Skhematicheskai︠a︡ karta Feodisiǐskogo i Kerchenskogo raǐonov Kr.A.S.S.R.

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Growth analysis and biomass partitioning of Cyperus iria in response to rice planting density and nitrogen rate

Cyperus iria is a weed of rice with widespread occurrence throughout the world. Because of concerns about excessive and injudicious use of herbicides, cultural weed management approaches that are safe and economical are needed. Developing such approaches will require a better understanding of weed biology and ecology, as well as of weed response to increases in crop density and nutrition. Knowledge of the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on crop-weed competitive interactions could also help in the development of integrated weed management strategies. The present study was conducted in a screenhouse to determine the effects of rice planting density (0, 5, 10, and 20 plants pot−1) and N rate (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1) on the growth of C. iria. Tiller number per plant decreased by 73–88%, leaf number by 85–94%, leaf area by 85–98%, leaf biomass by 92–99%, and inflorescence biomass by 96–99% when weed plants were grown at 20 rice plants pot−1 (i.e., 400 plants m−2) compared with weed plants grown alone. All of these parameters increased when N rates were increased. On average, weed biomass increased by 118–389% and rice biomass by 121–275% with application of 50–150 kg N ha−1, compared to control. Addition of N favored weed biomass production relative to rice biomass. Increased N rates reduced the root-to-shoot weight ratio of C. iria. Rice interference reduced weed growth and biomass and completely suppressed C. iria when no N was applied at high planting densities (i.e., 20 plants pot−1). The weed showed phenotypic plasticity in response to N application, and the addition of N increased the competitive ability of the weed over rice at densities of 5 and 10 rice plants pot−1 compared with 20 plants pot−1. The results of the present study suggest that high rice density (i.e., 400 plants m−2) can help suppress C. iria growth even at high N rates (150 kg ha−1).

Large-scale expansion of no-take closures within the Great Barrier Reef has not enhanced fishery production

A rare opportunity to test hypotheses about potential fishery benefits of large-scale closures was initiated in July 2004 when an additional 28.4% of the 348 000 km2 Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region of Queensland, Australia was closed to all fishing. Advice to the Australian and Queensland governments that supported this initiative predicted these additional closures would generate minimal (10%) initial reductions in both catch and landed value within the GBR area, with recovery of catches becoming apparent after three years. To test these predictions, commercial fisheries data from the GBR area and from the two adjacent (non-GBR) areas of Queensland were compared for the periods immediately before and after the closures were implemented. The observed means for total annual catch and value within the GBR declined from pre-closure (2000–2003) levels of 12 780 Mg and Australian $160 million, to initial post-closure (2005–2008) levels of 8143 Mg and $102 million; decreases of 35% and 36% respectively. Because the reference areas in the non-GBR had minimal changes in catch and value, the beyond-BACI (before, after, control, impact) analyses estimated initial net reductions within the GBR of 35% for both total catch and value. There was no evidence of recovery in total catch levels or any comparative improvement in catch rates within the GBR nine years after implementation. These results are not consistent with the advice to governments that the closures would have minimal initial impacts and rapidly generate benefits to fisheries in the GBR through increased juvenile recruitment and adult spillovers. Instead, the absence of evidence of recovery in catches to date currently supports an alternative hypothesis that where there is already effective fisheries management, the closing of areas to all fishing will generate reductions in overall catches similar to the percentage of the fished area that is closed.

Gas-crystal photoreaction: the structures of 4,4'-dimethoxy(thiobenzophenone) (I), C15H14O2S, and 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone (II), C17H20N2S

(I): M r = 258.34, triclinic, Pi, a = 9.810 (3), b=9.635(3), e=15.015(4)A, a=79.11(2), #= 102.38 (3), y = 107.76 (3) o, V= 1308.5 A 3, Z = 4, Din= 1.318 (3) (by flotation in KI solution), D x = 1.311 g cm -3, Cu Ka, 2 = 1.5418/~, g = 20-05 cm -1, F(000) = 544, T---- 293 K, R = 0.074 for 2663 reflections. (II): M r = 284.43, monoclinic, P2~/c, a= 17.029 (5), b=6.706 (5), c= 14.629 (4), t= 113.55 (2) ° , V=1531.4A 3, Z=4, Dm=1.230(5) (by flotation in KI solution), Dx= 1.234gem -3, Mo Ka, 2 = 0.7107 A, g = 1.63 cm-1; F(000) = 608, T= 293 K, R = 0.062 for 855 reflections. The orientation of the C=S chromophores in the crystal lattice and their reactivity in the crystalline state are discussed. The C--S bonds are much shorter than the normal bond length [1.605 (4) (I), 1.665 (8) A (II) cf. 1.71 A].

L-Tyrosyl-L-glutarnie Acid Monohydrate, C14H18N206.H20

Mr=328.32, triclinic, P1, a=5.801 (1), b=7.977(1), c=9.110(2)A, ~t=102.33 (1), fl= 97.92 (1), y= 109.82 (1) °, v= 377.2 (1) A 3 at 293 K, Z=I, D x=1.45, D m=1.45 g cm -3, 2(MoKs)= 0.7107 A, ~ = 0.74 cm -1, F(000) = 174.0. R = 0.046 for 990 unique observed [F o > 4O(Fo)] reflections. The crystal structure is stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding involving all N and O atoms.

High-throughput Phenotyping of Wheat Seminal Root Traits in a Breeding Context

Water availability is a major limiting factor for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rain-fed agricultural systems worldwide. Root architecture has important functional implications for the timing and extent of soil water extraction, yet selection for root traits in wheat breeding programs has been largely limited due to the lack of suitable phenotyping methods. The aim of this research was to develop a low-cost high-throughput phenotyping method to facilitate selection for desirable root traits. We developed a method to assess ‘seminal root angle’ and ‘seminal root number’ in seedlings – two proxy traits associated to root architecture of mature wheat plants (1). The method involves measuring the angle between the first pair of seminal roots and the number of roots of wheat seedlings grown in transparent pots (Figure 1). Images captured at 5 to 10 days after sowing are analyzed to calculate seminal root angle and number. Performing this technique under “speed breeding” conditions (plants grown at a density of 600 plants / m2, under controlled temperature and constant light) allows the selection based on the desired root traits of up to 5 consecutive generations within 12 months. Alternatively, when focusing only on germplasm screening, up to 52 successive phenotypic assays can be conducted within 12 months. This approach has been shown to be highly reproducible, it requires little resource (time, space, and labour) and can be used to rapidly enrich breeding populations with desirable alleles for narrow root angle and a high number of seminal roots to indirectly target the selection of deeper root system with higher branching at depth. Such root characteristics are highly desirable in wheat to cope with the climate model projections, especially in summer rainfall dominant regions including some Australian, Indian, South American and African cropping regions, where winter crops mainly rely on deep stored water.

A fast method of comparing protein structures

Comparative studies on protein structures form an integral part of protein crystallography. Here, a fast method of comparing protein structures is presented. Protein structures are represented as a set of secondary structural elements. The method also provides information regarding preferred packing arrangements and evolutionary dynamics of secondary structural elements. This information is not easily obtained from previous methods. In contrast to those methods, the present one can be used only for proteins with some secondary structure. The method is illustrated with globin folds, cytochromes and dehydrogenases as examples.

Generalised quaternion methods in conformal geometry

A new approach to Penrose's twistor algebra is given. It is based on the use of a generalised quaternion algebra for the translation of statements in projective five-space into equivalent statements in twistor (conformal spinor) space. The formalism leads toSO(4, 2)-covariant formulations of the Pauli-Kofink and Fierz relations among Dirac bilinears, and generalisations of these relations.

Co2 emissions and income trajectory in Australia: The role of technological change

This study investigates the relationship between per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and per capita GDP in Australia, while controlling for technological state as measured by multifactor productivity and export of black coal. Although technological progress seems to play a critical role in achieving long term goals of CO2 reduction and economic growth, empirical studies have often considered time trend to proxy technological change. However, as discoveries and diffusion of new technologies may not progress smoothly with time, the assumption of a deterministic technological progress may be incorrect in the long run. The use of multifactor productivity as a measure of technological state, therefore, overcomes the limitations and provides practical policy directions. This study uses recently developed bound-testing approach, which is complemented by Johansen- Juselius maximum likelihood approach and a reasonably large sample size to investigate the cointegration relationship. Both of the techniques suggest that cointegration relationship exists among the variables. The long-run and short-run coefficients of CO2 emissions function is estimated using ARDL approach. The empirical findings in the study show evidence of the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve type relationship for per capita CO2 emissions in the Australian context. The technology as measured by the multifactor productivity, however, is not found as an influencing variable in emissionsincome trajectory.

Map of the Staro-Shvet︠s︡ka colony

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Tuomari virkamiehenä : Tuomarin asemaa koskevat valtiosääntöoikeudelliset periaatteet ja niiden virkamiesoikeudelliset takeet

Keskeisin tuomarin asemaa koskeva valtiosääntöoikeudellinen periaate on tuomiovallan riippumattomuuden periaate PL 3 §:n 3 momentissa. Tuomarin riippumattomuudella tavoitellaan erityisesti päätöksenteon riippumattomuutta nimenomaan yksilöiden ja yhteisöjen oikeusturvan takaamiseksi. Riippumattomuusvaatimuksen on todettu kattavan erityisesti yksittäisiin lainkäyttöasioihin puuttumisen ja normien tulkinnan. Tuomiovallan riippumattomuuden periaate valtiosääntöperiaatteena suojaa toisaalta tuomioistuinten ratkaisutoimintaa suhteessa toimeenpano- ja lainsäädäntövaltaan, mutta vastaavasti asettaa rajoituksia myös tuomiovallan puuttumiselle lainsäädäntö- ja hallintotehtäviin. Tuomiovallan riippumattomuus on periaatteena melko abstrakti; samoin kuin sitä koskeva perussäännös PL 3 §:n 3 momentissa, mutta periaatetta täsmentävät erityisesti PL 21 §:ssä säädetty perusoikeus sekä useat PL 9 luvun säännökset (PL 98–103 §). Tuomioistuinten riippumattomuus on liitettävissä erityisesti oikeudenmukaisen oikeudenkäynnin vaatimuksiin kansainvälisissä ihmisoikeussopimuksissa ja niitä koskevaan tulkintakäytäntöön. Kysymys on tällöin erityisesti luottamuksesta tuomioistuinten puolueettomuuteen eikä merkitystä ole annettu esimerkiksi vallanjaon periaatteelle sinänsä. YK:n ihmisoikeuskomitea on myös todennut, että riippumattomuuden vaatimus on pakottava. Eduskunnan perustuslakivaliokunnan PL 3 §:n 3 momenttia koskevissa tulkintakannanotoissa on todettu, että riippumattomuuden kannalta ongelmallista oli mm. veroviranomaisen mahdollisuus korvata tuomioistuimen ratkaisu omalla päätöksellään ja siten välillisesti muuttaa tuomioistuimen ratkaisua. Toisaalta PL 3 §:n kanssa ristiriidassa oli sääntely, jossa viranomaisen toimivallassa oli päättää, onko ylemmän oikeusasteen myöhemmällä ratkaisulla prejudikaattiarvoa suhteessa alemman tuomioistuimen päätökseen. Tuomioistuinten riippumattomuuden kannalta ei ole asianmukaista myöskään määritellä tuomioistuimelle menettelyllisiä vaatimuksia tai rajoituksia, jotka puuttuisivat oikeudenmukaisen oikeudenkäynnin edellytyksiin. Myös tuomarin asemaa turvaavat muut perustuslaintasoiset järjestelyt (tuomarin erityistä virassapysymisoikeutta koskeva säännös PL 103 §:ssä ja erityinen nimittämisjärjestelmä PL 58 §:ssä ja 102 §:ssä) johtuvat ennen muuta tuomiovallan riippumattomuuden periaatteesta. Tuomarin asema virkamiehenä on muita virkamiehiä turvatumpi PL 103 §:n säännöksen johdosta ja virkasuhteen pysyvyyden vaatimuksella voidaan perustella myös tuomareita koskevia virkamiesoikeudellisia erityisjärjestelyitä. Yksittäinen tuomari on tuomitsemistehtävässään riippumaton myös päällikkötuomarista. Häneen voidaan kuitenkin kohdistaa työnjohdollisia toimenpiteitä. Riippumattomuus ei myöskään suojaa tuomarin henkilökohtaisia näkemyksiä viranhoidon vaatimuksista esimerkiksi virkatehtävien toimittamisen tapaa, järjestystä ja niihin käytettävää aikaa koskevissa kysymyksissä. Valtion virkamieslakiin (750/1994) tulossa olevan muutoksen jälkeen (HE 33/2008 vp.) tuomarille voitaisiin antaa myös virkamieslain 24 §:n mukainen kirjallinen varoitus. Varoituksen antaminen ei kuitenkaan voi perustua näkemyseroihin laintulkinnasta vaan että sen perusteena tulee olla yksinomaan virkavelvollisuuksien laiminlyöminen tai muu niiden vastainen toiminta. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Valtiosääntöoikeus, virkamiesoikeus, perustuslaki, valtion virkamieslaki, tuomioistuinlaitos, tuomioistuimet, tuomarit, riippumattomuus, virassapysymisoikeus Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information

Characteristics of Proportional Weirs

A theorem termed the Geometrical Continuity Theorem is enunciated and proven. This theorem throws light on the aspects of the continuity of the proportional portion with the base weir portion. These two portions constitute the profile of a proportional weir. A weir of this type with circular bottom is designed. The theorem is used to establish the continuity at the junction of the proportional and the base weir portions of this weir. The coordinates of the weir profile are obtained by numerical methods and are furnished in tabular form for ready use by designers. The discharge passing through the weir is a linear function of the head. The verification of the assumed linear discharge-head relation is furnished for one of the three weirs with which experiments were conducted. The coefficient of discharge for this typical weir is found to be a constant with a value of 0.59.

Townsend's First Ionization Coefficients and Sparking Potentials in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields

Townsend's first ionization coefficients have been measured in corssed electric and magnetic fields for values of B/p ranging from 0.013 TESLA. TORR-1 to 0.064 TESLA.TORR-1 and for 103 x 102¿ E/p 331 x 102 V.M-1. TORR-1 in oxygen and for 122 x 102¿ E/pÂ488 x 102 V.M-1.TORR-1 for dry air. The values of effective collision frequencies determined from the equivalent pressure (pe) concept generally increase with E/p at constant B/p and decrease with increasing B/p at constant E/p. Effective collision frequencies determined from measured sparking potentials at high values of E/p increase with decreasing E/pe. The drift velocity and mean energy of electrons in oxygen in crossed electric and magnetic fields have been derived.

'Take away from the dry sixties style marking': Lecturer and student perceptions and experiences of audio feedback

Providing audio feedback to assessment is relatively uncommon in higher education. However, published research suggests that it is preferred over written feedback by students but lecturers were less convinced. The aim of this paper is to examine further these findings in the context of a third year business ethics unit. Data was collected from two sources. The first is a series of in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with three lecturers providing audio feeback for the first time in Semester One 2011. The second source of data was drawn from the university student evaluation system. A total of 363 responses were used providing 'before' and 'after' perspectives about the effectiveness of audio feedback versus written feedback. Between 2005 and 2009 the survey data provided information about student attitudes to written assessment feedback (n=261). From 2010 onwards the data relates to audio (mp3) feedback (n=102). The analysis of he interview data indicated that introducing audio feedback should be done with care. The perception of the participating lecturers was mixed, ranging from sceptism to outright enthusiasm, but over time the overall approach became positive. It was found that particular attention needs to be paid to small (but important) technical details, and lecturers need to be convinced of its effectieness, especially that it is not necessarily more time consuming than providing written feedback. For students, the analysis revealed a clear preference for audio feedback. It is concluded that there is cause for concern and reason for optimism. It is a cause for concern because there is a possibility that scepticism on the part of academic staff seems to be based on assumptions about what students prefer and a concern about using the technology. There is reason for optimism because the evidence points towards students preferring audio feedback and as academic staff become more familiar with the technology the scepticism tends to evaporate. While this study is limited in scope, questions are raised about tackling negative staff perceptions of audio feedback that are worthy of further research.

Fungal flora of rice field soils

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the fungal flora of rice field soils yielded 102 species of fungi belonging to 44 genera, when dilution plate, soil plate, root-washing and baiting techniques were employed. The order of efficacy of the methods used was: root-washing > soil plate > dilution plate > baiting. Baiting method, used specifically to isolate aquatic and keratinophilic fungi from soils was studied in detail with reference to the former. Qualitatively, corn leaf bait was the most efficient one while pine pollens and hemp seeds were least efficient. A semi-quantitative method was employed to study the statistically significant differences among the different factors used. Among the keratinophilic baits,viz., human hair, fowl’s feather and wool, wool bait was least efficient. The results of this investigation are discussed.