quer como bio-marcadores isolados, quer em associa����o aos fatores de risco encontrados nos anteriores estudos, na constru����o de um modelo preditivo de pr��ecl��mpsia. No primeiro estudo, a nuliparidade, a hipertens��o gestacional, a fluxometria das art��rias uterinas com IP superiores ao P95 entre as 20-22 semanas e a exist��ncia de restri����o de crescimento fetal, foram os fatores que contribu��ram para a constru����o de um modelo preditivo de pr��-ecl��mpsia. No segundo estudo, a coexist��ncia de diabetes e hipertens��o cr��nica agravou o progn��stico, associando-se as complica����es hipertensivas �� multiparidade, obesidade, idade materna e etnia negra. No terceiro estudo verificou-se uma redu����o da PlGf e da PAPP-A no 1�� trimestre nas duas primeiras coortes, comparativamente �� coorte sem patologia; na an��lise separada de cada coorte, quando se verificaram complica����es hipertensivas ou pr��-ecl��mpsia, as concentra����es de PlGf e PAPP-A tamb��m foram inferiores. Contudo, na elabora����o de um modelo preditivo de pr��-ecl��mpsia, em conjunto com marcadores encontrados, apenas a PlGf pode ser integrada no modelo preditivo, o que se verificou na coorte com hipertens��o cr��nica. Os marcadores bioqu��micos em estudo tiveram valores inferiores nas coortes com patologia hipertensiva, demonstrando uma deficiente produ����o destas prote��nas placentares nestas situa����es, podendo ser importante a sua pesquisa. Contudo, neste estudo, apenas na coorte de hipertens��o cr��nica a PlGf teve participa����o como fator de risco, na constru����o de um modelo preditivo de pr��-ecl��mpsia.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: Preeclampsia is associated with a great maternal and perinatal morbimortality. Its multifactorial etiology has been under investigation and is still insufficiently understood. The reason why there are differences in individual susceptibility and differences in expressions of the disease is still unknown. Chronic hypertension and diabetes are known risk factors for preeclampsia and maternity delay contributes to the great prevalence of these pathologies among pregnant women. As the physiopathological signs antedate by months the clinical course of the disease, early risk factors and biological markers are object of clinical research. In Portugal, scarce clinical studies were devoted to hypertension in pregnancy and to risk factors and markers of this pathology. This dissertation inquires 1215 pregnant women who were treated for hypertension or diabetes in a tertiary care center between 2004 and 2013, in order to find risk markers for hypertensive complications or preeclampsia. We conducted three independent studies for this purpose. In the first one we investigated which risk factors could influence the progression to preeclampsia in 521 pregnant women with present or past history of hypertension. The second one was conducted to find what factors were associated to hypertensive complications, with a sample of 334 pregnant women with gestational diabetes, some also with chronic hypertension, addressing the identification of the factors contributing to hypertensive complications. The third study was conducted between 2012 and 2013 with three cohorts of pregnant women, with chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, and in the third one, pregnant women had a low risk pregnancy. The objective of the study was to evaluate the behavior of two placental markers ��� PAPP-A and PlGf ��� obtained in the first trimester, and the role of these markers as isolated biomarkers or in association with other risk factors, in order to define a predictive model of early preeclampsia. In the first study, nuliparity, gestational hypertension, uterine arteries doppler with PI above P95 between 20-22 weeks of gestation and the presence of fetal growth restriction were the markers involved in a predictive model for preeclampsia. In the second study the cohort with the coexistence of diabetes and hypertension had registered worse result and hypertensive complications were associated to multiparity, obesity, maternal age and black ethnicity. In the third study there was a reduction of the PlGf and a PAPP-A concentration for the first trimester in the two first cohorts comparatively to the low risk cohort; the separate analysis of each cohort showed that plGf and PAPP-A concentrations were reduced when hypertensive complications appeared. However, when trying to find a preeclampsia predictive model, only plGf gave significant results for being considered in the model and this was only possible in the chronic hypertension cohort. The biochemical markers investigated in this study were reduced in the cohorts when high blood pressure complications occurred, showing a defective production of these placenta proteins, and suggesting that they should be investigated as first trimester biomarkers. Nevertheless, for this research, in the cohort of chronic hypertension only PlGf had a significant result, when multivariate analysis of all the risk factors was considered for the construction of a preeclampsia predictive model.

Is the formula of Traub still up to date in antemortem blood glucose level estimation?

According to the hypothesis of Traub, also known as the 'formula of Traub', postmortem values of glucose and lactate found in the cerebrospinal fluid or vitreous humor are considered indicators of antemortem blood glucose levels. However, because the lactate concentration increases in the vitreous and cerebrospinal fluid after death, some authors postulated that using the sum value to estimate antemortem blood glucose levels could lead to an overestimation of the cases of glucose metabolic disorders with fatal outcomes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. The aim of our study, performed on 470 consecutive forensic cases, was to ascertain the advantages of the sum value to estimate antemortem blood glucose concentrations and, consequently, to rule out fatal diabetic ketoacidosis as the cause of death. Other biochemical parameters, such as blood 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone, glycated haemoglobin and urine glucose levels, were also determined. In addition, postmortem native CT scan, autopsy, histology, neuropathology and toxicology were performed to confirm diabetic ketoacidosis as the cause of death. According to our results, the sum value does not add any further information for the estimation of antemortem blood glucose concentration. The vitreous glucose concentration appears to be the most reliable marker to estimate antemortem hyperglycaemia and, along with the determination of other biochemical markers (such as blood acetone and 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate, urine glucose and glycated haemoglobin), to confirm diabetic ketoacidosis as the cause of death.

Effects of dietary restraint and oral contraceptives on bone strength and bone turnover in young women

ABSTRACT Introduction The purpose of this study was to assess specific osteoporosis-related health behaviours and physiological outcomes including daily calcium intake, physical activity levels, bone strength, as assessed by quantitative ultrasound, and bone turnover among women between the ages of 18 and 25. Respective differences on relevant study variables, based on dietary restraint and oral contraceptive use were also examined. Methods One hundred women (20.6 �� 0.2 years of age) volunteered to participate in the study. Informed written consent was obtained by all subjects prior to participation. The study and all related procedures were approved by the Brock University Research Ethics Board. Body mass, height, relative body fat, as well as chest, waist and hip circumferences were measured using standard procedures. The 10-item restrained eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to assess dietary restraint (van Strien et al., 1986). Daily calcium intake was assessed by the Rapid Assessment Method (RAM) (Hertzler & Frary 1994). Weekly physical activity was documented by the 4-item Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (Godin & Shephard 1985). Bone strength was determined from the speed of sound (SOS) as measured by QUS (Sunlight 7000S). SOS measurements (m/s) were taken of the dominant and non-dominant sides of the distal one third of the radius and the mid-shaft of the tibia. Resting blood samples were collected from all subjects between 9am and 12pm, in order to evaluate the impact of lifestyle factors on biochemical markers of bone turnover. Blood was collected during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (approximately days 1-5) for all subjects. Samples were centrifliged and the serum or plasma was aliquoted into separate tubes and stored at -80��C until analysis. The bone formation markers measured were Osteocalcin (OC), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and 25-OH vitamin D. The bone resorption markers measured were the carboxy (CTx) and amino (NTx) terminal telopeptides of type-I collagen crosslinks. All markers were assessed by ELISA. Subjects were divided into high (HDR) and low dietary restrainers (LDR) based on the median DEBQ score, and also into users (BC) and non-users (nBC) of oral contraceptives. A series of multiple one way ANOVA's were then conducted to identify differences between each set of groups for all relevant variables. A two-way ANOVA analysis was used to explore significant interactions between dietary restraint and use of oral contraceptives while a univariate follow-up analysis was also performed when appropriate. Pearson Product Moment Correlations were used to determine relationships among study variables. Results HDR had significantly higher BMI, %BF and circumference measures but lower daily calcium intake than LDR. There were no significant differences in physical activity levels between HDR and LDR. No significant differences were found between BC and nBC in body composition, calcium intake and physical activity. HDR had significantly lower tibial SOS scores than LDR in both the dominant and non-dominant sites. The post-hoc analysis showed that within the non-birth control group, the HDR had significantly lower tibial SOS scores of bone strength when compared to the LDR but Aere were no significant differences found between the two dietary restraint groups for those currently on birth control. HDR had significantly lower levels of OC than LDR and the BC group had lower levels of BAP than the nBC group. Consistently, the follow-up analysis revealed that within those not on birth control, subjects who were classified as HDR had significantly (f*<0.05) lower levels of OC when compared with LDR but no significant differences were observed in bone turnover between the two dietary restraint groups for those currently on birth control. Physical activity was not correlated with SOS scores and bone turnover markers possibly due to the low physical activity variability in this group of women. Conclusion This is the first study to examine the effects of dietary restraint on bone strength and turnover among this population of women. The most important finding of this study was that bone strength and turnover are negatively influenced by dietary restraint independent of relative body fat. In general, the results of the present thesis suggest that dietary restraint, oral contraceptive use, as well as low daily calcium intake and low physical activity levels were widespread behaviours among this population of college-aged women. The young women who were using dietary restraint as a strategy to lose weight, and thus were in the HDR group, despite their higher relative body fat and weight, had lower scores of bone strength and lower levels of markers of bone turnover compared to the low dietary restrainers. Additionally, bone turnover seemed to be negatively affected by oral contraceptives, while bone strength, as assessed by QUS, seemed unaffected by their use in this population of young women. Physical activity (weekly energy expenditure), on the other hand, was not associated with either bone strength or bone tiimover possibly due to the low variability of this variable in this population of young Canadian women.

R��gionalisation et renouvellement des politiques territoriales dans un contexte de mondialisation : le cas de la coop��ration d��centralis��e et transfrontali��re en M��diterran��e entre 2000 et 2011

Notre th��se a pour objectif de d��terminer la nature des liens entre la multiplication des processus de macro-r��gionalisation, dans un contexte de mondialisation, et le renouvellement des politiques d���am��nagement du territoire �� travers la mise en place de nouvelles formes de coop��ration d��centralis��e entre villes et territoires. Notre projet de recherche cherche ainsi �� ��tablir comment la r��gionalisation permet la mise en place d���une gouvernance �� niveaux multiples mettant en relation des acteurs territoriaux, �� diff��rents ��chelons de d��cision (supranational, national et infranational) dans le but de faire face �� la complexit�� grandissante des probl��mes actuels �� l�����chelle mondiale. Parmi ces projets r��gionaux qui ��mergent dans plusieurs parties du monde, nous avons choisi le Partenariat euro-m��diterran��en comme cas d'��tude en s'int��ressant de mani��re particuli��re aux projets et programmes de coop��ration d��centralis��e et transfrontali��re qui se mettent en place autour de la M��diterran��e et qui mettent en relation plusieurs villes et r��gions riveraines. Afin de r��pondre �� ces questions, nous avons d��clin�� notre argumentation en plusieurs axes de r��flexion. Un premier axe de r��flexion tourne autour de la nature du projet r��gional euro-m��diterran��en et de son implication au niveau des strat��gies territoriales principales. Un deuxi��me axe concerne le contenu et les processus de mise en ��uvre des programmes et projets de coop��ration d��centralis��e et transfrontali��re et leur pertinence au niveau du d��veloppement local des territoires du Sud. Un troisi��me axe s���int��resse au r��le de l�����tat central en face du d��veloppement de ces initiatives qui le contourne. Enfin, un quatri��me axe de r��flexion concerne l���attitude de l�����chelon local par rapport �� ces initiatives qui l���interpellent et le sollicitent en tous sens.

���El Mediterr��neo en el di��logo Norte-Sur���: III Curso Internacional de Defensa. Jaca (Huesca), 19-23 de septiembre de 1995

Del 19 al 23 de setembre de 1995 es va celebrar a Jaca (Osca) el III Curs Internacional de Defensa, amb el t��tol espec��fic ��� El Mediterrani en el Di��leg Nord Sud���, organitzat per la C��tedra Miguel de Cervantes de l���Acad��mia General Militar i la Universitat de Saragossa. Els objectius assenyalats pels organitzadors es van centrar a potenciar l���intercanvi d���opinions entre especialistes i representants de les institucions sobre aspectes pol��tics, socials, econ��mics i de defensa que afecten l���espai geopol��tic de les dues riberes del Mediterrani, i a analitzar els mecanismes de cooperaci�� que actuen a l�����rea i la pol��tica de la Uni�� Europea a la zona

Los intereses geopol��ticos de Espa��a y Marruecos en la controversia fronteriza por los territorios ubicados en el Estrecho de Gibraltar �� Mar Mediterr��neo. En el periodo comprendido entre 1956 y 2002

El objeto de investigaci��n geogr��ficamente se circunscribe a Espa��a y Marruecos, bajo el an��lisis conceptual de la soberan��a pretendida por ambos pa��ses de los territorios en disputa ubicados en el Mar Mediterr��neo desde el Estrecho de Gibraltar hacia el este.

Rendimiento operativo de la tamizacion doble ajustada por raza para la deteccion de aneuploidias en poblacion colombiana

Actualmente, los algoritmos utilizados para la detecci��n de alteraciones cromos��micas se han basado en los resultados obtenidos de poblaciones cauc��sicas, afrocaribe��as y asi��ticas, las cuales, no tienen las mismas caracter��sticas de la raza mestiza. De all��, surgi�� el inter��s de realizar un estudio que permitiera determinar los valores de los marcadores serol��gicos, empleados en la tamizaci��n de aneuploid��as, en poblaci��n latina, para establecer un punto de corte ajustado a la raza mestiza. Se encuentra en desarrollo un estudio de validaci��n de prueba diagn��stica, cuyos avances se presentan a continuaci��n. En esta investigaci��n, hasta el momento, se han incluido 1418 pacientes entre 11-13.6 semanas, sometidas a tamizaci��n combinada para la detecci��n de aneuploid��as. Se realiz�� un ajuste por raza de valores de medianas y sus m��ltiplos para los marcadores y se determin�� el rendimiento operativo de la prueba luego de dicho ajuste. Posteriormente, se realiz�� una comparaci��n entre ambas pruebas. Los niveles de B-hCG son 17.1 % m��s bajos en poblaci��n mestiza colombiana, comparado con poblaci��n cauc��sica y los niveles de PAPP-A son 19% inferiores. Las tasas de detecci��n de la prueba, utilizando los valores convencionales, son del 60 % y, luego del ajuste por raza, es del 53 %. Haciendo el c��lculo de riesgo, utilizando los nuevos m��ltiplos de mediana, no existen diferencias en aplicar la tamizaci��n con los valores convencionales entre las semanas 11 y 12 pero, en semana 13, los valores aplicados a poblaci��n cauc��sica presentan una mejor tasa de detecci��n que utilizar la prueba ajustada.

PAPP-A y ��-hCG libre como predictores de preeclampsia y bajo peso al nacer en una poblaci��n latina

Introducci��n: La Preeclampsia ocurre entre el 2-7% de los embarazos. Previos estudios han sugerido la asociaci��n entre los niveles alterados de PAPP-A y la ��-hCG libre con el desarrollo de Preeclampsia (PE) y/o Bajo Peso al Nacer (BPN). Metodolog��a: El dise��o del estudio es de Prueba Diagn��stica con enfoque de casos y controles. Las mediciones s��ricas de PAPP-A y la ��-hCG libre, fueron realizadas entre la semana 11-13.6 d��as durante 2 a��os. Resultados: La cohorte incluy�� 399 pacientes, la incidencia de PE fue de 2,26% y de BPN fue de 14.54%. El punto de corte del percentil 10 fue MoM PAPP-A: 0,368293 y MoM ��-hCG libre: 0,412268; la especificidad en PE leve fue de 90,5 y para BPN de 90. Los MoM de la ��-hCG libre, la edad y el peso materno se comportan como factores de riesgo, mientras que mayores valores de MoM de la PAPP-A y mayor n��mero de partos factores de protecci��n. Para el BPEG severo la edad materna y la paridad se comportan como factores de riesgo, mientras que un aumento promedio de los valores de los MoM de la PAPP-A y la ��-hCG libre, como factores de protecci��n en el desarrollo de BPEG Severo. Conclusiones: Existe una relaci��n significativa entre los valores alterados de PAPP-A y de ��-hCG libre, valorados a la semana 11 a 13 con la incidencia de Preeclampsia y de Bajo Peso al nacer en fetos cromos��micamente normales, mostrando unos niveles significativamente m��s bajos a medida que aumentaba la severidad de la enfermedad.

Geographical Distribution, Habitat and Reproductive Phenology of the Genus Kallymenia (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Catalonia, Spain

Geographical distribution, habitat and reproductive phenology of the Genus Kallymenia (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Catalonia, Spain