985 resultados para Aço vazado ASTM A148 90-60
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用超临界萃取技术对青藏高原藏药特有植物青藏茶藨子种子中脂肪酸进行了萃取,其萃取率为12.0%.用毛细管气相色谱进行分离和分析,结果表明不饱和脂肪酸在90%以上.其中α-亚麻酸26.23%、γ-亚麻酸2.60%、亚油酸43.21%.
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对小嵩草草甸种子库的大小和物种组成及与种子雨、地上植被的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明,返青期和枯黄期小嵩草草甸种子库单位体积(1.0m×1.0m×0.1m)分别有种子nf=10550粒和nk=13815粒,分别由22种和24种植物组成,分属9个科,其中,莎草科,豆科和龙胆科占优势,禾本科所占比例较小,每平方米种子雨nr=8436.4粒,由25种植物组成,分属10个科,莎草科和禾本科所占比例较大,种子库和种子雨在物种组成上有一定的相似性(r=0.7600,P<0.01),二者共有19个种,分别占种子库和种子雨物种总数的82.61和90.48。地上植被与种子库的相似性较小,地上植被中有43.24和51.35的植物分别在返青期和枯黄期种子库中出现,60%的植物出现于种子雨中。在物种分布和优势度上,地上植被与种子雨间一致性较高,但它们与种子库间有一定的分歧。从地上植被到返青期时的种子库,物种多样性降低了1.61,从而说明种子库不仅是地上植被补充更新的源泉之一,而且是维持植物物种多样性的一种机制。图3参13。
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用APAGE技术检测了43个春小麦品种在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传变异,在计算Jaccard相似系数的基础上用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析。共得到42种不同的带型,电泳共分离出37条带,其中33条具有多态性。品种间在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传距离变异范围很大(0.0000~0.8148),平均遗传距离GD=0.5073。说明43个品种在醇溶蛋白编码位点上存在较大变异。聚类结果显示,除佛手麦自成一类外(GS=0.28),地方品种和引进品种与大多数育成品种(GS=0.46)分属不同的亚类,说明育成品种同地方品种和引进品种在醇溶蛋白编码基因上存在较大变异。育成品种间在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传多样性程度不高,这一结果提示在这一地区进行与醇溶蛋白相关的品质育种很难在现在的育成品种间杂交的基础上取得成功。从遗传多样性的演变趋势来看,历史上以地方品种间醇溶蛋白的遗传变异程度最大(GD=0.5455),50年代引进品种变异程度最小(GD=0.3310)。从60~90年代,育成品种醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传多样性有一先增后减的过程,但总体上变异程度要低于地方品种,其原因与亲本单一和育种目标由高产到优质变化条件下人工选择压由弱到强有关。
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To characterize evapotranspiration (ET) over grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we examined ET and its relevant environmental variables in a Kobresia meadow from 2002 to 2004 using the eddy covariance method. The annual precipitation changed greatly, with 554, 706, and 666 mm a(-1) for the three consecutive calendar years. The annual ET varied correspondingly to the annual precipitation with 341, 407, and 426 mm a(-1). The annual ET was, however, constant at about 60% of the annual precipitation. About 85% annual ET occurred during the growing season from May to September, and the averaged ET for this period was 1.90, 2.23, and 2.22 mm/d, respectively for the three consecutive years. The averaged ET was, however, very low (< 0.40 mm/d) during the nongrowing season from October to April. The annual canopy conductance (gc) and the Priestley-Taylor coefficient (a) showed the lowest values in the year with the lowest precipitation. This study first demonstrates that the alpine meadow ecosystem is characterized by a low ratio of annual ET to precipitation and that the interannual variation of ET is determined by annual precipitation.
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Summer diets of two sympatric raptors Upland Buzzards (Buteo hemilasius Temminck et Schlegel) and Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo L. subsp. Hemachalana Hume) were studied in an alpine meadow (3250 m a.s.l.) on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Root voles Microtus oeconomus Pallas, plateau pikas Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson, Gansu pikas O. cansus Lyon and plateau zokors Myospalax baileyi Thomas were the main diet components of Upland Buzzards as identified through the pellets analysis with the frequency of 57, 20, 19 and 4%, respectively. The four rodent species also were the main diet components of Eurasian Eagle Owls basing on the pellets and prey leftovers analysis with the frequency of 53, 26, 13 and 5%, respectively. The food niche breadth indexes of Upland Buzzards and Eurasian Eagle Owls were 1.60 and 1.77 respectively (higher value of the index means the food niche of the raptor is broader), and the diet overlap index of the two raptors was larger (C-ue = 0.90) (the index range from 0 - no overlap - to I - complete overlap). It means that the diets of Upland Buzzards and Eurasian Eagle Owls were similar (Two Related Samples Test, Z = -0.752, P = 0.452). The classical resource partitioning theory can not explain the coexistence of Upland Buzzards and Eurasian Eagle Owls in alpine meadows of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, differences in body size, predation mode and activity rhythm between Upland Buzzards and Eurasian Eagle Owls may explain the coexistence of these two sympatric raptors.
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A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection and mass spectrometric identification has been developed for analysis of 30 long-chain and short-chain free Fatty acids (FFAs). The fatty acids were derivatized to their esters with 1-[2-(p-toluenesulfonate)ethyl]-2-phenylimidazole-[4,5-f]-9,10-phenanthrene (TSPP) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at 90 degrees C with anhydrous K2CO3 as catalyst. A mixture Of C-1-C-30 fatty acids was completely separated within 60 min by gradient elution on a reversed-phase C-8 column. Qualitative identification of the acids was performed by atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) in positive-ion mode. The fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths were 260 and 380 nm, respectively. Quantitative determination of the 30 acids in two Tibetan medicines Gentiana straminea and G. dahurica was performed. The results indicated that the medicines contained many FFAs. Linear correlation coefficients for the FFA derivatives were > 0.9991. Relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 6) for the fatty acid derivatives were < 3%. Detection limits (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1) were 3.1-38 fmol. When the fatty acid derivatives were determined in the two real samples results were satisfactory and the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were good.
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Vegetation is very sensitive to climate change. Carbon isotopes in paleosol have been widely used to contruct the propotion of plants using C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. δ13C of Loess organic matter were analyzed on the loess- paleosols samples from Jingchuan sections and Luochuan S4—S5 sequence. This paper presents a long carbon isotope time series, covering the last 600kyr. δ13C record of Loess organic matter in Jingchuan is correlated with marine oxygen isotope records. Basing on former research work, this paper discusses temperature, rainfall and P CO2 effect on δ13Corg value. In the interglacial periods, carbon isotope is more sensitive than other proxies and indicates several climate fluctuations. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. Obtained δ13C composition from paleosols and loess sediments in Jingchuan range of -20.0‰ to -24.6‰, the maximum biomass of C4 is 35%, indicating a C3 and C4 mixed steppe with C3 dominated. C4 plant is not always expansion during paleosols periods. The minimum values of Jingchuan section appeared in S4 soil, and the vegetation was almost pure C3 plant at that time. δ13Corg value in S5-2 is also lower than loess in S5, reaching the minimum valus of S5 soil. 2. PCO2 variation has little impact on δ13Corg value in interglacial periods for the last 600kyr. The correlation between δ13Corg value curve and magnetic susceptibility curve as proxy of summer monsoon in general, means summer monsoon drive C4 plant expansion during glacial and interglacial. 3. The lowerδ13Corg values in S4 and S5-2 appear at Jingchuan and Luochuan, suggest origin from woodland or C3 grassland. Whatever vegetation it is, indicate strengthened East Asian summer monsoon and increase of precipitation. C4 plant percentage is lower in S5-1 and S1 which have stronger summer monsoon, than S0 and S2. And it also indicates increase of precipitation.δ13Corg values has not always non-linearity correlation with summer monsoon. 4. The maximum entroy spectral analysis of δ13C values of the last 600kyr indicates there is 21 kyr cycles in Loess sequence. It means that summer monsoon in the Chinese Loess Plateau also has the precession cycles like its origin low latitude.
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Abstract In order to provide basic data for evaluation of the petroleum potential in the deep water area of the northern margin of the South China Sea (SCS), present-day thermal regime and basin tectonothermal evolution are reconstructed and the maturation history of the Cenozoic major source rocks in the study area is derived. The present-day geothermal regime in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is defined according to the geothermal gradient, thermal properties and heat flow data. Tectonic subsidence history is reconstructed based on borehole and seismic data, and accordingly the stretching episodes are determined from the subsidence pattern. Heat flow history in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is estimated on a finite time, laterally non-uniform and multi-episode stretching model. Maturation history of the main source rocks in the study area is estimated through EASYRo% kinetic model and thermal history, and the potential of petroleum in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is evaluated based on the data above. The results show that the present-day geothermal regime in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is characterized by “hot basin” with high geothermal gradient (39.1±7.4℃/km) and high heat flow (77.5±14.8 mW/m2), and that the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB) underwent three stretching episodes and consequently suffered three heating episodes (Eocene, Oligocene and Pliocene time) with highest paleo-heat flow of 65~90 mW/m2 at the end of the Pliocene, that the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) two stretching and two heating episodes (Eocene, Oligocene time) with highest paleo-heat flow of 60~70 mW/m2 at the end of the Oligocene, and that the source rocks matured drastically responding to the heating episodes. There are four hydrocarbon generation kitchens in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS which are favor of its bright petroleum perspective. Tectonothermal analysis indicates that the present-day geothermal regime which is characterized with “hot basin” in the deep water area of the PRMB resulted mainly from the Cenozoic stretching as well as faulting and magmatic activities during the Neotectonic period, and that the Pliocene heating episode of the QDNB is coupled with the transition from sinistral to dextral gliding of the Red Rive fault, and that the deep water basins in the northern margin of SCS are typical of multiple rifting which caused multi-episode heating process.
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Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) is located at the frontier of the India-Asia collision zone, which can preserve critical information about collision. This paper reports detailed petrology, geochemistry, spinels electron microprobe data, and in situ U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopic data on detrital zircons from the late Cretaceous to early Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba area, south Tibet that provide important constraints on the early tectonic evolution of the India-Asia collision. In Gyantze, the lithic arkose in Zongzhuo mélange is characterized by, SiO2 =80.4%, Al2O3=8.6%, Na2O=1.6%, K2O=1.1%, LaN/YbN=8.90, and εNd (0) =-10.27. Spinels compositions are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.1%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 80. The largest population of detrital zircons is within the 73-169Ma range with high εHf (t) and > 500 Ma with complex εHf (t) values. The lithic arkose in Rilang conglomerate is characterized by, SiO2 =56.5%, Al2O3=15.6%, Na2O=4.7%, K2O=0.6%, LaN/YbN=5.00-5.29, and εNd (0) =1.92. Spinels of 2006T98 display high TiO2 (generally >0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 85, other spinels are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 60 and 90. The largest population of detrital zircons is within 90-146 Ma range with high εHf (t). The lithic arkose in Jiachala formation is characterized by, SiO2 =64.6%, Al2O3=12.1%, Na2O=1.9%, K2O=1.8%, LaN/YbN=7.73-9.13, and εNd (0) =-5.52~-8.43. Spinels in the Jiachala formation have low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number between 39 and 88. Detrital zircons have a wide range of age distribution of 82-3165Ma with complex εHf (t). In Gamba, The quartze sandstone in Jidula formation is characterized by, SiO2=97.4%, Al2O3=0.9%, Na2O=0.03%, K2O=0.18%, LaN/YbN=18.70-21.684, and εNd (0) between -13.1~-7.4. While the lithic arkose in Zhepure formation is characterized by, SiO2=68.4%, Al2O3=7.3%, Na2O=1.15%, K2O=0.52%, LaN/YbN=6.09-8.99, and εNd(0)=-5.8~-6.3. Based on our geochemical analysis, spinles electron microprobe data, U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data for detrital zircons of the late Cretaceous-Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba, southern Tibet, the following major conclusions can be drawn: 1. In Gyantze, the Zongzhuo mélange was mainly derived from accretionary prism/THS of continental slop and Gangdese arc. Rilang conglomerate was totally from Gangdese arc. The Jiachala formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 2. In Gamba, the Jidula formation was from India craton, while the Zhepure formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 3. The deposite of Zongzhuo mélange and Rilang conglomerate (73-55Ma) marks the collision between India and Asia. 4. Late Paleocene-Eocene tectonic evolution is consistent with foreland basin system.
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Characterization of Platinum Group Elements (PGE) has been applied to earth, space and environmental sciences. However, all these applications are based on a basic prerequisite, i.e. their concentration or ratio in the research objects can be accurately and precisely determined. In fact, development in these related studies is a great challenge to the analytical chemistry of the PGE because their content in the geological sample (non-mineralized) is often extremely low, range from ppt (10~(-12)g/g) to ppt (10~(-9)g/g). Their distribution is highly heterogeneous, usually concentrating in single particle or phase. Therefore, the accurate determination of these elements remains a problem in analytical chemistry and it obstructs the research on geochemistry of PGE. A great effort has been made in scientific community to reliable determining of very low amounts of PGE, which has been focused on to reduce the level of background in used reagents and to solve probable heterogeneity of PGE in samples. Undoubtedly, the fire-assay method is one of the best ways for solving the heterogeneity, as a large amount of sample weight (10-50g) can be hold. This page is mainly aimed at development of the methodology on separation, concentration and determination of the ultra-trace PGE in the rock and peat samples, and then they are applied to study the trace of PGE in ophiolite suite, in Kudi, West Kunlun and Tunguska explosion in 1908. The achievements of the study are summarized as follows: 1. A PGE lab is established in the Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, IGG, CAS. 2. A modified method of determination of PGE in geological samples using NiS Fire-Assay with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is set up. The technical improvements are made as following: (1) investigating the level of background in used reagents, and finding the contents of Au, Pt and Pd in carbonyl nickel powder are 30, 0.6 and 0.6ng/g, respectively and 0.35, 7.5 and 6.4ng, respectively in other flux, and the contents of Ru, Rh, Os in whole reagents used are very low (below or near the detection limits of ICP-MS); (2) measuring the recoveries of PGE using different collector (Ni+S) and finding 1.5g of carbonyl nickel is effective for recovering the PGE for 15g samples (recoveries are more than 90%), reducing the inherent blank value due to impurities reagents; (3) direct dissolving nickel button in Teflon bomb and using Te-precipitation, so reducing the loss of PGE during preconcentration process and improving the recoveries of PGE (above 60% for Os and 93.6-106.3% for other PGE, using 2g carbonyl nickel); (4) simplifying the procedure of analyzing Osmium; (5)method detection limits are 8.6, 4.8, 43, 2.4, 82pg/g for 15g sample size ofRu, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, respectively. 3. An analytical method is set up to determine the content of ultra-trace PGE in peat samples. The method detection limits are 0.06, 0.1, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.002ng/mL for Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt, respectively. 4. Distinct anomaly of Pd and Os are firstly found in the peat sampling near the Tunguska explosion site, using the analytical method. 5. Applying the method to the study on the origin of Tunguska explosion and making the following conclusions: (1) these excess elements were likely resulted from the Tunguska Cosmic Body (TCB) explosion of 1908. (2) The Tunguska explosive body was composed of materials (solid components) similar to C1 chondrite, and, most probably, a cometary object, which weighed more than 10~7 tons and had a radius of more than 126 m. 6. The analysis method about ultra-trace PGE in rock samples is successfully used in the study on the characteristic of PGE in Kudi ophiolite suite and the following conclusions are made: (1) The difference of the mantle normalization of PGE patterns between dunite, harzburgite and lherzolite in Kudi indicates that they are residual of multi-stage partial melt of the mantle. Their depletion of Ir at a similar degree probably indicates the existence of an upper mantle depleted Ir. (2) With the evolution of the magma produced by the partial melt of the mantle, strong differentiation has been shown between IPGE and PPGE; and the differentiation from pyroxenite to basalt would have been more and more distinct. (3) The magma forming ophiolite in Kudi probably suffered S-saturation process.
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中、低纬度地区山地冰川有机酸记录的研究是目前国际冰芯地球化学研究的前沿之一。中国天山乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川为一中纬度山地冰川。对其冰芯的草酸根含量的分析显示,其冰芯所记录的过去43年草酸根变化的总体特征是在一个背景值基础上存在着含量的突变峰值。草酸根的背景值含量在1ng/g左右,在部分冰芯段,其含量甚至低于测试分析的检测限;而大多数草酸根峰值的含量都达到或超过了10ng/g。草酸根的平均含量为3.6±9.2ng/g(x^-±1σ,N=534),其中70%以上由峰值构成。50年代后期是草酸根的一个低值期,平均含量略高于本底值;至60-70年代达到最高值,平均含量为5.0ng/g;80年代草酸根平均含量又下降到接近50年代后期的水平;至90年代回落到本底值附近。草酸根的主要来源是人类活动对大气所造成的污染。其过去43年平均含量的变化大致与中国西部工业和环境保护事业的发展历程相一致,是西部区域大气污染变化的一种反应。
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喀斯特石漠化地区由于其特殊的地表、地下二元结构,使得该区生态系统结构和机能非常脆弱,一旦生态系统,尤其是植被系统遭到破坏,其恢复难度将很大。虽然在90年代末期对喀斯特石漠化的研究才受到普遍的重视,并且被提升到国家层面进行恢复治理,但由于经济的飞速发展和喀斯特区人民群众发展生产力以及脱贫致富愿望的诉求,使得该区人-地矛盾突出,出现生态建设超前、基础理论研究以及政策指向落后的现象,并且在不同的人为干扰方式下,导致本已脆弱的喀斯特石漠化生态环境进一步恶化。针对上述特点,本文从基础理论研究方向着手,以同处一喀斯特小流域内的喀斯特背景区和非喀斯特背景区为研究背景,排除了一些环境上垫面的影响因素,以土壤、植物作为主要研究对象,并且结合利用国际上流行的稳定性碳同位素(δ13C)技术指示植物水分利用效率(WUE)的方法,分别详细论述了不同背景区从非退化到退化过程中的土壤-植被系统的协变关系,以及不同影响因素对植物叶片δ13C值判别的影响效应,并且通过与非喀斯特背景区进行比较研究的方法,以期为喀斯特背景区,尤其是石漠化地区土壤-植被系统的生态恢复和更加科学营造该区植物局地水分利用模式以及植被恢复物种的选择配置提供一定参考价值。对此,本论文得出以下认识: 一、不同背景区植物叶片δ13C值 本论文所研究的植物叶片 δ13C值变化范围在-25.60‰~-32.68‰之间,属于典型的C3植物。其中,石漠化样地的小果蔷薇有着最高的WUE (δ13C =-25.60‰),而次生林土山样地的莎草则有最低的WUE(δ13C= -32.65‰)。喀斯特背景区从非退化到退化的过程中,其植物叶片δ13C值的分布范围在-28.52‰~-30.74‰、-25.60‰~-29.77‰之间,而非喀斯特背景区从非退化到退化的过程中,其植物叶片δ13C值的分布范围在-27.68‰~-32.68‰、-26.17‰~-30.11‰之间。在退化的石漠化和土山样地,植物叶片δ13C值显著比未退化的无石漠化和次生林土山样地要高,这也就表示植物的WUE具有随着从非退化到退化不断加强的趋势,并且石漠化与土山样地之间和无石漠化与次生林样地之间的植物WUE无显著性差异,喀斯特背景区植物的WUE总体上也要高于非喀斯特背景区的植物。 二、不同背景区土壤理化性质特征 本论文研究表明,不管是在喀斯特背景区还是在非喀斯特背景区,从非退化到退化的过程中,土壤的物理结构均发生了明显的压缩状况,而从土壤粒级含量和分形维数变化的趋势上看,在两背景区均呈现随着向退化过程的发展,土壤中大粒径颗粒增加,小粒径颗粒减少的的现象,特别是细粉粒最为显著。而从喀斯特背景区内土壤各级团聚体的变化中可以看出,当土壤退化至石漠化时,土壤大团聚体已遭到严重破坏,其抗蚀性能决定着地表植被一旦遭到破坏就会引起强烈退化。而在非喀斯特背景区,其大团聚体的百分比值远高于喀斯特背景区,土壤抵抗环境退化的承受力较强。 在不同背景区土壤化学性质方面,土壤均呈现随着退化程度的发展,土壤有机质、全N含量呈现降低的趋势。喀斯特背景区土壤中易于移动的营养元素表现出递减的趋势,而难于移动的元素呈现增加的趋势。而在非喀斯特背景区,由于非退化样地在其黄壤发育阶段经过了长期的、明显的脱硅富铝化过程,造成难移动的营养元素大量聚集的现象。因此土壤中移动性较高的营养元素随着退化程度的加深呈现逐渐递减的趋势,而移动性相对较弱的营养元素含量也呈现逐渐递减的现象。而不同背景区土壤有效态营养元素除P、K普遍低于临界值水平外,其余营养元素的变化趋势大致与全量变化趋势相似,并且喀斯特背景区的上述营养元素含量普遍要高于非喀斯特背景区。 在对土壤中营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值关系的研究中,尽管从非退化到退化过程中样方水平上来分析不同背景区土壤营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值的相关关系时与已有的研究结果存在一定的差异,但从宏观上比较喀斯特背景区与非喀斯特背景区,土壤中营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值呈现的是明显的正相关关系,即营养元素含量高的样地其植物WUE也随之增高。 三、不同背景区土壤-植被系统的退化协变关系 本论文重点对不同背景区退化过程中土壤-植被系统间土壤各项理化性质和植物叶片营养元素含量的相关性进行了分析。在喀斯特背景区退化的过程中,土壤物理性质与植物中P元素相关的要素是最多的,喀斯特背景区的P元素是一个重要的影响因子。而在非喀斯特背景区退化的过程中,土壤的物理性质与植物叶片营养元素之间均无显著性相关关系。并且在不同背景区退化的过程中,土壤化学性质与植物叶片营养元素含量大都呈现的是不显著相关关系。 对不同背景区从非退化到退化的过程中植物叶片的生物吸收系数与植物叶片营养元素含量和土壤营养元素含量的分析中表明,在喀斯特背景区退化的过程中,植物叶片营养元素的吸收系数受到植物和土壤中营养元素含量的双重影响。而在非喀斯特背景区退化的过程中,植物叶片营养元素的吸收系数受到的影响与植物自身营养元素的含量密切相关,而土壤营养元素含量的背景则对其吸收系数影响不大。 四、不同背景区植物叶片营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 在对不同背景区植物叶片营养元素含量的相关分析中表明,不管是喀斯特背景区还是非喀斯特背景区,植物叶片营养元素N、K、Ca、Mg 、Fe的含量都较高,但P元素的含量却低于临界值,营养元素的含量特点属于Ca>K>Mg型,Ca含量都高于10000μg/g。在喀斯特背景区退化过程中,植物叶片的营养元素N、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn含量与植物叶片δ13C值呈现正相关关系,而P、K、Fe营养元素的含量与δ13C值则呈现负相关关系。而非喀斯特背景区退化过程中,营养元素N、K、Ca、Mg、Cu的含量与δ13C值呈现负相关关系,Mn、Na与δ13C值呈现正相关关系,且营养元素P、Fe、Zn与δ13C值相关关系不显著。另外,喀斯特背景区植物w(N)/w(P)比值与δ13C值存在正相关关系,而非喀斯特背景区植物w(N)/w(P)比值与δ13C值则存在负相关关系。这些差异可能与不同背景区各样地之间小生境的条件和植物的种类差别有着一定的联系。 五、不同背景区土壤含水量的变化趋势与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 本论文选取了一场30mm降雨过后的7天,不同背景区土壤含水量与植物叶片 δ13C值的相关关系表明,石漠化样地土壤在7天内的失水幅度是最快的,尤其是在与该样地植物生长密切相关的0-20cm厚度范围内。这说明由于受其样地生境条件限制,土壤的水分蒸发量较大,含水量也较低;无石漠化样地由于受土壤厚度条件限制,其土壤含水量低于次生林土山;土山样地的土壤含水量也存在较大变化,而且其上、中、下坡的水分含量呈现逐渐递增的趋势,但无明显的显著性差异;次生林土山的土壤含水量变化幅度最小,说明其优越的生境条件对土壤水分保持是具有优势的。并且随着土壤含水量的逐渐增大,植物叶片δ13C值与之呈现显著的负相关关系,即土壤含水量越大,植物的WUE就越小。 六、不同背景区植物叶片解剖形态结构与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 本论文对不同背景区植物叶片解剖形态结构的分析表明,不同背景区退化样地上的植物叶片解剖形态结构中的栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度、上角质层厚度、下角质层厚度、最大导管直径和气孔密度均较未退化的样地呈现显著性差异。其中,随着从未退化到退化过程的发展,解剖形态结构中除海绵组织厚度逐渐变薄外,其余指标则逐渐增厚,并且石漠化样地上的植物叶片解剖形态结构上述指标均显著高于其它样地。而生长在喀斯特背景区和非喀斯特背景区的同种植物叶片解剖形态结构差异性不显著。不同背景区退化过程中的上述主要植物叶片解剖形态结构指标均与植物叶片δ13C值呈现正相关关系。这说明了在本研究小流域内,由于光、热、水、气等外部影响因素的一致性,植物为了适应环境的改变其自身产生的形态结构响应具有一致的趋势。
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正确认识降水中的化学组分是评价酸雨和大气环境质量的重要途径,降水中低分子有机酸的研究是认识C、H、O等元素生物地球化学循环和酸雨成因的重要内容。贵州省遵义市作为我国酸雨高发地区,是降水化学组成尤其是低分子有机酸地球化学循环研究的典型区域。我们在遵义市进行了为期一年(2006年5月~2007年4月)的降水采集(共76个样品),对pH值、电导率和主要的阴离子(包括有机和无机)、阳离子进行了测定,并进行了分析和讨论。 (1) pH和电导率的雨量加权平均值分别为4.11(范围:2.30~ 6.04)和62.10 μs•cm-1 (范围:6.60 ~ 1630.00 μs•cm-1),酸雨频率高达93.2%,pH存在着显著的季节变化,其中冬季pH值最低,表明遵义市酸雨污染较为严重,冬季为最。 (2) 遵义市监测期间离子浓度的大小顺序为SO42-> Ca2+> H+> NH4+> NO3-> Cl-> F->HCOO-> Mg2+> K+> CH3COO-> Na+> (COO)22-> PO43-> NO2-,其中SO42-、Ca2+、H+、NH4+、NO3-是最主要离子,浓度分别为148.15 μmol•L-1、81.89 μmol•L-1、77.74 μmol•L-1、43.80 μmol•L-1和31.50μmol•L-1,它们分别占离子总量的31.97%、17.67%、16.78%、9.45%和6.54%;遵义市大气降水中主要的致酸物质是SO42-和NO3-,主要的缓冲物质是Ca2+和NH4+,大气污染类型属硫酸钙型。相对酸度和中和因子结果表明降水中仅有77%的降水酸度被碱性物质(以Ca2+和NH4+为主)中和;因子分析中H+、NO3-、nss-SO42-(非海源性硫酸根)、NH4+归为一组,再次表明SO42-和NO3-对降水酸度的重要贡献。富集系数和源的贡献分析表明,SO42-和NO3-主要来自人为活动的贡献,SO42-来源主要包括工业、民用的燃煤燃烧释放的SO2,NO3-主要是遵义市电厂和其它工厂向大气中排放的NOx的化学转化而成。Ca2+主要来自于遵义市的土壤及水泥厂等的排放;Mg2+主要来自陆源输入,部分来自海水的贡献。氮肥生产、大面积农田化肥的使用以及生物排放源很可能是该地区降水中NH4+的主要污染源。值得注意的是,作为海盐性离子的Cl-,在遵义市降水中重要的部分还是人为活动,主要是遵义工厂(如碱厂和钛厂)向大气中排放的HCl和Cl2转化而成。无机离子浓度的季节变化表明,对于遵义市,需要逐步改变能源结构尤其是冬季工业、居民燃煤的使用,才能有效地改善遵义市当前的环境污染。 (3) 遵义市降水中含量较高的常见有机酸是[HCOO-]T、[CH3COO-]T和[(COO)22-]T,它们的雨量加权平均值各为9.29 μmol•L -1、6.47 μmol•L-1和5.06 μmol•L-1;遵义市区降水中有机酸总浓度为22.28 μmol•L-1,占阴离子总量的9.39 %;遵义市降水中四季的有机酸浓度由高到低分别为:春季>冬季>秋季>夏季。以上结果表明,遵义市的有机酸是降水中的重要组成部分,其浓度存在明显的季节性变化。在一次降雨事件中,有机酸的浓度一般随降雨时间的延长而降低,但在降雨中后期有时会出现上升的现象,表明有机酸主要来自云下淋滤作用,少数情况下来自大气远距离的传输。 (4) 相关性分析发现甲酸和乙酸具有强烈的正相关(r= 0.86),表明甲酸和乙酸具有共同的来源。有机酸与降水中的主要无机离子NO3-、nss-SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+等存在着中度相关,表明有机酸的来源与人为活动有着重要的关系。应用气液平衡的原理,提出了降水中甲酸、乙酸比值(F/A)aq的有机酸来源判定方法。发现遵义降水中的有机酸春季和冬季主要来自人类活动的释放,其中春季主要来自遵义市南郊的工业污染,由南方水汽(占春季总量的54%)将其污染物传输至遵义市中心城区,冬季主要是大量燃煤的燃烧释放;夏季和秋季则主要来自植物的释放,其中秋季中的部分有机酸也受到华中和华东地区(其气团占秋季总量的45%)的远距离影响。而遵义市区的山间盆地地形、高湿度、高静风率和低风速、以尘埃为主的大气污染物和有机酸的短生命周期(几小时~几天)为有机酸来源于当地创造了有利条件。 (5) 根据热力学平衡计算新方法,发现遵义市pH≤5的降水中甲酸和乙酸对自由酸度的贡献分别为14.79% (范围:0.42~91.14%)、3.66% (范围:0.02~31.55%)。对比显示,遵义市的有机酸贡献量低于边远地区,主要由于遵义市降水的低pH值和高无机酸度所致。在春、夏、秋、冬季节,降水中的有机酸对自由酸度的平均贡献值分别为31.95%、26.16%、8.02%、11.17%,表明有机酸酸度有着明显的季节性差异,春季有机酸的高贡献量主要受降水中的有机酸高含量、低水温和高pH值的共同作用,夏季受高pH值的影响,而秋季和冬季的低贡献量主要受降水的低pH值所控制。 (6) 在遵义市的沉降通量中,无机离子的湿沉降通量占所有离子湿沉降总量的94%,并存在明显的季节性变化。SO42-、Ca2+、H+、NH4+、NO3-为最主要的贡献者,分别为90.1、49.8、47.3、26.0和19.2 mmol•m-2•yr-1。对比显示,SO42-、Ca2+、H+的沉降量均属于我国的高值区,而NO3-的沉降量属于我国中值区,NH4+的沉降量属我国低值水平。营养元素总无机氮TIN(TIN= NH4+ -N+ NO3- -N+ NO2- -N)的湿沉降总量为45.7 mmol•m-2•yr-1,其中NH4+和NO3-分别占TIN的57.0%和41.9%,遵义地区高TIN值当地氮肥的施用量和工业NOx的释放量密不可分;营养元素P的沉降量为1.97 mmol•m-2•yr-1,由于P的来源较少,促使P的湿沉降通量较低。有机酸占湿沉降总量的6%,其四季的湿沉降量顺序由高到低依次为:春>秋>冬>夏,这是有机离子的浓度和四季的降雨量共同作用的结果。根据气液平衡理论可知,挥发性有机酸(HCOO-、CH3COO-和CH3CH2COO-)的干沉降量占总沉降量的47.2%,表明遵义市有机酸沉降方式包括干湿沉降两种。因此在研究遵义市的污染物尤其是有机酸类对生态系统和城市建设的影响时,有必要同时收集气样和水样。
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华南下寒武统保存着国际著名的生物群(如澄江生物群),同时蕴藏着磷块岩、重晶石、稀土及Ni-Mo-PGE等丰富的矿产资源,因此,它一直为地质科学家们持续关注的热点之一。关于华南下寒武统的研究,前人在古生物学方面已经取得了卓著的成就,主要表现在国际权威期刊上(如期刊《Science》和《Nature》)已发表大量的关于澄江生物群的研究成果,对早期生命演化研究具有重要而广泛的影响。然而,华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面已明显滞后,公开发表的华南下寒武统的高精度、可靠的锆石U-Pb年龄数据至本研究论文截稿时止仍然仅有唯一的一个,即Jenkins et al. (2002)报道的国际前寒武系-寒武系界线层型候选剖面―云南晋宁梅树村剖面的朱家菁组中谊村段中部(第5层)钾质斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(538.2 ± 1.5 Ma)。因而,华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件缺乏地层精确年龄的约束,进而制约了早期生命演化理论、矿床成因解释及地层国际对比等方面研究的发展。 近来,发现华南下寒武统赋存独特的钾质斑脱岩层,它们在横向上广泛分布于云南东部、四川峨眉麦地坪、贵州西部(如织金和金沙岩孔)及北部(如遵义松林)、湖北宜昌泰山庙和湖南张家界等地区,在地层序列垂向上主要产出于朱家菁组中谊村段中部、石岩头组底部以及它们的相当层位。这些钾质斑脱岩既是建立地层框架等时层潜在的物质基础,亦是获取地层精确锆石U-Pb年龄的具重要意义的研究对象之一。因此,对它们进行系统研究可望改观华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面的落后现状。 同时,华南下寒武统广泛产出的磷块岩既具有重要的资源价值,另一方面,任一磷块岩层代表着一次独立的成磷事件,因而将华南地区下寒武统磷块岩进行区域上的对比研究,从而以磷块岩层作为等时层,对构建华南下寒武统地层框架具有重要的地层学意义。 此外,华南下寒武统产出的Ni-Mo多元素富集层广泛分布于扬子地台范围,西起云南东部,东部延至浙江诸暨地区,在NE-SW向延伸近1600 km,它既代 表了重要的成矿事件,亦为关键的地球化学异常层位。因此,对Ni-Mo多元素富集层进行区域上的对比研究,明确它在华南下寒武统各重要剖面的产出位置,对于构建华南下寒武统层序框架具有重要意义。 遵义松林地区的下寒武统因赋存Ni-Mo-PGE矿床及与滇东地区澄江生物群相当的遵义生物群而日益受到国内外地质学家们的广泛关注。该区牛蹄塘组底部产出磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩及Ni-Mo多元素富集层,与滇东地区梅树村剖面出露的地层具有潜在的可对比性。因此,本研究选取近年来日益受科学家们关注的遵义松林地区下寒武统作为研究对象,重点对该区牛蹄塘组底部的钾质斑脱岩开展矿物学、地球化学和年代学研究。同时,将遵义松林地区下寒武统剖面上磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩、Ni-Mo多元素富集层主要与滇东地区梅树村剖面的相应岩层进行地球化学对比研究。研究的目的在于通过对华南地区上述两条代表性的下寒武统剖面进行地层对比研究,初步构建华南下寒武统具时间、空间涵义的层序框架,从而约束华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件的时间,进一步促进华南下寒武统的划分和全球对比。论文获得以下主要结论性认识: (1)滇东地区朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩及其邻近的磷块岩可构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第一个标志层。这一标志层在贵州大部分地区(或华南地区的多数下寒武统剖面)缺失。该标志层的磷块岩稀土元素总量和Y含量高于新元古代陡山沱期磷块岩,低于遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部及其华南其它地区相当层位(石岩头组底部及戈仲伍组)的磷块岩。第一个标志层的钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为亚碱性系列的酸性岩浆,其典型特征为具有较低的Zr(变化范围144×10-6~291×10-6,平均196.4×10-6)、Nb(变化范围10×10-6~13×10-6,平均11.86×10-6)含量和较高的Zr/Nb比值(变化范围为12.63~24.24,平均值为16.55)。这一层钾质斑脱岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为538.2±1.5 Ma(Jenkins et al., 2002)。 (2)遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩分别相当于滇东地区石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩,它们构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第二个标志层。该标志层中钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆性质为中性岩浆,其碱性程度高于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆。相对于中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩,该层位的钾质斑脱岩具有高的Zr(变化范围187.0910-6~391.5710-6,平均值318.4010-6)、Nb(49.6910-6~140.0010-6,平均值90.6810-6)含量和低的Zr/Nb(2.60~4.32,平均值3.61)比值。该钾质斑脱岩的年龄为518 ± 5 Ma。该标志层的磷块岩以极其富REE和Y为特征,其稀土元素总量平均值为636.01×10-6,Y含量平均值262.43×10-6,明显高于滇东地区中谊村段磷块岩(∑REE平均值为195.45×10-6,Y含量平均值为91.2310-6),它们代表早寒武世时期一次特殊的以极其富REE和Y为特征的成磷事件。 (3)Ni-Mo多元素富集层可以作为构建华南下寒武统层序框架中的第三个等时标志层。滇东地区梅树村剖面的Ni-Mo多元素富集层被重新校正在玉案山组底部(即13层,Ni、Mo含量分别为135×10-6和583×10-6)。Ni-Mo多元素地球化学标志层的典型特征为在剖面上具Ni、Mo等多种微量元素及贵金属元素的最高异常。该标志层的Re-Os年龄为537~542 Ma,可能代表的不是地层层序的年龄。 (4)初步建立华南下寒武统时间框架。约束了华南地区下寒武统Ni-Mo-PGE矿床的下限年龄应为518 ± 5 Ma。同时,该时间框架亦约束了滇东地区澄江生物群及最古老三叶虫的下限年龄(518 ± 5 Ma),考虑到石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩的产出位置与玉案山组中部澄江生物群的产出层位存在相当的距离(大于80 m),因此,前人对澄江生物群的推测年龄(525~530 Ma)可能有些偏老。此外,初步约束了华南地区具全球对比意义的C同位素正漂移事件的年龄(538~518 Ma)。该时间框架是建立在两个相互支持的地层高精度锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的基础之上,而国际前寒武系-寒武系界线年龄的最新研究成果为542 Ma,因此,它支持将华南地区的前寒武系-寒武系界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩层(第5层)的下伏地层的方案。结合华南地区最新的地层古生物学研究成果(朱茂炎等,2001;Zhu et al., 2003),将这一界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段底界可作为一种合理的选择。
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麻阳铜矿有着悠久的开采历史,被誉为“江南第一古矿”,该矿不仅为古人提供了大量的铜资源,也是现今湖南省最大的铜矿。麻阳铜矿床位于麻阳县与辰溪县交界处,地处沅麻盆地中段,南部接近雪峰山,矿体赋存于白垩系红层砂岩中,严格受地层控制。 长期以来,雪峰山地区一直是地学界研究华南构造格局的重点地区,但沅麻盆地作为雪峰山构造带的次级构造单元受关注程度相对较低。20世纪60年代,多家单位在沅麻盆地开展铜、石油、煤、石膏普查和区域地质测量工作,先后在发现了麻阳(九曲湾)、黄双、杉木溪等12处自然铜/辉铜矿矿床(矿化点)。麻阳铜矿正式投产后,对铜矿床乃至沅麻盆地地质研究工作几乎处于停滞状态。20世纪90年代,开展的区域基础地质填图和麻阳铜矿床储量扩大的相关研究,对矿床地质描述、沉积相分析等做了进一步的工作,但对矿床地球化学所做工作甚少,对麻阳铜矿中自然铜矿化形成机理的认识还存在较大的分歧。本文在深入的野外地质工作基础上,对矿区及雪峰山地区岩石、矿石进行了细致的显微鉴定,并对矿石中各类矿物进行了详细的电子探针分析;系统分析了矿区及雪峰山地区各地质单元(地质体)的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素、同位素等地球化学特征,结合前人研究主要取得如下结论性成果: (1) 通过主、微量元素地球化学分析,确定区域上沅麻盆地及其源区沉积岩、岩浆岩都具有壳源特征,碎屑物源为活动大陆边缘及岛弧区;矿区碎屑物源区主要经历基性斜长石风化阶段,风化程度不高。 (2) 麻阳铜矿床以及盆地内其他自然铜/辉铜矿矿化点大体都产在盆地靠近雪峰山一侧,赋矿地层为晚白垩系红层,矿体具有多层性的,但严格受透水性较好的灰白色-灰绿色砂岩控制,产状与砂岩乃至红色围岩产状完全一致,无穿插现象。横向上变化沿走向发育短,倾向长且可呈树枝(鸟足)状,但矿体消失部位多为河道相砂岩相变带。矿区发育褶皱构造和同沉积以及后期与褶皱有关的多组断裂,对矿体有破坏和再富集双重作用,但地层对矿化制约更明显。 (3) 麻阳铜矿床矿区碎屑物质来源于雪峰山地区,在矿石中发现的大量原生含自然铜矿化硅质碎屑是铜的最终来源。从碎屑结构上看,这种含铜碎屑与沉积硅质岩相似,但自然铜的铅同位素组成暗示铜的来源与白马山岩体印支期花岗岩、花岗闪长岩关系密切,而明显不同于雪峰山地区出露的前寒武系变质岩以及寒武系黑色页岩(二者都含有硅质岩夹层),因此推断,含铜碎屑可能是与白马山岩体印支期花岗岩、花岗闪长岩活动有关的热水或热液产物。盆地成矿的铜,少部分由机械搬运以碎屑形式搬运至沉积区,并受原地淋滤;绝大部分可能是在风化区溶解由流水(地表水或地下水)带入沉积盆地。 (4) 外来的铜在生物硫富集的层位,与硫结合形成辉铜矿矿化。绝大部分铜在缺硫环境下,因成矿流体物化条件的变化快速沉积形成自然铜矿化。主矿化期发生在沉积期,成矿环境为低温、弱还原条件,流体为含硫酸根、氯离子的高盐度流体,有机质在成矿过程中可能起到一定的作用。 (5) 麻阳铜矿床主成矿期矿化形成后,矿体受同沉积及后期断裂的改造,在断裂附近形成矿化再富集,同沉积及后期断裂中都发现热液特征的石膏、自然铜脉,说明断裂活动时的热液作用对矿床有改造作用。 (6) 虽然麻阳铜矿床具有矿物组合、矿物产出的特殊性,但其成矿过程可能是特定的物化条件下的简单模式:风化-搬运-沉淀-改造。