959 resultados para Aisberg-2-2006-1
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The minimum spanning tree algorithm is used to classify two sets of planktonic copepod samples. This algorithm links the samples the distance of which is minimum, without doing a loop, so that the sum of the segment lengths is minimum. The authors estimated the distance between samples by 2 different ways: by a coefficient of association the Jaccard's index - and by the x2 distance. Jaccard's index is not retained but the use of the x2 distance allows comparison with the 'analyse factorielle des correspondances'. The results are discussed from an ecological point of view.
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Ethmalosa growth curves (calculated by the least squares method) were determined from weekly samplings in Ebrié Lagoon. In order to obtain more accurate results than with a modal decomposition, the author used directly the modal values of the samples. One-year-old ethmalosa is about 15 cm long (fork length). For older fish, growth data seem to be disturbed by migrations: fish measuring >25 cm do not appear in the lagoon. Ethmalosa would spend the first year of its life in the lagoon, where it hatches and reproduces, and would migrate to the sea during its second year.
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Nivel educativo: Grado. Duración (en horas): De 31 a 40 horas
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In July 2006, a mandatory observer program was implemented to characterize the commercial reef fish fishery operating in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The primary gear types assessed included bottom longline and vertical line (bandit and handline). A total of 73,205 fish (183 taxa) were observed in the longline fishery. Most (66%) were red grouper, Epinephelus morio, and yellowedge grouper, E. flavolimbatus. In the vertical line fishery, 89,015 fish (178 taxa) were observed of which most (60%) were red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, and vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens. Based on surface observations of discarded under-sized target and unwanted species, the majority of fish were released alive; minimum assumed mortality was 23% for the vertical line and 24% for the bottom longline fishery. Of the individuals released alive in the longline fishery, 42% had visual signs of barotrauma stress (air bladder expansion/and or eyes protruding). In the vertical line fishery, 35% of the fish were released in a stressed state. Red grouper and red snapper size composition by depth and gear type were determined. Catch-per-unit-effort for dominant species in both fisheries, illustrated spatial differences in distribution between the eastern and western Gulf. Hot Spot Analyses for red grouper and red snapper identified areas with significant clustering of high or low CPUE values.
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The potential for growth overfishing in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, fishery of the northern Gulf of Mexico appears to have been of limited concern to Federal or state shrimp management entities, following the cataclysmic drop in white shrimp abundance in the 1940’s. As expected from surplus production theory, a decrease in size of shrimp in the annual landings accompanies increasing fishing effort, and can eventually reduce the value of the landings. Growth overfishing can exacerbate such decline in value of the annual landings. We characterize trends in size-composition of annual landings and other annual fishery-dependent variables in this fishery to determine relationships between selected pairs of these variables and to determine whether growth overfishing occurred during 1960–2006. Signs of growth overfishing were equivocal. For example, as nominal fishing effort increased, the initially upward, decelerating trend in annual yield approached a local maximum in the 1980’s. However, an accelerating upward trend in yield followed as effort continued to increase. Yield then reached its highest point in the time series in 2006, as nominal fishing effort declined due to exogenous factors outside the control of shrimp fishery managers. The quadratic relationship between annual yield and nominal fishing effort exhibited a local maximum of 5.24(107) pounds (≈ MSY) at a nominal fishing effort level of 1.38(105) days fished. However, annual yield showed a continuous increase with decrease in size of shrimp in the landings. Annual inflation-adjusted ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1989, preceded by a peak in annual inflation-adjusted ex-vessel value per pound (i.e. price) in 1983. Changes in size composition of shrimp landings and their economic effects should be included among guidelines for future management of this white shrimp
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A benthic survey was carried out from November 1998 to December 1999 in the tidal flats of Bahía Samborombón (Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina), in order to study the population structure, reproductive aspects, growth and secondary production of Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780). Growth was analyzed using ELEFAN routine, and the secondary production was estimated by Hynes and Coleman's method (1968). C. capitata did not present periods of very important recruitments throughout the year; however, the abundance of smallest size classes was higher during summer and autumn. The summer cohort showed a growth rate (K) of 2.05 and a seasonal growth oscillation (C) of 0.6, pointing out that worms grew very slowly during winter months. The life span of this cohort was 13 months. The autumn cohort showed a lower growth rate (K= 1.5) and its growth was lowest during winter. The life span was 15 months for this cohort. C. capitata in Punta Rasa presented an extended reproductive period, with absence of activity during winter months. The type of eggs and larvae suggest that C. capitata has benthic larval development in the study area, destining its reproductive effort to the production of a low number of eggs, and assuring larvae survival through incubation in brooding tubes. The annual mean biomass in Punta Rasa was 0.117 g m-2 (AFDW), with a mean secondary production of 0.23 g m-2 y-1 and a P/B ratio of 1.96 y-1. The relatively low density, biomass production and P/B ratio of C. capitata in Punta Rasa can be considered as reference values for this species inhabiting undisturbed or moderately disturbed areas.
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Estudos recentes mostram que o açaí é rico em polifenóis e uma dieta rica em polifenóis pode estar envolvida na proteção contra o risco cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico de animais hipertensos 2R,1C com extrato hidroalcoólico do caroço do açaí (ASE) sobre o desenvolvimento da hipertensão e disfunção endotelial; estresse oxidativo e sobre as alterações vasculares e renais. Ratos Wistar machos foram utilizados para obtenção da hipertensão renovascular 2R,1C e ratos controles 2R (sham) foram somente submetidos à laparotomia e receberam tratamento diário com veículo ou ASE (200 mg/Kg/dia) durante 40 dias. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi aferida por pletismografia de cauda e os efeitos vasodilatadores da acetilcolina (ACh) e nitroglicerina (NG) foram estudados em leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) perfundido e pré-contraído com norepinefrina. A atividade das enzimas SOD, CAT, GPx, os níveis de MDA, a carbonilação de proteínas e os níveis de nitrito foram avaliados por espectrofotometria. As expressões de enzimas pró e antioxidantes foram avaliadas por western blot. A atividade de MMP-2 foi avaliada por zimografia. Os níveis séricos de creatinina foram avaliados através de kit, por espectrofotometria. As alterações vasculares e renais foram avaliadas por microscopia de luz. A PAS foi maior nos animais 2R,1C, e o tratamento com ASE preveniu o desenvolvimento da hipertensão. O efeito vasodilatador reduzido da ACh em animais 2R,1C foi recuperado pelo ASE. O efeito vasodilatador da NG não foi diferente entre os grupos. O dano oxidativo avaliado pela peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação de proteínas foi maior nos animais 2R,1C, e reduzido pelo tratamento com ASE. As atividades da SOD, CAT e GPx foram menores em amostras de mesentério, plasma, rim e coração de animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE aumentou estas atividades. A produção de NO foi menor no plasma, mesentério e rim dos animais 2R,1C, e o tratamento com ASE aumentou a produção de NO somente no rim e mesentério destes animais. A expressão de SOD-1, 2, eNOS e TIMP-1 foram menores nos animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE aumentou a expressão destas enzimas. A expressão de NOX-4 e MMP-2 e a atividade de MMP-2 foram maiores nos animais 2R,1C e o tratamento com ASE reduziu a expressão destas enzimas e a atividade de MMP-2. Os animais 2R,1C apresentaram um aumento na espessura da camada média da aorta e artéria mesentérica e um aumento na relação média/lúmen da aorta, e estas alterações foram prevenidas pelo ASE. Os níveis séricos aumentados de creatinina nos animais 2R,1C foram reduzidos por ASE. As alterações morfológicas renais nos animais 2R,1C foram prevenidas pelo ASE. Portanto, o tratamento com ASE previne o desenvolvimento da hipertensão, melhora a disfunção endotelial e previne as alterações vasculares e renais em ratos 2R,1C. A redução da atividade antioxidante e o aumento na peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação de proteínas sugerem o envolvimento de um mecanismo deficiente da defesa antioxidante e de um dano oxidativo aumentado, os quais foram revertidos pelo ASE.
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The potential of 1.3-μm AlGaInAs multiple quantum-well (MQW) laser diodes for uncooled operation in high-speed optical communication systems is experimentally evaluated by characterizing the temperature dependence of key parameters such as the threshold current, transparency current density, optical gain and carrier lifetime. Detailed measurements performed in the 20°C-100°C temperature range indicate a localized T0 value of 68 K at 98°C for a device with a 2.8μm ridge width and 700-μm cavity length. The transparency current density is measured for temperatures from 20°C to 60°C and found to increase at a rate of 7.7 A·cm -2 · °C-1. Optical gain characterizations show that the peak modal gain at threshold is independent of temperature, whereas the differential gain decreases linearly with temperature at a rate of 3 × 10-4 A-1·°C-1. The differential carrier lifetime is determined from electrical impedance measurements and found to decrease with temperature. From the measured carrier lifetime we derive the monomolecular (A), radiative (B), and nonradiative Auger (C) recombination coefficients and determine their temperature dependence in the 20 °C-80 °C range. Our study shows that A is temperature independent, B decreases with temperature, and C exhibits a less pronounced increase with temperature. The experimental observations are discussed and compared with theoretical predictions and measurements performed on other material systems. © 2005 IEEE.
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基因型变异和表型变异的相互关系问题是尚未解决的生物学基本问题之一,而解决这个问题的一个有效方法是研究基因组中功能相关基因的分子进化和表型效应的相互关系。在本研究中我们利用圆叶牵牛花青素代谢途径(该途径合成了与花色形成有关的色素)来研究表型变异和基因型变异的进化关系,希望探讨两个问题:1、代谢途径上基因多态性在不同位点的表现程度如何? 2、在中国种群中传粉者对花色有无选择? 在对第一个问题的研究中调查了中国圆叶牵牛花青素代谢途径部分结构基因和调控基因的多态性。所研究的结构基因为途径的第一个关键酶基因CHS-D基因和较下游的ANS基因、UF3GT基因,以及调控基因W位点。其次是在温室中进行人工自交以获得所研究基因的纯合体。在对第二个问题的研究中,首先调查了野外圆叶牵牛不同花色的传粉者和传粉几率,其次是分析有色花个体与白花个体中的遗传变异程度。目前的研究结果表明CHS-D位点有3个等位基因,其中在中国的西南部地区发现了1个新的、在已报道的7个等位基因以外的等位基因;较下游的结构酶基因ANS位点存在有5个等位基因(在中国新发现3个等位基因);UF3GT位点目前只发现有2个已报道的等位基因。在中国的圆叶牵牛中,新发现调控基因W位点上一个有功能的等位基因Ipmyb2,它与已报道的等位基因Ipmyb1的差异主要存在于内含子部分,而与发生缺失(1个6bp的缺失和1个19bp的缺失)后无功能的等位基因ipmyb2(该基因造成白花)存在外显子部分的8个碱基的差异。野外传粉观察结果表明,白花个体与有色花个体受到传粉者介导的选择,传粉者偏爱有色花而歧视白花,而且与在美洲不同,在中国圆叶牵牛的主要授粉者为蛾类而不是蜂类,从野外观察统计的结果看蛾类的传粉效率要高于蜂类。以上结果表明:1)花青素代谢途径上酶基因的位点均有一定程度的多态,其中尤以ANS为最高;调控基因ipmyb2的核苷酸缺失造成该基因停止功能,使其纯合子的个体开白色花。2)授粉者所介导的花色表型选择确实在中国种群中发生,有可能进一步增加花色代谢途径上基因位点的遗传变异。
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堇菜科堇菜属全世界约有525–600种,分布于除南极洲之外的广大地区,大部分种类分布于北温带地区和南美洲安第斯山脉地区。我国是堇菜属的主要物种多样性中心之一,《中国植物志》(51卷)记载了111种,另外有58个基于中国产的模式标本描述的学名在该著作中没有处理。由于本属形态变异复杂,分类相当困难,我国该属植物同物异名、名实不符的问题相当常见,《中国植物志》遗漏种类过多,因此需要全面修订。 通过文献查阅、标本研究、野外考察和部分种类的移栽实验,本文对中国堇菜属进行了力所能及的分类修订。描述新种和新变种9个(Viola dimorphophylla、 V. muliensis、 V. bulbosa var. oblonga、 V. gongshanensis、 V. guangxiensis、 V. hui、V. magnifica var. qianshanensis、 V. miaolingensis和V. nitida;其中V. dimorphophylla为全世界堇菜属中发现的唯一具轮生叶的种类),做出新组合6个(V. biflora var. rockiana、 V. dissecta var. incisa、 V. prionantha var. taishanensis、 V. philippica var. stenocentra、V. kosanensis subsp. pendulicarpa、V. kosanensis subsp. serrula),补充记载11个以前发表而后来未再在我国有 关分类学著作中提及的种(V. belophylla、V. yunnanfuensis、V. tienschiensis、 V. duclouxii、 V. fargesii、 V. hondoensis、V. kosanensis、V. japonica、 V. striatella、 V. kwangtungensis 和 V. perpusilla), 确认我国没有V. yezoensis和V. faurieana的分布,发现中国分布新记录种和变种各1个(V. violacea和V. tokubuchiana var. takedana),将85个学名降为异名,另外对58个《中国植物志》(51卷)中没有处理的学名全部进行了分类处理。我们的修订结果承认中国有堇菜属植物101种、3亚种和13变种,1种因未见模式标本暂存疑。本文对所有种给出了分种检索表、形态描述和标本引证,对大多数种进行了分类学评论和绘出了地理分布图以及形态图解。此外, 本文指定了33个名称的后选模式。 根据形态学、地理分布和细胞学证据,本文将匍匐堇菜组和蔓茎堇菜组予以归并;根据形态特征,在合生托叶组内建立了两个新系,即圆叶堇菜系和鳞茎堇菜系;我们认为前人在二裂花柱组内单纯强调距的长短而完全忽略其他性状划分的两个亚组——长距堇菜亚组和短距堇菜亚组——不合理,故结合根状茎、根、地下匍匐茎和花冠的有关性状对本组重新进行了亚组划分,合并长距堇菜亚组和短距堇菜亚组,建立一个新的亚组,即灰叶堇菜亚组。此外, 本文对3种(V. magnifica、V. henryi和V. pendulicarpa)的系统位置进行了调整。 本文对我国堇菜属34种共42个居群进行了染色体记数,其中20种的数目为首次报道。我们发现合生托叶组的染色体基数应该为x=6,而不是先前认为的x=12, 合生托叶组的大部分种类为多倍体,其中具有种内多倍性的种类具有很强的杂草习性。蔓茎堇菜组的多数种类的染色体数目为2n=24, 与合生托叶组很相似,另外这两个组具有相似的形态和地理分布特征,我们认为蔓茎堇菜组与合生托叶组的亲缘关系较紧密。
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银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)是中国特有的濒危裸子植物,孤立分布于我国亚热带山地。虽然以往等位酶和RAPD标记的研究表明,银杉群体的遗传多样性水平很低而群体间的遗传分化很高,但迄今对该种群体的动态变化以及物种的进化历史仍缺乏了解,包括影响群体遗传结构的因素以及物种可能的避难所等,对如何有效地保护和恢复银杉群体仍缺乏科学依据。本文根据8个核基因片段和2个线粒体片段的序列数据,运用群体遗传学和谱系地理学方法,探讨了银杉在DNA水平上的多样性和群体的动态历史,探讨了影响银杉特殊的群体遗传结构的各种因素,并推测了银杉第四纪冰期的避难所,对银杉花粉活力及其变异进行检测。在此基础上,提出了保护和恢复银杉群体的具体策略和措施。主要研究结果如下: 1. 核甘酸多态性和群体遗传结构 从101个核基因片段中筛选了8个适用于银杉的片段,对来自四个地区15个群体共86个个体的胚乳总DNA进行了扩增和测序。8个核基因座位的平均核苷酸多态性(θs=0.0022,πs=0.0027)显著低于其它松杉植物遗传多态性的多座位估计值。四个地区中,大瑶山(DY)的多态性最高(θs=0.0026,πs=0.0027),八面山(BM)最低(θs=0.0014,πs=0.0018),大娄山(DL)和越城岭(YC)介于二者之间。大多数座位内的多态位点间紧密连锁,座位间的连锁只在八面山地区检测到。AMOVA分析表明显著性的多态性比例存在于地区间(20.05%)和地区内群体间(9.37%)。FST分析也显示群体间(FST=0.294)和地区间(FST =0.131-0.319)存在显著的遗传分化。推测伴随着瓶颈效应而出现的遗传漂变及其有限的基因流(Nm=1.2)是导致银杉群体低水平多态性和群体间强烈分化的主要原因。 2.谱系地理学分析 利用2个线粒体片段(nad1和nad4)序列以及高变异量的核2009片段序列对银杉的谱系地理进行了探讨。2个线粒体片段的多态位点组合成3种单倍型,将银杉分成大娄山(DL)、八面山(BM)以及越城岭(YC)和大瑶山(DY)3个地区,地区间的单倍型完全不同(GST=1.0),结合核基因呈现的群体遗传结构,推测现存银杉群体至少来源于4个冰期避难所,相当于银杉现存的4个相互隔离的地区。2009座位上12个变异位点组合成8种单倍型,位于单倍型谱系内部节点的4种祖先单倍型分布广泛、出现频率最高,其它7个核基因座位具有类似谱系结构。遗传距离和地理距离没有相关性,NST (0.138)与GST (0.134)没有显著性差异,说明现存的银杉群体是相对较近的时间内片断化的产物。2009片段分离位点的失配分布(mismatch distribution)呈双峰和多峰,表明银杉群体没有经历近期的扩张,与古生物学研究证据相吻合。 3. 银杉的基因杂合性和花粉生命力 利用2009和cad两个核基因片段,采用多胚乳序列法得到总的杂合体比率为64%(2009)和60%(cad),说明银杉群体中存在高比例的杂合体。大娄山地区的杂合体比率是八面山地区的2倍。银杉杂合体比率的高低可能与其遗传多态性有关,也可能是自然选择的结果。采用TTC染色法对银杉的花粉生命力进行了测定,在干燥低温条件下银杉花粉的活力很稳定,保存一年后有活力的花粉数仍高达80%以上。通过对来自两个地区(DY和YC)7个群体共16个银杉个体花粉活力的测定发现,银杉有活力花粉比例高达93.3%,与其它裸子植物相当。花粉活力在地区间和群体间存在显著差异,花坪地区(95.2%)的花粉活力高于大瑶山(91.3%)。花粉活力在群体内个体间差异不显著。 4.银杉的进化历史及其保护 银杉的低水平的遗传多样性和独特的群体遗传结构对我们推测其冰川期避难所提供了重要依据。本研究在银杉4个孤立分布区发现了彼此不重叠的线粒体单倍型,同时核基因表现出了4个地理群,说明随着第四纪冰期气候的波动和银杉分布范围的片段化,原来广布的群体逐步萎缩,最后被保留在位于西部大娄山(DL),东部八面山(BM),中南部越城岭(YC)和南部大瑶山(DY) 4个相互隔离的避难所。银杉独特的群体结构和动态历史对进一步制定相应的保护措施具有重要参考价值。由于遗传多态性很低,群体又小,几乎所有现存的银杉群体都面临由于随机事件导致的物种灭绝。更严重的是,当前该物种的适生环境不断恶化和片段化,以及异常低的生殖和存活率导致银杉与其它物种竞争能力很低。因此,除目前采取的原地保护策略外,迁地保护应给予优先考虑。此外,采用传统的控制授粉策略(在遗传上有显著差异的群体间开展人工杂交)是丰富其遗传多态性、恢复衰退群体的可行措施之一。
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本文通过对五味子科及其近缘类群植物的形态性状、叶表皮解剖特征、木材解剖特征、细胞学以及分支系统学研究,发现了一些重要的新性状,提出了新的五味子属的次级划分,阐明了南五味子属与五味子属的属间系统学关系,以及它们与近缘类群间的系统学关系,最后对这两属进行了分类学修订。主要内容包括: 1.形态性状分析 我们在查阅大量国内外馆藏标本和野外居群观察的基础上,对五味子科植物及部分近缘类群的形态性状和变异式样进行了详细地比较分析,重新评价了各性状的分类学价值,认为习性、茎有无棱翅、叶有无毛被、花雄蕊群特征及果实和种子形态等性状具有系统学意义,而叶片形状和大小、毛被多少、花被片颜色等特征在种内变化较大,不宜作为种的划分依据,至少不能作为主要的或唯一的依据。 2.叶表皮形态解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,分别观察了南五味子属全属11种共92个样品、五味子属全属10种共136个样品和八角属2种共15个样品的叶表皮形态特征。结果发现南五味子属和五味子属植物的叶表皮性状,包括表皮细胞形状、气孔类型、保卫细胞形状及叶表皮细胞表面的角质纹饰、表皮毛的有无等在种内稳定且在种间有明显差异,对研究属内和属间关系有重要系统学意义。 在南五味子属中,发现了一个新的分类学性状:叶表皮表面具脊状网纹,该性状支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属Subg. Cosbaea和南五味子亚属Subg. Kadsura,且根据叶表皮形态特征和性状分析,支持将南五味子亚属分为南五味子组Sect. Kadsura和肉蕊组Sect. Sarcocarpon,同时支持R. M. K. Saunders和林祁对某些种的归并处理。 在五味子属中发现一新的分类学性状:气孔器外拱盖,表明该属常绿类群的气孔具有双层外拱盖,而落叶类群的气孔具有单层外拱盖。这一性状支持前人将五味子属根据习性和雄蕊群特征划分为两个亚属的观点,这一观点同样得到了包括形态学和分子系统学证据的支持。此外,还发现在全为常绿习性的南五味子属中,气孔都具双层外拱盖,一方面说明五味子属的常绿类群与南五味子属有一定的相似性,亲缘关系密切,这同样得到分子证据的支持;另一方面表明五味子科植物生长习性与气孔器特征有一定相关性。 通过比较南五味子属与五味子属以及近缘的八角属叶表皮形态特征,认为这三个属的叶表皮形态特征非常相似,只是南五味子属在叶表皮形态特征上比五味子属和八角属具有更多的复杂或次生性状状态,此外,研究结果不支持将五味子科从八角目中分出而成立五味子目的观点。 3.比较木材解剖学 在光学显微镜下观察了南五味子属7种21个样品和五味子属8种16个样品的木材解剖特征,结果表明次生木质部的导管分子类型、导管-射线间纹孔的排列方式、射线类型、射线细胞形状等性状特征在科的水平上很稳定,这些共同特征都支持五味子科是比较自然的类群。在五味子科中发现木材导管单生、具梯状穿孔板、导管壁具梯形排列的纹孔以及木射线异型等原始性状,支持五味子科在被子植物中的原始地位。此外,该科木材还具有单穿孔板导管、导管次生壁具螺纹加厚、具分隔纤维等较为特化的性状状态,这种性状进化水平的异等级现象,使五味子科表现出不同进化水平性状的镶嵌组合。根据木材解剖性状对五味子科进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果显示南五味子属和五味子属在木材解剖特征方面有一定的交叉和重叠,这与分子系统学的结论一致,表明这两个属关系密切,可能起源于共同的祖先。通过比较五味子科与八角科的木材解剖特征,进一步证明两个科的亲缘关系很近,同样不支持将五味子科从八角目中独立出来成立五味子目的观点。 4. 细胞分类学 对五味子属铁箍散Schisandra propinqua(Wall.)Baill进行了细胞学研究,首次报道该种植物的染色体核型。核型分析的结果表明染色体数目为2n = 28,核型公式为2n = 2x = 20m+8sm, 染色体相对长度组成2n = 2L+14M2+8M1+4S,核型不对称系数0.59,核型为2B型,未发现次缢痕和随体。通过与该属其它种类的核型进行比较,发现具常绿习性的铁箍散其核型不对称性系数比该属落叶种类高,表明该种在五味子属中处于较进化的地位,这与我们根据该属其它性状得出的结论一致。 5. 分支系统学研究 对五味子属33个形态学性状进行了分支系统学研究,得到5棵同等最简约树,树长为53步,一致性指数(CI)= 0.7740, 保留性指数(RI)= 0.7740。在最简约树(MP)的严格一致树中,内类群形成两大支,一支包括所有落叶习性的类群,另一支包括具有常绿习性的类群,两支的支持率都非常高, 在一定程度上能反映五味子属内各种间的系统学关系。根据五味子属分支系统学分析的结果,对该属属下分类系统进行了调整。 在补充了包括叶表皮形态解剖学和木材解剖学等新性状的基础上,对五味子科42个形态学性状进行了分支系统学分析,分别计算得到了MP树和邻接树(N-J)。简约分析得到三棵同等最简约树,树长106步,一致性指数(CI)= 0.4910,保留性指数(RI)= 0.7450。严格一致树显示:五味子科分为五个并列的分支,其中南五味子属被分为三支,五味子属被分为两支,虽然这些分支的支持率都不是很高,但是一些种类间的亲缘关系还是得到很好的体现。用距离法建立的N-J树中,将该科分为两大支,五味子属所有落叶种类聚为一支,南五味子属和五味子属具常绿习性的类群聚为一支,这与分子系统学分析的结果一致,但是由于在N-J树上,五味子属两个常绿种与南五味子属构成的分支支持率较低,所以两属之间的关系还尚待讨论。 6. 分类学修订 在应用上述性状分析结果及查阅国内外大量标本的基础上,重新修订了南五味子属和五味子属的概念,包括新性状的补充,对两属植物进行了分类学修订。确定了南五味子属目前包括2亚属2组11种;五味子属目前包括2亚属4组10种,指定了Embelia valbrayi H. Léveillé的后选模式,提出一个新等级组。描述了每个种的性状特征、变异情况、地理分布、相关的分类学处理及其与近缘种的关系,并列出所研究的标本,最后讨论了南五味子属和五味子属的系统关系。
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旌节花科是东亚特有科,仅有旌节花属1属。本文研究了该科植物的生活习性、外部形态、花粉形态和外壁超微结构以及花器官发生,并根据多个DNA区段的序列探讨了科的系统位置和属下关系。在此基础上,综合各方面的证据,对旌节花科进行了全面的分类学修订,完善了该科的分类系统。主要内容包括: 1、习性和外部形态学 结合室内标本和野外考察,对旌节花科植物的生活习性、叶、花序、花和果实各个性状的变异式样、变异幅度、变异规律及其相关性进行了深入研究,并讨论了它们的分类学价值。结果表明:叶片形状、叶缘齿、花序下的叶片是否宿存以及花序是否具花序梗等性状在种间变异非常大,单个性状对旌节花属属下分类意义不大;而叶片毛被、脉序和结构,花序长度,花的大小和颜色以及果实大小等性状通常较稳定,可作为旌节花属划分种和变种的重要依据。 2、花粉形态学和外壁超微结构 在透射电镜下研究了旌节花属5个代表种和1个外类群(Crossosoma californicum)的花粉外壁超微结构,并在扫描电镜下研究了外类群Crossosomataceae 1个代表种(Crossosoma californicum)的花粉形态学特征,结合前人的研究,探讨了上述性状的分类学意义。结果表明:旌节花属植物花粉形态的共同特征是:花粉粒球形或近球形,三孔沟;外壁具穴状纹饰,穴较细小;外壁内壁分层明显,容易区分(柳叶旌节花除外),覆盖层光滑,几无附属物,柱状层明显,穿孔较少,不形成半覆盖层。各种植物花粉外壁超微结构的特征在旌节花属两个组中较一致,但其差异可作为探讨属下种的分类和系统学关系的依据。此外,对旌节花科和Crossosomataceae花粉表面纹饰和外壁超微结构的研究结果提示:这两个科与省沽油科和山茶科厚皮香亚科有较近缘的关系,而不支持这两个科的姐妹群关系。 3、花器官发生 首次对旌节花属常绿组和落叶组共2个代表种的花器官发生进行了研究,结果表明:该科植物花为功能性单性花,雌雄异株,花发育过程长达10个月,其中2-3个月是冬季休眠期。在花发育早期,雄花和雌花的发育没有差异,花性别的分化发生在花发育后期,即每年春天花开前后的2-3天,雌花中雌蕊的子房开始膨大,柱头伸长,胚珠多数,能育,而雄蕊逐渐干瘪收缩直至最后花粉不育;此时雄花的雄蕊发育良好,花丝粗壮发达,花药饱满,花粉能育,而雌蕊发育逐渐停滞直至败育。花器官发生方式为向心式,发生顺序为:苞片—外轮萼片—内轮萼片—花瓣—外轮雄蕊—内轮雄蕊—雌蕊。花萼4枚,两轮,交互对生,花瓣和雄蕊均4枚一轮几乎同时发生,花瓣覆瓦状排列。旌节花属常绿组和落叶组植物的花器官发生发育过程没有差别。 4、基于多个DNA区段序列的系统发育分析 首次选取进化速率较快的5个DNA区段:核核糖体ITS区和叶绿体rps16, ndhF,trnL-F及trnS-G-G区段,对旌节花属分别代表常绿组和落叶组的10种2变种及外类群Crossosomataceae和省沽油科3种植物的相关序列进行测定,并将上述序列合并构建系统树。研究结果表明:旌节花科作为一个单系群得到很好的支持。旌节花属落叶组和常绿组的划分在基于ITS、叶绿体4个区段单独分析及联合分析得到的系统树中没有得到支持,表现在该联合分析得到的树的两个分支与该属植物的习性和外部形态特征无关,而与它们的地理分布密切相关:其中一支主要分布在东亚的偏北部,另一支主要分布在东亚的南部地区,常绿和落叶的种类则混合在这两支中。此外,分子序列分析的结果对该属植物的分类、系统关系、起源和该科的系统位置均有重要意义。系统树显示出分布于台湾的S. sigeyosii与分布于日本的早春旌节花聚成稳定的一支,说明前者与后者,而不是与西域旌节花关系密切。叶绿体基因树与核基因树存在冲突,表明该属经历过网状进化。推测变种披针叶旌节花与云南旌节花可能是杂交起源。根据叶绿体rbcL序列得出的系统树显示旌节花科与产北美的Crossosomataceae的姊妹群关系支持率低于50%。基于最大似然树,运用罚分似然法推算出这两个科分化时间为68.25 ± 10.36 MYA,这两者共同与省沽油科近缘。 5、分类学研究 综合上述研究结果,对旌节花属进行了分类学修订。属下不设立组;确认该属植物有6种6变种,其中中国特有种3个,变种3个。5种5变种被作为新异名,新组合3个,其中2个改级新组合。对西域旌节花、云南旌节花和滇缅旌节花等进行了模式指定。本文还给出了分种和变种检索表、各类群的形态学描述、地理分布图、标本引证和讨论等。