Jorge Carrera Andrade: entre la traducción y la mediación

Esta tesis es un acercamiento a la obra poética y en prosa de Jorge Carrera Andrade a partir de la traducción, vista como un dispositivo que potenció sus estrategias de creación y difusión literaria. La motivación de este trabajo ha sido la exploración de las facetas antes poco estudiadas de uno de los autores que forman parte del canon literario ecuatoriano. Desde mi perspectiva, considero que la traducción merece un importante reconocimiento dentro de la conformación de literaturas. Dentro de este marco, en el primer capítulo reviso la presencia de la traducción en el Modernismo y el influjo que Jorge Carrera Andrade recibió de los simbolistas franceses en la composición de su lírica. Entablamos diálogo con los poetas Francis Jammes y Charles Baudelaire–, con el propósito de mostrar al lector los procesos de apropiación y resignificación de elementos extranjeros en la poesía carreriana. En el segundo capítulo, reflexionaremos en torno a la funcionalidad de la traducción en cuanto a la práctica de la escritura y difusión de la obra poética de Jorge Carrera Andrade. Además, abrimos un espacio para discutir sobre el ejercicio de traducir poesía como un acto de creación.

La representación de la otredad en las películas La nación clandestina de Jorge Sanjinés y Zona sur de Juan Carlos Valdivia en tiempos de nación y plurinacionalidad

La presente investigación es un estudio comparativo de las películas La Nación Clandestina, dirigida por Jorge Sanjinés y emitida a finales de los años 80, y Zona Sur de Juan Carlos Valdivia, emitida por el año 2009. En ambos casos se analizan los elementos de discurso para poder encontrar las principales temáticas, así como se recurre al análisis fílmico para indagar en aspectos implícitos en las escenas de ambos films con el propósito de identificar la Otredad, sus dimensiones y las características de los personajes Otros. Al mismo tiempo, se estudió sucesos históricos del contexto social y político de Bolivia en los momentos que son reflejados en estas ficciones. La vinculación con la cronología de la inserción del cine en ese país, también explicará el porqué de la elección de ambas producciones para ser el objeto de estudio de la presente tesis. Los resultados de este proceso de observación, indagación y reflexión develaron la trasformación del Otro en algunos niveles, y la conservación de la Otredad en otros, por ello, es pertinente recalcar que dicha la Otredad fue analizada en los niveles: étnico, de clase, de género y sexualidad. Los principales cambios que se observan en lo étnico y en el plano de clase social, siendo que en las otras dos categorías, aún se ven ciertos matices que develan un estado de quietud y de no transformación.

Transiciones reflexivas del lenguaje en la poética de Jorge Enrique Adoum

El presente trabajo desarrolla el tema Transiciones reflexivas del lenguaje en lapoética de Jorge Enrique Adoum. Con este trabajo me propongo analizar los usos y variaciones del lenguaje en los diferentes momentos que conforman la obra poética del autor. En este sentido, es importante mencionar al lenguaje como una suerte de hilo temático que atraviesa toda la obra poética. El lenguaje, además de ser una herramienta que utiliza el poeta para expresar, se convierte en un centro de reflexión constante, a lo largo de la obra poética, y variable a su vez, dependiendo del momento poético. Para el desarrollo de la tesis utilizaré como material principal de análisis la obra poética completa del autor, además textos como Historia de las literaturas del Ecuador para contextualizar la obra poética del autor en panorama lírico ecuatoriano. También utilizaré varias entrevistas realizadas al autor y textos de crítica literaria acerca de la obra poética de Adoum. Se tomará como referencia teórica el texto Buscar una frase, del escritor y ensayista francés Pierre Alféri, con el objetivo de puntualizar ciertos conceptos en torno a la problemática del lenguaje dentro del proceso de la creación poética. Finalmente tomaré en cuenta ciertas reflexiones de Saúl Yurkiévich en el texto De lo lúcido y lo lúdico con respecto a los usos del lenguaje dentro de la poética de Adoum; y varios conceptos de lenguaje e imagen poética planteados por Octavio Paz en El arco y la lira. Es pertinente indicar que el proyecto de investigación que planteo se inscribe de manera específica en un marco disciplinario de análisis literario. Es decir, la disertación se centra en el estudio de la obra poética del autor. Por esta razón no se propone un estudio interdisciplinario que relacione la literatura con otras áreas de estudio. Es pertinente recalcar el valor que tiene el tema planteado, con respecto al lenguaje y a las transiciones reflexivas que experimenta el mismo dentro de la obra poética del autor, en el análisis poético propuesto; ya que esta perspectiva de estudio ha permitido acercarse a la obra poética desde una lugar que abarca muchos, sino todos, los temas y motivos recurrentes manifestados por el yo lírico de la poesía adoumiana.

Heterogeneidad y ezquizofrenia en los universos literarios de Jorge Icaza y José de la Cuadra

El estudio de los universos literarios de Jorge Icaza y José de la Cuadra toma como referencia la existencia de una heterogeneidad cultural que determina el aparecimiento de una esquisis social como fundamento de nuestras sociedades. Estos autores lograron levantar su ficción de la realidad sobre la lectura de esta heterogeneidad contradictoria y esquizofrenizante. Por ello, para analizar estas obras utilizamos un método que busca establecer un diálogo entre la tradición de la crítica literaria latinoamericana y los métodos de exploración de la psicología humanista. El texto explora la obra literaria de ambos autores como un universo ficcional, con sus espacios, tiempos, habitantes y voces, para luego analizar las obras Los Sangurimas, de José de la Cuadra, y «El nuevo San Jorge» y «Mama Pacha», de Jorge Icaza, tratando de acompañar las narraciones unas veces como lector, otras como actor de las mismas. El autor se introduce en el relato para leer a nuestra sociedad desde la ficción literaria y luego salir del mismo mediante el método que le llevó a introducirse en él. Esta lectura de las narraciones tiene por fin transformarlas: caminar con la obra literaria hacia adentro y hacia afuera por los senderos del pueblo cholo icaciano y del fundo montuvio de José de la Cuadra. Caminar con la obra, sentir con la obra, llorar con la obra y ¿salir de ella? Esta es la interrogante que queda planteada al lector.

Ensaio clínico fase III para Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana forma cutâneaequivalência entre esquemas de alta e baixa dose de antimoniato de meglumina

Neste estudo comparamos esquemas de alta e baixa dose de antimoniato de meglumina (AM) para o tratamento da forma cutânea de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, em pacientes oriundos do estado do Rio de Janeiro. OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia representada pela cura imediata (epitelização em 120 dias), tardia (cicatrização em 360 dias) e definitiva (ausência de reativação ou lesão mucosa em 720 dias) e toxicidade (clínica, laboratorial e eletrocardiográfica) com duas diferentes doses de tratamento com AM para leishmaniose cutânea (LC) e comparar os critérios de cura clínica aqui adotados com aqueles estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. MÉTODO: Ensaio clínico de não inferioridade, controlado, randomizado, cego e de fase III, com 60 pacientes com LC alocados em dois grupos de tratamento: (A) 20mg Sb5+/kg/dia por 20 dias e (B) 5mg Sb5+/kg/dia por 30 dias administrados por via intramuscular. RESULTADOS: Pacientes dos grupos A e B apresentaram, respectivamente: Cura imediata 90,0% e 86,7%, com tempo médio de epitelização de 58,7 e 54,9 dias; cura tardia por intenção de tratar 76,7% e 73,3%; e cura tardia por análise de protocolo 84,6% e 75,9%. Dos 53 pacientes que apresentaram epitelização em até 120 dias, 44 (83,4%) evoluíram para cura tardia. Quando avaliados conjuntamente, os efeitos adversos (EA) clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram mais frequentes no grupo A que no grupo B (médias 7,9 e 4,7) e mais graves [RR= 2,22 (IC 95% 1,22-4,06) p=0,0045] no grupo A. Os EA clínicos graus 2 e 3 foram mais frequentes no grupo A; RR=6,5 (IC 95% 1,60-26,36) p=0,001 Os EA laboratoriais foram mais frequentes RR=1,39 (IC 95% 0,99-1,93) p=0,05 e mais graves (graus 2, 3 ou 4) RR=4,67 (IC 95% 1,49-14,59) p=0,0016 no grupo A. Hiperlipasemia foi a alteração laboratorial mais frequente e mais grave. Pacientes do grupo A apresentaram um RR=4,0, p=0,006 de desenvolver hiperlipasemia moderada a grave, com fração atribuível de 75%. Dez pacientes (16,7%) necessitaram suspender o tratamento temporariamente por apresentarem QTc >0,46ms, entretanto não houve diferença entre os grupos.CONCLUSÃO: A dose de 5mg Sb5+/kg/dia mostrou-se menos tóxica, mais segura e de menor custo no tratamento da LC, especialmente em idosos e pacientes com co-morbidades, atualmente com restritas opções terapêuticas. Entretanto, a hipótese de não inferioridade da dose baixa em relação a dose alta não pôde ser comprovada A epitelização com 120 dias, seguida de progressiva melhora no sentido da cicatrização em 360 dias sugere um possível benefício com a flexibilização dos critérios de cura da LC

Cobalt incorporation in calcite: Thermochemistry of (Ca,Co)CO3 solid solutions from density functional theory simulations

The incorporation of cobalt in mixed metal carbonates is a possible route to the immobilization of this toxic element in the environment. However, the thermodynamics of (Ca,Co)CO3 solid solutions are still unclear due to conflicting data from experiment and from the observation of natural ocurrences. We report here the results of a computer simulation study of the mixing of calcite (CaCO3) and spherocobaltite (CoCO3), using density functional theory calculations. Our simulations suggest that previously proposed thermodynamic models, based only on the range of observed compositions, significantly overestimate the solubility between the two solids and therefore underestimate the extension of the miscibility gap under ambient conditions. The enthalpy of mixing of the disordered solid solution is strongly positive and moderately asymmetric: calcium incorporation in spherocobaltite is more endothermic than cobalt incorporation in calcite. Ordering of the impurities in (0001) layers is energetically favourable with respect to the disordered solid solution at low temperatures and intermediate compositions, but the ordered phase is still unstable to demixing. We calculate the solvus and spinodal lines in the phase diagram using a sub-regular solution model, and conclude that many Ca1-xCoxCO3 mineral solid solutions (with observed compositions of up to x=0.027, and above x=0.93) are metastable with respect to phase separation. We also calculate solid/aqueous distribution coefficients to evaluate the effect of the strong non-ideality of mixing on the equilibrium with aqueous solution, showing that the thermodynamically-driven incorporation of cobalt in calcite (and of calcium in spherocobaltite) is always very low, regardless of the Co/Ca ratio of the aqueous environment.

Electronic structure of Pd multi-layers on Re(0001): the role of charge transfer

Understanding the origin of the properties of metal-supported metal thin films is important for the rational design of bimetallic catalysts and other applications, but it is generally difficult to separate effects related to strain from those arising from interface interactions. Here we use density functional (DFT) theory to examine the structure and electronic behavior of few-layer palladium films on the rhenium (0001) surface, where there is negligible interfacial strain and therefore other effects can be isolated. Our DFT calculations predict stacking sequences and interlayer separations in excellent agreement with quantitative low-energy electron diffraction experiments. By theoretically simulating the Pd core-level X-ray photoemission spectra (XPS) of the films, we are able to interpret and assign the basic features of both low-resolution and high-resolution XPS measurements. The core levels at the interface shift to more negative energies, rigidly following the shifts in the same direction of the valence d-band center. We demonstrate that the valence band shift at the interface is caused by charge transfer from Re to Pd, which occurs mainly to valence states of hybridized s-p character rather than to the Pd d-band. Since the d-band filling is roughly constant, there is a correlation between the d-band center shift and its bandwidth. The resulting effect of this charge transfer on the valence d-band is thus analogous to the application of a lateral compressive strain on the adlayers. Our analysis suggests that charge transfer should be considered when describing the origin of core and valence band shifts in other metal / metal adlayer systems.

The Effects of Different Loading Times on the Bone Response Around Dental Implants: A Histomorphometric Study in Dogs

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate, through histomorphometric analysis, the effect that different loading times would have on the bone response around implants. Materials and Methods: Three Replace Select implants were placed on each side of the mandible in eight dogs (n = 48 implants). One pair of implants was selected for an immediate loading protocol (IL). After 7 days, the second pair of implants received prostheses for an early loading protocol (EL). Fourteen days after implant placement, the third pair of implants received prostheses for advanced early loading (AEL). Following 12 weeks of prosthetics, counted following the positioning of the metallic crowns for the AEL group, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens were prepared for histomorphometric analysis. The differences between loading time in the following parameters were evaluated through analysis of variance: bone-to-implant contact, bone density, and crestal bone loss. Results: The mean percentage of bone-to-implant contact for IL was 77.9% +/- 1.71%, for EL it was 79.25% +/- 2.11%, and for AEL it was 79.42% +/- 1.49%. The mean percentage of bone density for IL was 69.97% +/- 3.81%, for EL it was 69.23% +/- 5.68%, and for AEL it was 69.19% +/- 2.90%. Mean crestal bone loss was 1.57 +/- 0.22 mm for IL, 1.23 +/- 0.19 mm for EL, and 1.17 +/- 0.32 mm for AEL. There was no statistical difference for any of the parameters evaluated (P > .05). Conclusion: Different early loading times did not seem to significantly affect the bone response around dental implants. INT J ORAL MAXILLOFAC IMPLANTS 2010;25:473-481

The search of a genetic basis for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)

Background and aim: Knowledge about the genetic factors responsible for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is still limited. This study investigated whether genetic factors are associated or not to susceptibility to NIHL. Subjects and methods: The family history and genotypes were studied for candidate genes in 107 individuals with NIHL, 44 with other causes of hearing impairment and 104 controls. Mutations frequently found among deaf individuals were investigated (35delG, 167delT in GJB2, Delta(GJB6- D13S1830), Delta(GJB6- D13S1854) in GJB6 and A1555G in MT-RNR1 genes); allelic and genotypic frequencies were also determined at the SNP rs877098 in DFNB1, of deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and sequence variants in both MTRNR1 and MTTS1 genes, as well as mitochondrial haplogroups. Results: When those with NIHL were compared with the control group, a significant increase was detected in the number of relatives affected by hearing impairment, of the genotype corresponding to the presence of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes and of cases with mitochondrial haplogroup L1. Conclusion: The findings suggest effects of familial history of hearing loss, of GSTT1 and GSTM1 enzymes and of mitochondrial haplogroup L1 on the risk of NIHL. This study also described novel sequence variants of MTRNR1 and MTTS1 genes.

Determinants of Accelerated Small Intestinal Transit in Alcohol-Related Chronic Pancreatitis

Patients with chronic pancreatitis may have abnormal gastrointestinal transit, but the factors underlying these abnormalities are poorly understood. Gastrointestinal transit was assessed, in 40 male outpatients with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis and 18 controls, by scintigraphy after a liquid meal labeled with (99m)technetium-phytate. Blood and urinary glucose, fecal fat excretion, nutritional status, and cardiovascular autonomic function were determined in all patients. The influence of diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, malnutrition, and autonomic neuropathy on abnormal gastrointestinal transit was assessed by univariate analysis and Bayesian multiple regression analysis. Accelerated gastrointestinal transit was found in 11 patients who showed abnormally rapid arrival of the meal marker to the cecum. Univariate and Bayesian analysis showed that diabetes mellitus and autonomic neuropathy had significant influences on rapid transit, which was not associated with either malabsorption or malnutrition. In conclusion, rapid gastrointestinal transit in patients with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis is related to diabetes mellitus and autonomic neuropathy.

Crystallographic Structure of Phosphofructokinase-2 from Escherichia coli in Complex with Two ATP Molecules. Implications for Substrate Inhibition

Phosphofructokinase-1 and -2 (Pfk-1 and Pfk-2, respectively) from Escherichia coli belong to different homologous superfamilies. However, in spite of the lack of a common ancestor, they share the ability to catalyze the same reaction and are inhibited by the substrate MgATP. Pfk-2, an ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase member of the ribokinase-like superfamily, is a homodimer of 66 kDa subunits whose oligomerization state is necessary for catalysis and stability. The presence of MgATP favors the tetrameric form of the enzyme. In this work, we describe the structure of Pfk-2 in its inhibited tetrameric form, with each subunit bound to two ATP molecules and two Mg ions. The present structure indicates that substrate inhibition occurs due to the sequential binding of two MgATP molecules per subunit, the first at the usual site occupied by the nucleotide in homologous enzymes and the second at the allosteric site, making a number of direct and Mg-mediated interactions with the first. Two configurations are observed for the second MgATP, one of which involves interactions with Tyr23 from the adjacent subunit in the dimer and the other making an unusual non-Watson-Crick base pairing with the adenine in the substrate ATP. The oligomeric state observed in the crystal is tetrameric, and some of the structural elements involved in the binding of the Substrate and allosteric ATPs are also participating in the dimer-dimer interface. This structure also provides the grounds to compare analogous features of the nonhomologous phosphofructokinases from E. coli. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Crystal Complex of Phosphofructokinase-2 of Escherichia coli with Fructose-6-phosphate KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE ALLOSTERIC ATP INHIBITION

Substrate inhibition by ATP is a regulatory feature of the phosphofructokinases isoenzymes from Escherichia coli (Pfk-1 and Pfk-2). Under gluconeogenic conditions, the loss of this regulation in Pfk-2 causes substrate cycling of fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-P) and futile consumption of ATP delaying growth. In the present work, we have broached the mechanism of ATP-induced inhibition of Pfk-2 from both structural and kinetic perspectives. The crystal structure of Pfk-2 in complex with fructose-6-P is reported to a resolution of 2 angstrom. The comparison of this structure with the previously reported inhibited form of the enzyme suggests a negative interplay between fructose-6-P binding and allosteric binding of MgATP. Initial velocity experiments show a linear increase of the apparent K(0.5) for fructose-6-P and a decrease in the apparent k(cat) as a function of MgATP concentration. These effects occur simultaneously with the induction of a sigmoidal kinetic behavior (n(H) of approximately 2). Differences and resemblances in the patterns of fructose-6-P binding and the mechanism of inhibition are discussed for Pfk-1 and Pfk-2, as an example of evolutionary convergence, because these enzymes do not share a common ancestor.

Improving the Detectability of Sequential Injection Chromatography (SIC): Determination of Triazines by Exploiting Liquid Core Waveguide (LCW) Detection

Coupling a liquid core waveguide cell to a sequential injection chromatograph improved the detection limits for determination of triazine herbicides without compromising peak resolution. Separation of simazine, atrazine, and propazine was achieved in water samples by a 25mm long C18 monolithic column. Detection was made at 238nm using a type II LCW (silica capillary coated with Teflon (R) AF2400) cell with 100cm of optical path length. Detection limits for simazine, atrazine, and propazine were 2.3, 1.9, and 4.5 mu g L-1, respectively. Reduced analysis time and low solvent consumption are other remarkable features of the proposed method.