Chemical composition of bottom sediments from the Discovery Deep, Red Sea rift zone

Hot brines in depressions of the central Red Sea contain thousands of times more iron, manganese and other metals than . After removal of salts, approximately half of sediments from these depressions consists of iron hydroxides and they are enriched in zinc, copper, lead and molybdenum. Hydrothermal deposits with the same complex of metals, located along the coast of the Red Sea, are correlated with faults and may be due to occurrences of Tertiary volcanism. Brines of similar composition are known in the Cheleken Peninsula. Certain geological and geochemical data indicate that such brines are of relatively deep origin.

Composition of soil samples from injection location

CO2 leakage from subsurface storage sites is one of the main concerns connected with the CCS technology. As CO2 leakages into near surface formations appear to be very unlikely within pilot CCS projects, the aim of this work is to emulate a leakage by injecting CO2 into a near surface aquifer. The two main questions pursued by the injection test are (1) to investigate the impact of CO2 on the hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater as a base for groundwater risk assessment and (2) to develop and apply monitoring methods and monitoring concepts for detecting CO2 leakages in shallow aquifers. The presented injection test is planned within the second half of 2010, as a joint project of the University of Kiel (Germany), the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (Leipzig, Germany) and the Engineering Company GICON (Dresden, Germany). The test site has been investigated in detail using geophysical methods as well as direct-push soundings, groundwater well installation and soil and groundwater analyses. The present paper presents briefly the geological and hydrogeological conditions at the test site as well as the planned injection test design and monitoring concept.

Geochemistry at DSDP Hole 76-534A

At Site 534 in the Blake-Bahama Basin, western North Atlantic, an interval of 68 m of Maestrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) and upper middle to upper Eocene sediments consists of terrigenous siltstones, mudstones, and varicolored zeolitic claystones; minor recovery of micritic limestones, porcellanites, and quartzitic chert was made at this site as well. Comparisons with other Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sites in the western North Atlantic suggest that the following formations are present in this interval: Hatteras (Maestrichtian), Plantagenet (Maestrichtian and upper Eocene), Bermuda Rise (upper middle to upper Eocene), and the basal Blake Ridge Formation (upper middle to upper Eocene). Recognition of a Tertiary interval of the Plantagenet allows that formation to be divided into lower and upper informal units. Condensation makes this formal lithostratigraphic subdivision difficult. Together the formations record marked net condensed sedimentation (average rate ca. 2.5 m/m.y.) in strongly oxidizing bottom waters. From sedimentary structures and petrography, it is inferred that the terrigenous siltstones and micritic limestones were redeposited from the continental margin by turbidity currents. Chemical data plus petrography confirm relatively high plankton productivity during the upper Eocene. Much of the nonrecovered Eocene interval may represent chert and porcellanite. Fragments recovered were formed by replacement of relatively porous calciturbidites by opal-CT and quartz. Radiolarians in interbedded claystones rich in clinoptilolite show extensive dissolution. Relative to typical hemipelagic sediments, the claystones are enriched in many metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb), particularly within manganese micronodules. The metal accumulation is related to a 30-m.y. period of slow net sediment accumulation, rather than to hydrothermal enrichment or to upward mobilization of metals from the underlying reduced Hatteras black shale facies. Elsewhere in the Blake-Bahama Basin, at Site 391, 22 km to the northwest, upper Eocene facies are missing, reportedly due to deep seafloor erosion of up to 800 m of the sedimentary succession. By contrast, the discovery that this interval is preserved at nearby Site 534 points to much less extensive seafloor erosion, possibly mostly in the Oligocene, which is missing at both DSDP Sites.

Chemical composition of DSDP cherts and associated host sediments

Chert and associated host sediments from Monterey Formation and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sequences were analyzed in order to assess chemical behavior during diagenesis of biogenic sediments. The primary compositional contrast between chert and host sediment is a greater absolute SiO2 concentration in chert, often with final SiO2 >=98 wt%. This contrast in SiO2 (and Si/Al) potentially reflects precursor sediment heterogeneity, diagenetic chemical fractionation, or both. SiO2 concentrations and Si/Al ratios in chert are far greater than in modern siliceous oozes, however and often exceed values in acid-cleaned diatom tests. Compositional contrasts between chert and host sediment are also orders-of-magnitude greater than between multiple samples of the host sediment. Calculations based on the initial composition of adjacent host, observed porosity reductions from host to chert and a postulated influx of pure SiO2, construct a chert composition which is essentially identical to observed SiO2 values in chert. Thus, precursor heterogeneity does not seem to be the dominant factor influencing the current chert composition for the key elements of interest. In order to assess the extent of chemical fractionation during diagenesis, we approximate the precursor composition by analyzing host sediments adjacent to the chert. The SiO2 concentration contrast seems caused by biogenic SiO2 dissolution and transport from the local adjacent host sediment and subsequent SiO2 reprecipitation in the chert. Along with SiO2, other elements are often added (with respect to Al) to Monterey and DSDP chert during silicification, although absolute concentrations decrease. The two Monterey quartz chert nodules investigated, in contrast to the opal-CT and quartz chert lenses, formed primarily by extreme removal of carbonate and phosphate, thereby increasing relative SiO2 concentrations. DSDP chert formed by both carbonate/phosphate dissolution and SiO2 addition from the host. Manganese is fractionated during chert formation, resulting in MnO/Al2O3 ratios that no longer record the depositional signal of the precursor sediment. REE data indicate only subtle diagenetic fractionation across the rare earth series. Ce/Ce* values do not change significantly during diagenesis of either Monterey or DSDP chert. Eu/Eu* decreases slightly during formation of DSDP chert. Normative La/Yb is affected only minimally as well. During formation of one Monterey opal-CT chert lens, REE/Al ratios show subtle distribution changes at Gd and to a lesser extent near Nd and Ho. REE compositional contrasts between diagenetic states of siliceous sediment and chert are of a vastly smaller scale than has been noted between different depositional environments of marine sediment, indicating that the paleoenvironmental REE signature is not obscured by diagenetic overprinting.

Barium concentration in sediments of the central Equatorial Pacific

High resolution pore-water dissolved Ba concentration-depth profiles were determined at seven sites across an Equatorial Pacific productivity gradient from 12°S to 9°N, at 140°W. These data are important for understanding the physical, chemical, and biological controls on Ba recycling in the ocean, and for evaluating the paleo-oceanographic significance of Ba content in central Equatorial Pacific sediments. Pore-water Ba concentrations at all sites are higher than in the overlying bottom water, leading to a diffusive flux of Ba into the ocean. A pronounced subsurface concentration maximum exceeding barite solubility characterizes the dissolved Ba pore-water profiles, suggesting that the Ba regenerated in the upper few millimeters of sediment is not controlled by barite solubility. A few centimeters down-core Ba concentrations reach a relatively constant value of approximately barite saturation. The benthic Ba flux shows a clear zonal trend, with a maximum between 2°S and 2°N, most probably due to higher productivity at the equatorial divergence zone, and with lowest values at the southern and northern extremes of the transect. The dissolved Ba flux between 2°S and 2°N is ~30 nmol/cm**2 yr and drops to 6 nmol/cm**2 yr at 12°S. Even the lowest fluxes are significantly higher than those previously reported for the open ocean. In the Equatorial Pacific the calculated Ba recycling efficiency is about 70%. Thus, ~30% of the particulate Ba flux to the deep ocean is preserved in the sediments, compared with less than 1% for organic carbon and ~5% for biogenic silica. Mass balance calculation of the oceanic Ba cycle, using a two-box model, implies benthic Ba fluxes similar to those reported here for a steady-state ocean.

Geochemistry and petrology of ODP Site 136-843 basalts

About 13 m of Cretaceous, tholeiitic basalt, ranging from normal (N-MORB) to transitional (T-MORB) mid-ocean-ridge basalts, was recovered at Ocean Drilling Program Site 843 west of the island of Hawaii. These moderately fractionated, aphyric lavas are probably representative of the oceanic basement on which the Hawaiian Islands were built. Whole-rock samples from parts of the cores exhibiting only slight, low-temperature, seawater alteration were analyzed for major element, trace element, and isotopic composition. The basalts are characterized by enrichment in the high field strength elements relative to N-MORB, by a distinct positive Eu anomaly, and by Ba/Nb and La/Nb ratios that are much lower than those of other crustal or mantle-derived rocks, but their isotope ratios are similar to those of present-day N-MORB from the East Pacific Rise. Hole 843A lavas are isotopically indistinguishable from Hole 843B lavas and are probably derived from the same source at a lower degree of partial melting, as indicated by lower Y/Nb and Zr/Nb ratios and by higher concentrations of light and middle rare earth elements and other incompatible elements relative to Hole 843B lavas. Petrographic and trace-element evidence indicates that the Eu anomaly was the result of neither plagioclase assimilation nor seawater alteration. The Eu anomaly and the enrichments in Ta, Nb, and possibly U and K relative to N-MORB apparently are characteristic of the mantle source. Age-corrected Nd and Sr isotopic ratios indicate that the source for the lavas recovered at ODP Site 843 was similar to the source for Southeast Pacific MORB. An enriched component within the Cretaceous mantle source of these basalts is suggested by their initial 208Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb and epsilon-Nd-206Pb/204Pb ratios. The Sr-Pb isotopic trend of Hawaiian post-shield and post-erosional lavas cannot be explained by assimilation of oceanic crust with the isotopic composition of the Site 843 basalts.

Chemical composition of basalts from ODP holes at the Kerguelen Plateau

Petrographic and geochemical study of basalts in the Kerguelen Plateau basement revealed changes in composition and character of volcanism during development of this tectonovolcanic structure. The Kerguelen Plateau is one of the largest intraplate rises in the World Ocean. It started to form about 120 Ma ago. Age of basalts and overlying sediments shows that plateau formation was in the northwest direction. Basalts of the Kerguelen Plateau basement are products of tholeiitic melts in terms of geochemistry, but differ from mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). They are enriched in incompatible trace elements and rare earth elements (REE) relative to MORB, and degree of enrichment varies in basalts from different segments of the plateau. Composition of basalts does not directly depend on their age. Specific features of plateau magmatism are commonly explained in terms of a long-living deep magma plume, which variously interacted with a depleted upper mantle source at different stages of plateau formation. However, taking into account block morphology and deep structure of the plateau, one can suggest that plateau volcanism was initiated by a large fault. As the volcanism prograded to the northwest, depth of fault penetration into the mantle changed. Composition of basalts in the plateau basement was also governed by formation depth of primary melts.

Analysis of Mn-nodules from the Indian Ocean

This report studies the principal paramters governing the distribution of iron-manganese concretions on the sea floor of the Indian Ocean, as well as their petrography and mineralogy. The results are mainly based on the recoveries made during voyages 31, 33 and 35 of the "Vityaz"' (1959-1962) and partly during voyages 36 and 41 (1964-1966). During these voyages samples of Mn concretions and Mn crust were collected (by bottom grabs, cores, trawlings, and dredgings) at 39 stations. The following account is devoted to the problems concerning the geochemistry of these concretions.

(Table 1) Trace element/Ca ratios of Orbulina universa shells from late Neogene Mediterranean samples

A Mediterranean composite sedimentary record was analyzed for Ba/Ca ratios on carbonate shells of Orbulina universa planktonic foraminifer (Ba/Ca)carb providing the opportunity to study and assess the extent of freshwater inputs on the basin and possible impacts on its dynamics during the Tortonian to Recent period. A number of scanning electron microscope analyses and auxiliary trace element measurements (Mn, Sr, and Mg), obtained from the same samples, exclude important diagenetic effects on the studied biogenic carbonates and corroborate the reliability of (Ba/Ca)carb ratios in foraminifera calcite as indicators of seawater source components during the studied interval. A long-term trend with (Ba/Ca)carb values shifting from ~7 to 3 µmol/mol from the base of the Tortonian to the top of the Messinian is observed. The interval of the late Messinian salinity crisis, where biogenic carbonates are missing or strongly diagenized, represents a crucial passage not monitored in our record. At the base of the Pliocene, up to about 4.7 Ma, the (Ba/Ca)carb record shows a decreasing trend from ~4 µmol/mol stabilizing itself to an about constant value of 0.9 ± 0.3 µmol/mol for the whole Plio-Pleistocene interval. These results suggest a dramatic change in the continental runoff values, up to ~3-16 times higher during part of the late Neogene (Tortonian-early Pliocene), with a possible profound modification in the physical dynamics of the Mediterranean basin. First-order mass balance equations used to estimate barium and salinity budgets in the Mediterranean Sea during the late Miocene-early Pliocene interval support the hypothesis of an active connection of the basin with the Paratethys region and of a definitive restriction at the base of the Pliocene after about 0.7 Ma from the well-known Messinian Lagomare phase. They also open intriguing scenarios on possible circulation shifts during the Neogene.