Umformen mit lasergeschnittenen Lamellenwerkzeugen

Die Tendenz zu immer kürzeren Produktentwicklungszeiten ist in der Industrie ungebrochen. Immer neue Nischenmodelle werden für den Markt entwickelt. Zusätzlich werden die Modellwechselzeiten stetig verkürzt. Die Erstellung von Prototypen und Vorserienteilen sind grundlegende Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Produktentwicklung. Um das Ziel einer Verringerung der Produktentwicklungszeiten umzusetzen müssen die Zeiten zur Prototyperstellung stark reduziert werden. Die "Lamellenwerkzeugtechnik" liefert hier einen entscheidenden Beitrag.

Neue Einblicke in die Praxis der frühen Wiedergutmachung in Bayern: Die Auerbach-Korrespondenz im Bayerischen Hauptstaatsarchiv und die Akten des Strafprozesses gegen die Führung des Landesentschädigungsamtes von 1952

Wie kaum ein anderer hat Philipp Auerbach die Anfänge der Wiedergutmachung in Westdeutschland nach 1945 geprägt. Durch seine zahlreichen Funktionen im Staatsdienst und in Organisationen ehemaliger Verfolgter gelang es ihm, 'Wiedergutmachung' an den Opfern des Nationalsozialismus in einem sehr weiten Sinn zu betreiben. Seine eigenwillige Vorstellung davon, wie Rückerstattung, Entschädigung, Entnazifizierung und öffentliches Gedenken miteinander verbunden werden sollten, trug ihm jedoch heftige Gegnerschaft ein. 1952 wurde er in einem hochpolitischen Prozess verurteilt und nahm sich unmittelbar danach das Leben. Auerbachs Korrespondenz und weitere persönliche Unterlagen aus den Jahren 1946-1951 sind jetzt im Bayerischen Hauptstaatsarchiv zugänglich. Ergänzend können seit kurzem im Staatsarchiv München die Verfahrensakten zum Strafprozess von 1952 eingesehen werden. Beide Archivalienkomplexe zusammen bieten ausgezeichnete Einblicke in die frühe Wiedergutmachungspraxis in Bayern. Sichtbar werden vor allem die vielfältigen Interessenkonflikte, die bei der Entschädigung, der Rückerstattung und der Sühne von NS-Verbrechen auftraten.

Metaheuristics for the Order Batching Problem in Manual Order Picking Systems

In manual order picking systems, order pickers walk or drive through a distribution warehouse in order to collect items which are requested by (internal or external) customers. In order to perform these operations efficiently, it is usually required that customer orders are combined into (more substantial) picking orders of limited size. The Order Batching Problem considered in this paper deals with the question of how a given set of customer orders should be combined such that the total length of all tours is minimized which are necessary to collect all items. The authors introduce two metaheuristic approaches for the solution of this problem: the first one is based on Iterated Local Search; the second on Ant Colony Optimization. In a series of extensive numerical experiments, the newly developed approaches are benchmarked against classic solution methods. It is demonstrated that the proposed methods are not only superior to existing methods but provide solutions which may allow distribution warehouses to be operated significantly more efficiently.

Different Land Use Intensities in Grassland Ecosystems Drive Ecology of Microbial Communities Involved in Nitrogen Turnover in Soil

Understanding factors driving the ecology of N cycling microbial communities is of central importance for sustainable land use. In this study we report changes of abundance of denitrifiers, nitrifiers and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (based on qPCR data for selected functional genes) in response to different land use intensity levels and the consequences for potential turnover rates. We investigated selected grassland sites being comparable with respect to soil type and climatic conditions, which have been continuously treated for many years as intensely used meadows (IM), intensely used mown pastures (IP) and extensively used pastures (EP), respectively. The obtained data were linked to above ground biodiversity pattern as well as water extractable fractions of nitrogen and carbon in soil. Shifts in land use intensity changed plant community composition from systems dominated by s-strategists in extensive managed grasslands to c-strategist dominated communities in intensive managed grasslands. Along the different types of land use intensity, the availability of inorganic nitrogen regulated the abundance of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers. In contrast, the amount of dissolved organic nitrogen determined the abundance of denitrifiers (nirS and nirK). The high abundance of nifH carrying bacteria at intensive managed sites gave evidence that the amounts of substrates as energy source outcompete the high availability of inorganic nitrogen in these sites. Overall, we revealed that abundance and function of microorganisms involved in key processes of inorganic N cycling (nitrification, denitrification and N fixation) might be independently regulated by different abiotic and biotic factors in response to land use intensity.

Prevalence of anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease in Switzerland: A cross-sectional study in patients from private practices and university hospitals

BACKGROUND: Anaemia represents a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most studies on anaemia in IBD patients have been performed in tertiary referral centres (RC) and data from gastroenterologic practices (GP) are lacking. We investigated the frequency and severity of anaemia in IBD patients from tertiary referral centres and gastroenterologic practices compared to the general population. METHODS: Data were acquired from patients included in the Swiss IBD Cohort Study. IBD activity was evaluated by CDAI and modified Truelove and Witts severity index (MTWSI). Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin ≤120g/L in women and ≤130g/L in men. RESULTS: 125 patients from RC (66 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 59 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) and 116 patients from GP (71 CD and 45 UC) were included and compared to 6074 blood donors. Anaemia was found in 21.2% (51/241) of the IBD patients and more frequently in patients from RC as compared to GP and healthy controls (28.8% vs. 12.9% vs. 3.4%; P<0.01). IBD patients from RC suffered more frequently from active disease compared to IBD patients in GP (36% vs. 23%, P=0.032). Supplementation therapy (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid) was performed in 40% of anaemic IBD patients in GP as compared to 43% in RC. CONCLUSIONS: Anaemia is a common complication in patients with IBD and significantly more prevalent in patients from referral centres as compared to patients from gastroenterologic practices. Physicians treating IBD patients should pay attention to the presence of anaemia and ensure sufficient supplementation therapy.

Diagnostic delay in Crohn's disease is associated with a complicated disease course and increased operation rate

OBJECTIVES The impact of diagnostic delay (a period from appearance of first symptoms to diagnosis) on the clinical course of Crohn's disease (CD) is unknown. We examined whether length of diagnostic delay affects disease outcomes. METHODS Data from the Swiss IBD cohort study were analyzed. Patients were recruited from university centers (68%), regional hospitals (14%), and private practices (18%). The frequencies of occurrence of bowel stenoses, internal fistulas, perianal fistulas, and CD-related surgery (intestinal and perianal) were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 905 CD patients (53.4% female, median age at diagnosis 26 (20-36) years) were stratified into four groups according to the quartiles of diagnostic delay (0-3, 4-9, 10-24, and ≥25 months, respectively). Median diagnostic delay was 9 (3-24) months. The frequency of immunomodulator and/or antitumor necrosis factor drug use did not differ among the four groups. The length of diagnostic delay was positively correlated with the occurrence of bowel stenosis (odds ratio (OR) 1.76, P=0.011 for delay of ≥25 months) and intestinal surgery (OR 1.76, P=0.014 for delay of 10-24 months and OR 2.03, P=0.003 for delay of ≥25 months). Disease duration was positively associated and non-ileal disease location was negatively associated with bowel stenosis (OR 1.07, P<0.001, and OR 0.41, P=0.005, respectively) and intestinal surgery (OR 1.14, P<0.001, and OR 0.23, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The length of diagnostic delay is correlated with an increased risk of bowel stenosis and CD-related intestinal surgery. Efforts should be undertaken to shorten the diagnostic delay.