Caracterização de novas membranas de titanossilicatos microporosos por ensaios de permeabilidade

O interesse crescente das membranas inorgânicas deve-se à potencial aplicação em novas áreas de investigação e da indústria, e em alternativa a operações mais convencionais. Em particular, as membranas de titanossilicatos oferecem vantagens importantes sobre as de zeólitos, pois podem ser sintetizadas sem agentes estruturantes orgânicos, para evitar a calcinação subsequente usualmente responsável por defeitos irreversíveis, exibem novas possibilidades de substituição isomórfica da matriz, permitindo um ajuste mais fino das propriedades catalíticas e de adsorção, e são capazes de separar misturas com base em diferenças de afinidade e tamanho molecular (efeito de peneiro). Os objectivos principais deste trabalho foram: i) a caracterização dinâmica de membranas do tipo zeolítico sintetizadas no Laboratório Associado CICECO, realizando-se experiências de permeação com gases puros e misturas; ii) o desenvolvimento e validação de novos modelos para a transferência de massa multicomponente através de membranas porosas pela abordagem de Maxwell-Stefan, tendo em conta os mecanismos específicos encontrados, particularmente a contribuição por difusão superficial; e iii) a modelação dos pontos experimentais medidos, bem como dados compilados da literatura. De forma a realizar os ensaios de permeação, desenhou-se, montou-se e testou-se uma instalação experimental. Para gases puros, os objectivos principais foram a medição de permeâncias a temperatura constante, por variação da pressão transmembranar r ( ΔP ), e de permeâncias a temperatura programada, conduzidas a ΔP constante. Seguidamente, calcularam-se as selectividades ideais. Em relação a misturas, a determinação de selectividades reais requer as fracções molares no permeado e no retido. Na globalidade, estudaram-se três suportes diferentes (aço inoxidável e α − alumina) e dezanove membranas de AM-3, ETS-10, ZSM-5 e zeólito 4A, utilizando-se H2, He, N2, CO2, e O2. A primeira avaliação exploratória da qualidade das membranas foi feita permeando azoto à temperatura ambiente. Assim, permeâncias superiores a 10−6 mol/m2s.Pa evidenciavam defeitos grosseiros, levando-nos a efectuar cristalizações adicionais sobre as primeiras camadas. Este procedimento foi implementado com oito membranas. Um trabalho experimental mais detalhado foi conduzido com cinco membranas. Membranas com curvas permeância-temperatura ( Π −T ) decrescentes indicam tipicamente transporte viscoso e de Knudsen, i.e. meso e macrodefeitos. Por exemplo, a membrana nº 3 de AM-3 exibiu este comportamento com H2, He, N2 e CO2 puros. A contribuição de Knudsen foi confirmada pela relação linear encontrada entre as permeâncias e o inverso da raiz quadrada da massa molar. O mecanismo viscoso foi também identificado, pois as permeâncias eram inversamente proporcionais à viscosidade do gás ou, atendendo a equações do tipo de Chapman-Enskog, directamente proporcionais a 2 0.5 k d M (onde k d é o diâmetro cinético e M a massa molar). Um comportamento de permeação distinto observou-se com a membrana nº 5 de AM-3. As permeâncias registadas a temperatura programada eram aproximadamente constantes para o N2, CO2 e O2, enquanto com o H2 cresciam significativamente. Conjuntamente elas evidenciam a ocorrência de macro, meso e microdefeitos intercristalinos. O transporte gasoso activado através dos microporos compensa o impacto diminuidor dos meso e macroporos. Ao contrário do N2, CO2 e O2, o pequeno diâmetro do hidrogénio torna-lhe possível permear através dos microporos intracristalinos, o que lhe adiciona um mecanismo de transferência responsável por esse crescimento. No que respeita à difusão superficial, o sistema CO2/ZSM-5 pode ser tomado como um exemplo paradigmático. Uma vez que este zeólito adsorve o CO2, as permeâncias diminuem com o crescimento de ΔP , em virtude de as concentrações no sólido aumentarem de forma não linear e tenderem para a saturação. Os resultados contrastantes obtidos com azoto realçam ainda mais o mecanismo superficial, pois o N2 não é adsorvido e as permeâncias medidas são constantes. Globalmente, as selectividades ideais calculadas ( α* ) variam de cerca de 1 a 4.2. Este parâmetro foi também utilizado para discriminar as melhores membranas, uma vez que baixos valores de α* denotam o escoamento viscoso não-selectivo típico de macrodefeitos. Por exemplo, o H2/CO2 na membrana nº 3 de AM-3 apresentou α* = 3.6 − 4.2 para 40–120ºC, enquanto que na membrana nº 5 de AM-3 originou α* = 2.6 − 3.1. Estes resultados corroboraram as observações anteriores, segundo as quais a membrana nº 5 era melhor do que a nº 3. Alguns ensaios foram realizados com membranas saturadas com água para aumentar a selectividade: as medições mostraram claramente uma melhoria inicial seguida de uma redução consistente de α* com o aumento da temperatura, devido à remoção das moléculas de água responsáveis pela obstrução de alguns poros. Em relação às selectividades reais de misturas contendo hidrogénio, devem ser realizadas mais experiências e a quantificação do hidrogénio deve ser melhorada. No que concerne à modelação, novos factores termodinâmicos de Maxwell- Stefan foram derivados para as isotérmicas mono e multicomponente de Nitta, Langmuir-Freundlich e Toth, tendo sido testadas com dados de equilíbrio e de permeação da literatura. (É importante realçar que só estão publicadas equações para Langmuir e Dual-Site Langmuir de componentes puros e misturas). O procedimento de validação adoptado foi exigente: i) as isotérmicas multicomponente foram previstas a partir das de gás puro; ii) os parâmetros de difusão dos componentes puros foram ajustados a dados de permeação de cada gás; iii) depois, as difusividades cruzadas de Maxwell- Stefan foram estimadas pela relação de Vignes; finalmente, v) as novas equações foram testadas usando-se estes parâmetros, tendo sido capazes de estimar com sucesso fluxos binários. Paralelamente ao enfoque principal do trabalho, derivou-se um novo modelo para permuta iónica em materiais microporosos baseado nas equações de Maxwell-Stefan. Este foi validado com dados experimentais de remoção de Hg2+ e Cd2+ de soluções aquosas usando ETS-4. A sua capacidade preditiva foi também avaliada, sendo possível concluir que se comporta muito bem. Com efeito, conseguiram-se boas previsões com parâmetros optimizados a partir de conjuntos de dados independentes. Este comportamento pode ser atribuído aos princípios físicos sólidos da teoria de Maxwell-Stefan.

Environmental exposure to toxicants mixtures from a multi-purpose estuary: perspectives for a biomonitoring study in Portugal

This work was focused on a multi-purpose estuarine environment (river Sado estuary, SW Portugal) around which a number of activities (e.g., fishing, farming, heavy industry, tourism and recreational activities) coexist with urban centres with a total of about 200 000 inhabitants. Based on previous knowledge of the hazardous chemicals within the ecosystem and their potential toxicity to benthic species, this project intended to evaluate the impact of estuarine contaminants on the human and ecosystem health. An integrative methodology based on epidemiological, analytical and biological data and comprising several lines of evidence, namely, human contamination pathways, human health effects, consumption of local produce, estuarine sediments, wells and soils contamination, effects on commercial benthic organisms, and genotoxic potential of sediments, was used. The epidemiological survey confirmed the occurrence of direct and indirect (through food chain) exposure of the local population to estuarine contaminants. Furthermore, the complex mixture of contaminants (e.g., metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) trapped in the estuary sediments was toxic to human liver cells exposed in vitro, causing cell death, oxidative stress and genotoxic effects that might constitute a risk factor for the development of chronic-degenerative diseases, on the long term. Finally, the integration of data from several endpoints indicated that the estuary is moderately impacted by toxicants that affect also the aquatic biota. Nevertheless, the human health risk can only be correctly assessed through a biomonitoring study including the quantification of contaminants (or metabolites) in biological fluids as well as biomarkers of early biological effects (e.g., biochemical, genetic and omics-based endpoints) and genetic susceptibility in the target population. Data should be supported by a detailed survey to assess the impact of the contaminated seafood and local farm products consumption on human health and, particularly, on metabolic diseases or cancer development.

Influence of mixtures of acenaphthylene and benzo[a] anthracene on their degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus in sandy soil

Purpose Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds commonly found as soil contaminants. Fungal degradation is considered as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to remove PAHs from soil. Acenaphthylene (Ace) and Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) are two PAHs that can coexist in soils; however, the influence of the presence of each other on their biodegradation has not been studied. The biodegradation of Ace and BaA, alone and in mixtures, by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was studied in a sandy soil. Materials and methods Experimental microcosms containing soil spiked with different concentrations of Ace and BaAwere inoculated with P. ostreatus. Initial (t 0) and final (after 15 days of incubation) soil concentrations of Ace and BaA were determined after extraction of the PAHs. Results and discussion P. ostreatus was able to degrade 57.7% of the Ace in soil spiked at 30 mg kg−1 dry soil and 65.8% of Ace in soil spiked at 60 mg kg−1 dry soil. The degradation efficiency of BaA by P. ostreatus was 86.7 and 77.4% in soil spiked with Ace at 30 and 60 mg kg−1 dry soil, respectively. After 15 days of incubation, there were no significant differences in Ace concentration between soil spiked with Ace and soil spiked with Ace + BaA, irrespective of the initial soil concentration of both PAHs. There were also no differences in BaA concentration between soil spiked with BaA and soil spiked with BaA + Ace. Conclusions The results indicate that the fungal degradation of Ace and BaA was not influenced by the presence of each other’s PAH in sandy soil. Bioremediation of soils contaminated with Ace and BaA using P. ostreatus is a promising approach to eliminate these PAHs from the environment.

Spatial neighborhood matrix computation: Inverse distance weighted versus binary contiguity

Paper presented at Geo-Spatial Crossroad GI_Forum, Salzburg, Austria.

Exploring the relative DNA contribution of first and second object's users on mock touch DNA mixtures

Contact stains recovered at break-in crime scenes are frequently characterized by mixtures of DNA from several persons. Broad knowledge on the relative contribution of DNA left behind by different users overtime is of paramount importance. Such information might help crime investigators to robustly evaluate the possibility of detecting a specific (or known) individual's DNA profile based on the type and history of an object. To address this issue, a contact stain simulation-based protocol was designed. Fourteen volunteers either acting as first or second object's users were recruited. The first user was required to regularly handle/wear 9 different items during an 8-10-day period, whilst the second user for 5, 30 and 120 min, in three independent simulation sessions producing a total of 231 stains. Subsequently, the relative DNA profile contribution of each individual pair was investigated. Preliminary results showed a progressive increase of the percentage contribution of the second user compared to the first. Interestingly, the second user generally became the major DNA contributor when most objects were handled/worn for 120 min, Furthermore, the observation of unexpected additional alleles will then prompt the investigation of indirect DNA transfer events.

Order and membrane organization in chlorhexidine-lipid mixtures /

Formulations of a general bactericidal agent, chlorhexidine, mixed with a phospholipid at different concentrations are investigated using ^H NMR spectroscopy on a chain-deuterated lipid analog. Lipid-chlorhexidine formulation is known to release the drug into an aqueous medium slowly, maintaining a comparable concentration of the drug for up to four times longer than a direct aqueous solution. The NMR data does not support the proposed liposomal entrapment of chlorhexidine in lipid compartments. Complex thermal history of the lipid-chlorhexidine preparations is investigated in detail. In preparation for a counterpart measurement, using ^H NMR of deuterated chlorhexidine mixed with protonated lipid, the synthesis of a deuterated analog of chlorhexidine is performed.

"Man of science, man of faith" : Lost, consumer agency and the fate/free will binary in the post-9/11 context

In 2004, Lost debuted on ABC and quickly became a cultural phenomenon. Its postmodem take on the classic Robinson Crusoe desert island scenario gestures to a variety of different issues circulating within the post-9II1 cultural consciousness, such as terrorism, leadership, anxieties involving air travel, torture, and globalization. Lost's complex interwoven flashback and flash-forward narrative structure encourages spectators to creatively hypothesize solutions to the central mysteries of the narrative, while also thematically addressing archetypal questions of freedom of choice versus fate. Through an examination of the narrative structure, the significance of technological shifts in television, and fan cultures in Lost, this thesis discusses the tenuous notion of consumer agency within the current cultural context. Furthermore, I also explore these issues in relation to the wider historical post-9/II context.

Characterisation and optimisation of the flavour of health-promoting, plantderived bitterants in functional beverages.

Flavour is a combination of taste, odour, and chemesthetic sensations. Close associations exist between these sensory modalities, and thus, the overall flavour of a food or beverage product can change when the intensity of one or more of these sensations is altered. Strategies to modify flavour are often utilized by the food industry, and are central to the engineering of new and reformulated products. For functional food and beverages, flavour modification is particularly important, as fortifying agents can elicit high levels of less than desirable sensations, such as bitterness and astringency. The application of various flavour modifying strategies can decrease the perceived intensity of these sensations, and in tum, improve the sensory profile of the product. This collection of studies describes the sensory characteristics of experimental functional beverages fortified with trans-resveratrol, (+)-catechin, and/or caffeine, and examines the impact of novel flavour modifying strategies on the perceived flavour of these beverages. In the first study, results demonstrate that the flavour profile of Cabemet Sauvignon wines fortified with 20 mglL and 200 mg/L of trans-resveratrol is not perceived as different compared to control wine (0 mglL). However, Riesling wine fortified with 200 mg/L is perceived as significantly higher in bitterness compared to 20 mglL and control. For some functional food formulations, alternative strategies for flavour modification are needed. Traditional methods, such as the addition of sucrose and sodium chloride, may decrease the perceived 'healthiness' of a product, and thus, may be sub-optimal. In a second study, high and low concentrations of five different bitter inhibiting compounds - 'bitter blockers' - (B-cyclodextrin, homoeridictyol sodium salt, carboxymethylcellulose - low viscosity, zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate) were tested for their efficacy towards decreasing the bitterness of high and low concentrations of caffeine and (+)catechin - two health-relevant, plant-derived bitterants. B-cyclodextrin and homoeridictyol sodium salt were the most effective blockers at decreasing (+ )-catechin and caffeine, respectively. In addition to bitter blockers, additional flavour modifying strategies, either alone or in combination - may also be successful in functional food formulations. Both sucrose and rebaudioside A - a plant-derived sweetener - were effective at decreasing the bitterness of (+)catechin. When added to (+)-catechin along with B-cyc1odextrin, both sweeteners provided the most effective decrease in bitterness compared to binary, ternary, or quaternary mixtures of (+)catechin together with bitter blockers, sweeteners, andlor odourants. The perceived intensity of sensations elicited by sweeteners and odourants was not affected by the addition of bitter blockers, and thus, their impact within these complex matrices is minimal. In addition, withinmodal (taste-taste) compared to cross-modal (taste-odour) sensory interactions were more effective at decreasing the bitterness of (+ )-catechin. Overall, results from these studies demonstrate that certain novel, alternative flavour modifying approaches may be successful towards lowering the bitterness and astringency elicited by (+ )-catechin and caffeine in aqueous solutions.

Generator Matrix Based Search for Extremal Self-Dual Binary Error-Correcting Codes

Self-dual doubly even linear binary error-correcting codes, often referred to as Type II codes, are codes closely related to many combinatorial structures such as 5-designs. Extremal codes are codes that have the largest possible minimum distance for a given length and dimension. The existence of an extremal (72,36,16) Type II code is still open. Previous results show that the automorphism group of a putative code C with the aforementioned properties has order 5 or dividing 24. In this work, we present a method and the results of an exhaustive search showing that such a code C cannot admit an automorphism group Z6. In addition, we present so far unpublished construction of the extended Golay code by P. Becker. We generalize the notion and provide example of another Type II code that can be obtained in this fashion. Consequently, we relate Becker's construction to the construction of binary Type II codes from codes over GF(2^r) via the Gray map.

Upper Semicontinuous Extensions of Binary Relations.

Suzumura shows that a binary relation has a weak order extension if and only if it is consistent. However, consistency is demonstrably not sufficient to extend an upper semi-continuous binary relation to an upper semicontinuous weak order. Jaffray proves that any asymmetric (or reflexive), transitive and upper semicontinuous binary relation has an upper semicontinuous strict (or weak) order extension. We provide sufficient conditions for existence of upper semicontinuous extensions of consistence rather than transitive relations. For asymmetric relations, consistency and upper semicontinuity suffice. For more general relations, we prove one theorem using a further consistency property and another with an additional continuity requirement.

Évaluation et modélisation de l’impact de la coexposition de composés organiques volatils sur l’excrétion de leurs biomarqueurs urinaires

L’évaluation de l’exposition aux composés organiques volatils (COV) recourt couramment à l’analyse des métabolites urinaires en assumant qu’aucune interaction ne survient entre les composés. Or, des études antérieures ont démontré qu’une inhibition de type compétitive survient entre le toluène (TOL), l’éthylbenzène (EBZ) et le m-xylène (XYL). Le chloroforme, qui est également un solvant métabolisé par le CYP2E1, se retrouve souvent en présence des autres COV dans les échantillons de biosurveillance. La présente étude visait donc à évaluer si le chloroforme (CHL) peut lui aussi interagir avec ces COV et évaluer ces interactions au niveau de l’excrétion des biomarqueurs urinaires associés, soit l’o-crésol, l’acide mandélique et l’acide m-méthylhippurique pour TOL, EBZ et XYL respectivement. Afin d’obtenir des données humaines, cinq volontaires ont été exposés par inhalation à différentes combinaisons de COV (seuls et mélanges binaires ou quaternaires) où la concentration de chacun des composés était égale à 1/4 ou 1/8 de la valeur limite d’exposition (VLE) pour une durée de 6h. Des échantillons d’air exhalé, de sang et d’urine ont été récoltés. Ces données ont ensuite été comparées aux modèles pharmacocinétiques à base physiologique (PCBP) existants afin de les ajuster pour l’excrétion urinaire. Certaines différences ont été observées entre les expositions aux solvants seuls et les coexpositions, mais celles-ci semblent majoritairement attribuables aux remplacements de participants à travers les différentes expositions. Les valeurs de Vmax pour EBZ et CHL ont été optimisées afin de mieux prédire les niveaux sanguins de ces COV. À l’exception du modèle pour EBZ, tous les paramètres pour l’excrétion urinaire ont été obtenus à partir de la littérature. Les modèles adaptés dans cette étude ont permis de simuler adéquatement les données expérimentales.

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND LUMINESCENCE OF LANTHANOIDS WITH MIXTURES OF HETEROCYCLIC β- DIKETONE S AND VARIOUS NEUTRAL OXO-DONORS

The thesis entitled “ Investigations on the solvent extraction and luminescence of lanthanoids with mixtures of heterocyclic β-diketone S and various neutral oxo-donors” embodies the results of investigations carried out on the solvent extraction of trivalent lanthanoids with various heterocyclic β-diketones in the presence and absence of neutral oxo-donors and also on the luminescent studies of Eu3+-heterocyclic β-diketonate complexes with Lewis bases. The primary objective of the present work is to generate the knowledge base, especially to understand the interactions of lanthanoid-heterocyclic β-diketonates with various macrocyclic ligands such as crown ethers and neutral organophosphorus extractants , with a view to achieve better selectivity. The secondary objective of this thesis is to develop novel lanthanoid luminescent materials based on 3-phenyl-4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones and organophosphorus ligands, for use in electroluminescent devices. In the beginning it describes the need for the development of new mixed-ligand systems for the separation of lanthanoids and the development and importance of novel luminescent lanthanoid- β-diketonate complexes for display devices. The syntheses of various para substituted derivatives of 4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones and their characterization by various spectroscopic techniques are described. It also investigate the solvent extraction behaviour of trivalent lanthanoids with 4-aroyl-5-isoxazolones in the presence and absence of various crown ethers such as 18C6, DC18C6, DB18C6 and B18C6. Elemental analysis, IR and H NMR spectral studies are used to understand the interactions of crown ethers with 4-aroyl-5-isoxazolonate complexes of lanthanoids. The synergistic extraction of trivalent lanthanoids with sterically hindered 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-pivaloyl-5-pyrazolone in the presence of various structurally related crown ethers are studied. The syntheses, characterization and photyphysical properties of Eu3+-4-aroyl-5-isoxazolonate complexes in the presence of Lewis bases like trictylphosphine oxide or triphenylphosphine oxide were studied.

Photosensitivity of Laser Dye Mixtures in Polymer Matrix – A Photoacoustic Study

Laser induced photoacoustic (PA) technique is used in the study of photostability of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films doped with Rhodamine 6G -Rhodamine B dye system. Energy transfer from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule in a dye mixture affects the output of the dye system. Details of investigations on the role of laser power, modulation frequency and the irradiation wavelength on the photosensitivity of the dye mixture doped PMMA films are presented.