La expropiación de los bienes de las obras pías en Costa Rica, 1805-1860. Un capitulo en la consolidación económica de una élite nacional

IntroducciónEl presente estudio tratara de cumplir con dos propósitos fundamentales que son: la presentación de  varios documentos que consideramos son centrales en el proceso histórico costarricense en la época tardía de  la colonia y en los primeros años de la independencia y el análisis del Apple del sector ganadero de la época, a través de las cofradías ganaderas, en la consolidación de una elite económica nacional antes del cultivo comercial del café, punto de que hemos profundizado en otras ocasiones. Esta consolidación de grupo tuvo una de sus máximas expresiones en los distintos procesos e expropiación de las cofradías y obras pías ganaderas y traspaso a  mano particulares, primero bajo la consolidación de vales reales, llevada a  cabo por los años 1805-1890 por  orden de  la corona española y luego bajo sucesivas admistraciones independientes, hasta aproximadamente 1860.

Chill requirement and budburst uniformity on cultivar maxigala grafted on different rootstocks.

2016

Maturation behavior of Maxi Gala grafetd on two rootstocks by no Destructive Method.

The evaluation of the maturation in apple orchards is checked using destructive methods, sampling fruits and analyzing them in the laboratory, making the process slow and expensive. The use of not destructive method to determine fruit maturation in the orchard could accelerate delivery of results and help in determining harvest time, because non-destructive data would allow to verify the maturation on different blocks in the orchard. The aim of this work was to chart fruit maturation in 'Maxi Gala' grafted on two different rootstocks, using destructive and not destructive methods. The non-destructive method used was the portable DA-Meter. The trial was realized at Vacaria, southern Brazillocated 28,44 S and 50,85 W. The samples were harvested on two orchards during the seasons 2014/15 and 2015/16, during six weeks before harvest from January until the second week of February. The sampling was realized in five different points of the orchard, on rootstocks M.9 or Marubakaido with M.9 interstem. Ten-apple samples were collected weekly in each point in the orchard and then evaluated by destructive method (flesh firmness, starch degradation, total soluble solids and acidity) and the not destructive method (DA-Meter). For both seasons, the evolution of the fruit maturation of Maxi Gala showed a similar progression for both rootstocks. The non-destructive method correlated well with the traditional destructive methods, making it a tool for more practical and easy determination of the harvest date.

Clonagem de construto de RNA interferente para produção de Maruba-Kaido resistente a vírus de macieira.

2012

Development of Glomerella leaf spot is enhanced in virus-infected Maxi Gala apples.

Apples are commercially grown in Brazil in a subtropical environment that favors the development of fungal diseases such as Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) caused mainly by Glomerella cingulata (anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of mixed infections by Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) on the infection and the colonization processes of C. gloeosporiodes in cv. Maxi Gala plants. Leaves of 16-month-old potted plants were spray-inoculated and both the disease incidence and lesion count were monitored over time and leaf severity was assessed in the final evaluation using an image analysis tool. Results showed that initial infection estimated from a monomolecular model fitted to progress of lesion count was higher and the incubation period (time to reach 50% incidence) was on average 10 h shorter in virus-infected plants compared to non-infected plants. It is hypothesized that initial events such as conidial germination and fungal penetration into plant cells were facilitated by the presence of viral infection. Also, final GLS severity was significantly higher in the virus-infected plants. Mixed infections by ASGV/ASPV seemed to make apple leaves more susceptible to the initial infection and colonization by C. gloeosporioides.

Viabilidade econômico financeira para implantação do cultivo de maçã no Vale do São Francisco.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo de maçã, realizado no Vale do São Francisco, utilizando indicadores de viabilidade de projetos, o Valor Presente Líquido e a Taxa Interna de Retorno, referente a produção do ano 2015. Os resultados confirmam a viabilidade da produção de maçã, onde a Taxa Interna de Retorno (52,65%) supera a Taxa Mínima de Atratividade (35%), condição necessária para o projeto tornar-se viável.

Fertirrigação nitrogenada e potássica para produção de maçã cv. Julieta em clima semiárido tropical.

A cultura da macieira, a exemplo de outras frutiferas, tem na adubação mineral, um dos fatores que mais contribuem para a qualidade de frutos e produtividade (NAVA et al., 2008), sendo o nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K) os nutrientes exportados em maior quantidade pela cultura (Souza16 et al., 2013). O nitrogênio pode afetar o crescimento dos ramos em tamanho e número interferindo diretamente na produção de frutos e alterando tanto o calibre como o número de frutos produzidos (DOLINSKI et al., 2007). Outro nutriente fundamental para a macieira é o K, que constitui um dos nutrientes que mais limita a produtividade da macieira (NAVA et al., 2008) por exercer nas plantas funções relacionadas ao armazenamento de energia, eficiência do uso de água e translocação de carboidratos produzidos nas folhas (TAIZ & ZEIGER, 2013). Entretanto, as informações sobre os efeitos da adubação com N e K em macieiras cultivadas em regiões semiáridas ainda são incipientes na literatura cientifica o que motiva o presente trabalho. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da fertirrigação nitrogenada e potássica no cultivo da macieira (cv. ?Julieta?) em Lagoa Grande-PE.

Fertirrigação nitrogenada e potássica para produção da macieira cultivar Julieta no semiárido.

A produção de frutas de clima temperado tem crescido no Brasil, onde se inclui a macieira, que tem importância socioeconômica para as regiões produtoras do Brasil, principalmente nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná. Adaptação dessas espécies de clima temperado em condições de clima com temperaturas mais amenas e com scilações de temperatura nas regiões produtoras depende de programas de melhoramento genético. Fachinello et al. (2011). A cultivar ?Julieta?, apresenta grande potencial para produção em regiões de clima temperado, com temperatura mais amenos, é uma cultivar precoce que reque uma menor quantidade de frio para se desenvolver. Lopes et al. (2012). O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar produção de frutos da macieira ?Julieta?, em função a fertirrigação nitrogenada e potássica no semiárido.

Characterization of the chestnut germoplasm of Emilia-Romagna region and ancient fruit tree varieties valorization

Molecular characterization represents a valid support for the recovery of germoplasm, also motivated by the interest for the valorization of local productions in order to make their traceability possible. Molecular characterization is also fundamental for the individuation of misnomers in collection fields in which the different varieties are preserved. In particular, microsatellites have been used in this research to investigate the genetic diversity, inside a population and at an individual level, and the correct varietal correspondence. The research is mainly based on the study of European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) cultivars to evaluate the genetic diversity and relationships in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). A STRUCTURE analysis was carried out at European level with the allelic frequencies of the samples collected in Emilia-Romagna. Variation found at group and subgroup level may reflect a combination of historical migration/selection processes and adaptive factors to different environments between Italian and Spanish regions. In addition, a case study for the valorization of an old local variety and its re-introduction in the cultivation areas was proposed. This research was carried out by a morphological and molecular characterization of the local apple variety 'Rosa Romana'. The conservation of this variety entails the discrimination of different accessions with very similar phenotype that are present in the original cultivation area. The identification of historical trees and most adequate reference plants are fundamental steps for the correct propagation of this old variety and for the development of nursery activities. This will also promote and re-evaluate the exploitation and protection of such ancient Italian apple cultivars. This model could be in future also carried out for chestnut varieties. In conclusion, analysis with molecular markers is of fundamental importance for the protection and the maintenance of local and ancient varieties which allow to increase the allelic variability available for breeding programs.

Study of medicinal and food plants as a source of biologically active compounds.

In the last few decades, scientific evidence has pointed out the health-beneficial effects of phenolic compounds in foods, including a decrease in risk of developing degenerative and chronic diseases, known to be caused by oxidative stress. In this frame can be inserted research carried out during my PhD thesis, which concerns the phytochemical investigation of phenolic composition in sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.), apple fruits (Malus domestica L.) and quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The first project was focused on the investigation of phytochemical profile and nutraceutical value of fruits of new sweet cherry cultivars. Their phenolic profile and antioxidant activity were investigated and compared with those of commonly commercialized cultivars. Their nutraceutical value was evaluated in terms of antioxidant/neuroprotective capacity in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells, in order to investigate their ability to counteract the oxidative stress and/or neurodegeneration process The second project was focused on phytochemical analysis of phenolic compounds in apples of ancient cultivars with the aim of selecting the most diverse cultivars, that will then be assayed for their anti-carcinogenic and anti-proliferative activities against the hepato-biliary and pancreatic tumours. The third project was focused on the analysis of polyphenolic pattern of seeds of two quinoa varieties grown at different latitudes. Analysis of phenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant activity of seed extracts both in their free and soluble-conjugated forms, showed that the accumulation of some classes of flavonoids is strictly regulated by environmental factors, even though the overall antioxidant capacity does not differ in quinoa Regalona grown in Chile and Italy. During the internship period carried out at the Department of Organic Chemistry at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), it was achieved the isolation of two pentacyclic triterpenoids, from an endemic Peruvian plant, Jatropha macrantha Müll. Arg., with bio-guided fractionation technique.

Exploring the transformative potential of Bluetooth beacons in higher education

The growing ubiquity of smartphones and tablet devices integrated into personal, social and professional life, facilitated by expansive communication networks globally, has the potential to disrupt higher education. Academics and students are considering the future possibilities of exploiting these tools and utilising networks to consolidate and expand knowledge, enhancing learning gain. Bluetooth beacon technology has been developed by both Apple and Google as a way to situate digital information within physical spaces, and this paper reflects on a beacon intervention in a contemporary art school in higher education conducted by the authors intended to develop a situated community of practice in Art & Design. The paper describes the project, including relevant theoretical foundations and background to the beacon technology, with regards to the potential of using these devices to create a connected learning community by enhancing learning and facilitating knowledge creation in a borderless learning space.

Adapting fruit production to climate change: how to increase intrinsic fruit quality and save water through deficit irrigation scheduling.

Fruit crops are an important resource for food security, since more than being nutrient they are also a source of natural antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols and vitamins. However, fruit crops are also among the cultivations threatened by the harmful effects of climate change This study had the objective of investigating the physiological effects of deficit irrigation on apple (2020-2021), sour cherry (2020-2021-2022) and apricot (2021-2022) trees, with a special focus on fruit nutraceutical quality. On each trial, the main physiological parameters were monitored along the growing season: i) stem and leaf water potentials; ii) leaf gas exchanges; iii) fruit and shoot growth. At harvest, fruit quality was evaluated especially in terms of fruit size, flesh firmness and soluble solids content. Moreover, it was performed: i) total phenolic content determination; ii) anthocyanidin concentration evaluation; and iii) untargeted metabolomic study. Irrigation scheduling in apricot, apple and sour cherry is surely overestimated by the decision support system available in Emilia-Romagna region. The water stress imposed on different fruit crops, each during two years of study, showed as a general conclusion that the decrease in the irrigation water did not show a straightforward decrease in plant physiological performance. This can be due to the miscalculation of the real water needs of the considered fruit crops. For this reason, there is the need to improve this important tool for an appropriate water irrigation management. Furthermore, there is also the need to study the behaviour of fruit crops under more severe deficit irrigations. In fact, it is likely that the application of lower water amounts will enhance the synthesis of specialized metabolites, with positive repercussion on human health. These hypotheses must be verified.

Toward wellbeing: investigation of traditional, classical and innovative approaches to improve population and environmental health

As the word population continues to grow and global resources are limited, the WHO definition of health is difficult to achieve for a large part of the population. Humanity is facing the need to improve both environmental and human wellbeing. This can be done through careful planning and management of natural resources, ensuring food safety and reducing and converting wastes. This work aims to contribute to the improvement of population and environmental health exploring different research fields: urban park ecosystem services, food chemical risk assessment and agri-food by-product valorization. To highlight the importance of urban parks and their ecosystem services, an ethnobotanical study was carried out in the Ausa urban park in Rimini, using a citizen science approach. The results showed that Ausa Park is an important focal point for plant gatherers in Rimini, as it allows for plant foraging and contributes to preserve the knowledge of the use of plants. Two food safety studies were carried out, looking at the exposure of Poles to bisphenol A through the consumption of soft drinks and to cadmium through the consumption of chocolate bars. The results, compared with EFSA’s scientific opinion, show that the exposure of the Polish population to BPA is of health concern, while cadmium is not. In the agri-food by-product valorization, a green extraction method was optimized to recover valuable phenolic compounds from red-fleshed apple pomace; moreover, the possibility of recovering pectin from the residue was evaluated. Furthermore, valuable compounds in four different types of wheat milling by-products, considered as an alternative source of bioactive compounds with potential human health benefits, were investigated. In conclusion, this work produced usable data in urban green area management and planning, in food chemical risk assessment and in business production decisions, thus contributing to improving environmental and people wellbeing.

Problemi di antitrust relativi alle grandi potenze del web (GAFAM): dall’evoluzione storica alla risposta al COVID-19 ed eventuali futuri sviluppi

Quello che intendo studiare sono i più importanti interventi antimonopolio negli ultimi 20 anni, per quanto riguarda le grandi potenze del web ossia Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft e Facebook. In particolare approfondirò tutti gli interventi applicati negli Stati Uniti d’America e in Europa nelle varie fasi temporali, ovvero dalla nascita dei colossi della rete, fino ad arrivare al periodo prepandemia, considerando che quest’ultima ha rappresentato un evento durante il quale si sono verificati dei cambiamenti fondamentali che hanno richiesto da parte delle autorità, ulteriori e successivi interventi e controlli per evitare abusi di potere. Ai fini della ricerca sarà importante studiare le origini della regolamentazione antitrust, sia in USA che in Europa da un punto di vista storico. Di conseguenza questi giganti del web hanno avuto l’opportunità di affermare il proprio potere e a volte di abusarne tanto da intensificare le attenzioni dell’antitrust nei loro confronti. Di conseguenza le vicende saranno seguite quotidianamente per mantenere lo studio aggiornato. Si tratta infatti di un settore in continuo divenire, la cui analisi sarebbe priva di significato senza una costante attenzione verso i cambiamenti.

The future of dubbing: an overview of the new technologies

Throughout the years, technology has had an undeniable impact on the AVT field. It has revolutionized the way audiovisual content is consumed by allowing audiences to easily access it at any time and on any device. Especially after the introduction of OTT streaming platforms such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+, Apple TV+, and HBO Max, which offer a vast catalog of national and international products, the consumption of audiovisual products has been on a constant rise and, consequently, the demand for localized content too. In turn, the AVT industry resorts to new technologies and practices to handle the ever-growing workload and the faster turnaround times. Due to the numerous implications that it has on the industry, technological advancement can be considered an area of research of particular interest for the AVT studies. However, in the case of dubbing, research and discussion regarding the topic is lagging behind because of the more limited impact that technology has had on the very conservative dubbing industry. Therefore, the aim of the dissertation is to offer an overview of some of the latest technological innovations and practices that have already been implemented (i.e. cloud dubbing and DeepDub technology) or that are still under development and research (i.e. automatic speech recognition and respeaking, machine translation and post-editing, audio-based and visual-based dubbing techniques, text-based editing of talking-head videos, and automatic dubbing), and respectively discuss their reception by the industry professionals, and make assumptions about their future implementation in the dubbing field.