990 resultados para 8-74


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An 8 × 8 pipelined parallel multiplier which uses the Dadda scheme is presented. The multiplier has been implemented in a 3-μm n-well CMOS process with two layers of metal using a standard cell automatic placement and routing program. The design uses a form of pipelined carry look-ahead adder in the final stage of summation, thus providing a significant contribution to the high performance of the multiplier. The design is expected to operate at a clock frequency of at least 50 MHz and has a flush time of seven clock cycles. The design illustrates a possible method of implementing an irregular architecture in VLSI using multiple levels of low-resistance, low-capacitance interconnect and automated layout techniques.

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本文以跨越漫长地质历史时期的银杏类植物为研究对象,首次尝试在大的时间尺度上利用单一植物类群的气孔频度估测古大气CO2浓度的变化趋势。 一、借助多种研究手段对现代银杏(Ginkgo biloba)和9种化石银杏的叶表皮特征进行调查,并对现代银杏叶片蜡质晶体的形态结构和气孔发育过程进行了研究。应用荧光显微镜观察晚三叠世一种拜拉植物的角质层特征,根据其气孔下生型和平直的表皮细胞垂周壁等特点建 立新种—宁蒗拜拉(Baiera ninglangensis sp. nov.)。 二、在大气CO2浓度相对稳定的条件下,对不同条件下(不同季节,长短枝间,不同冠层间,不同叶片面积,雌雄树间)银杏叶片气孔密度和气孔指数的调查结果表明,其它环境因子对银杏气孔频度的影响很有限,而且通过一定的采样、测量和分析策略,可以排除其他环境和生物因子对气孔特征的影响。 三、74年间,大气CO2浓度上升55μmol•mol-1的同时,银杏的气孔密度降低了27%。而3属8种中生代和新生代银杏类植物在9个时间点的气孔密度和气孔指数都低于现存最近对应种的值,意味着当时的大气CO2浓度都高于目前的水平。根据最新评估标准,以气孔比率定量估算各个地质时代的大气CO2浓度,与前人的工作以及通过地球物理化学方法获得的显生宙大气CO2浓度进行比较。

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本文对山旺中新世孢粉植物群进行了详细的研究。在22,95米厚的山旺硅藻土剖面上系统地采集了130块孢粉样品,样品之间的采样距离为10-30厘米。鉴定出孢粉类型111种。以此为基础,对山旺碰藻土沉积期间的古气候和古生态进行了高分辨率定量的恢复和重建。 根据每种孢粉类型的生物地层信息,山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成的时代为中中新世。这个年龄值也与同位素测年的结果16.78-14.11 Ma,以及根据哺乳动物划分的生物地层带MN4-MN5相一致。 运用共存分析法定量重建了山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成时的各项气候参数的定量值。所包括的10个古气候参数值分别为: 年平均温度(MAT) 15.6-17.2ºC,最冷月平均温度(TCM)5.0-6.6 0 C,最热月平均温度(TWM) 24.6-27.8 ºC,温度的年较差( TD) 20. 0-25.5 0 C,年平均降雨量(MAP) 1162-1308mm,最热月份的平均降雨量( PwarmM)108-lllmm,最湿月份的平均降雨量(PwetM) 148-180mm,最干月份的平均降雨量(PDM) 16-59mm,最干及最 湿月份降雨量的差值(DP) 81-153mm,平均相对湿度(RH) 72-74%,共存分析的结果表明,在整个22.95米厚的研究剖面上,从底部到顶部的古植物群形成期间的古气候有一个轻微的波动,其中年平均温度的波动范围大约在3度左右,最热月平均温度的波动范围在l度左右, 最冷月平均温度的波动范围在4度左右, 年平均降雨量的波动范围在100毫米左右。 山旺中新世时的气候应属于Koppen's的“Cfa”气候类型,与现今武汉与芜湖地区的气候相似。 与现代山旺地区气候上的区别主要在于年平均降雨量、降雨量的分配,以及最冷月份的平均温度。 通过应用多元分析的方法,对山旺中新世时期的植被进行了重建。山旺中新世时期的古植被为“混交中生林”,在研究剖面从底部到顶部的时间轴上,“混交中生林”经历了“湿润环境下的混交中生林”,“干旱环境下的混交中生林”,“湿润湖岸环境下的混交中生林”,“山地、湿润及碱性环境下的混交中生林”,和“碱性环境下的混交中生林”等5个阶段的变化。山旺剖面所代表的山旺湖周围的地形在断裂构造运动的控制下,也经历了一系列的变化。

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引言概述了岩蕨类植物自林奈以来的研究简史,承认岩蕨科是一个独立的科。 报道了国产岩蕨类植物9种两变种的染色体数目,其中深波岩蕨n=41、心岩蕨n=e80、密毛岩蕨n=82、毛盖岩蕨n=164、蜘蛛岩蕨n=164、膀胱蕨n=66和滇蕨n=74是第一次报道。岩蕨属染色体基数为4 1,有的种非整倍体缩减至39或3 8;膀胱蕨属x=3 3和滇蕨属x=74。四倍体或八倍体水平的多倍体共有13个种。 描述了原叶体的发育方式,成熟配子体的特征以及成熟孢子体的解剖结构和形态特征。讨论科以下水平的系统演化和种间亲缘关系,基本采用Wagnor(1961)的数值法,选取了11个易观察的,有变化又相对稳定的性状,在等距直线图上划出了岩蕨科的系统演化模型。 本文将岩蕨属分为岩蕨亚属和头状毛岩蕨亚属。岩蕨亚属分三个组按原始到进化排列:毛盖岩蕨组、岩蕨组和耳羽岩蕨组。毛盖岩蕨组的甘南岩蕨是本科最为原始的种,根据现有染色体数目资科和解剖学资料分析,岩蕨科植物可能起源于里白科植物祖先,演化成现代岩蕨属和膀胱蕨属两大分支。 着重描述并分析了未报道过或概念含混的问题例如:不同类型的叶轴解剖结构在个体发育上的差异,维管系统的类型;叶柄关节的解剖和不同类型以及毛状体的类型等。讨论了多倍体方式进化与种系发生问题,滇蕨、高山岩蕨、心岩蕨和蜘蛛岩蕨可能是异源多倍体,它们可能的形成途径。

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This cruise report is a summary of a field survey conducted along a portion of the U.S. continental shelf in northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), at navigable depths along the coastline seaward to the shelf break (~100m) from about 89°30' W to 95°28' W longitude, August 8 – 16, 2011 on NOAA Ship Nancy Foster Cruise NF-11-07-RACOW. Synoptic sampling of multiple ecological indicators was conducted at each of 34 stations throughout these waters using a random probabilistic sampling design. The original study design consisted of 50 stations extending from the Mississippi delta all the way to the U.S./Mexican border, but vessel failures precluded sampling at 16 stations within the western-most portion of the study area. At each station samples were collected for the analysis of benthic community structure and composition; concentrations of chemical contaminants in sediments and target demersal biota; sediment toxicity; nutrient and chlorophyll levels in the water column; and other basic habitat characteristics such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, sediment grain size, and organic carbon content. Other indicators, from a human-dimension perspective, were also recorded, including presence of vessels, oil rigs, surface trash, visual oil sheens in sediments or water, marine mammals, or noxious/oily sediment odors. The overall purpose of the survey was to collect data to assess the status of ecosystem condition and potential stressor impacts throughout the region, based on these various indicators and corresponding management thresholds, and to provide this information as a baseline for determining how such conditions may be changing with time. While sample analysis is still ongoing, some preliminary results and observations are reported here. A final report will be completed once all data have been processed.