Filogeografia e evolução molecular de lagostas sapateiras (Scyllarides spp.) da América do Sul

Nos últimos anos, duas espécies de lagostas sapateiras, Scyllarides brasiliensis e S. deceptor, vêm se destacando nos desembarques pesqueiros de lagostas do Atlântico Sul Ocidental. Para espécies comercialmente importantes, o desenvolvimento de estudos que permitam conhecer a variabilidade e entender a dinâmica populacional é fundamental. Assim, o objetivo do primeiro capítulo desta tese foi avaliar a diversidade genética e a estrutura populacional dessas duas lagostas ao longo de aprox. 2.800 km da costa da América do Sul. Para as análises, foram empregados marcadores mitocondriais (citocromo oxidase I: COI; e a região controle: RC) e marcadores nucleares (13 loci de microssatélites desenvolvidos nesta tese). As duas espécies apresentaram altos níveis de variabilidade (S. deceptor: N = 200, mtDNA: h > 0,841, π > 0,005; microssatélites: He = 0,685; S. brasiliensis: N = 211, He = 0,554), distribuídos homogeneamente entre as localidades (S. deceptor: ΦST < -0,004, ΦCT < 0,016, FST global = 0,001, Dest global = 0,003, FCT < 0,002, P > 0,05, K = 1; S. brasiliensis: FST global = 0,004, Dest global = 0,001, FCT < 0,004, P > 0,05, K = 1). A ausência de estruturação nas duas espécies pode estar relacionada a características biológicas que promovem a conectividade entre localidades geograficamente distantes, como alta fecundidade e alto potencial de dispersão das larvas planctônicas. Além disso, os dados mitocondriais sugerem que a história demográfica de S. deceptor foi marcada por eventos de expansão populacionais e geográficos possivelmente relacionados às condições ambientais favoráveis dos episódios interglaciais do Pleistoceno Médio-Tardio. Diversos estudos têm mostrado que os fenômenos de inserção de regiões mitocondriais no DNA nuclear (NuMts) e heteroplasmia limitam a correta amplificação e identificação dos marcadores mitocondriais. Em estudos filogenéticos e de genética de populações, a presença inadvertida de sequências de diversas origens viola o principio de ortologia, o que pode resultar em inferências evolutivas erradas. Assim, o objetivo do segundo capítulo desta tese foi identificar e caracterizar os possíveis NuMts e sequências heteroplásmicas de três regiões mitocondriais (COI, RC e o gene da subunidade maior do RNA ribossomal: 16S) em quatro espécies do gênero Scyllarides (S. aequinoctialis, S. brasiliensis, S. deceptor e S. delfosi). A clonagem e sequenciamento de extratos de DNA genômico e DNA enriquecido com mtDNA revelaram que os genomas destas espécies podem exibir NuMts (que divergem entre 0,6 e 17,6% do mtDNA) e heteroplasmia (que divergem < 0,2% do mtDNA prevalente). Os NuMts surgiram possivelmente de vários eventos independentes de integração ao núcleo ao longo da história evolutiva do gênero Scyllarides. Dependendo do seu grau de similaridade com o mtDNA, a presença de NuMts nas análises filogenéticas no nível de gênero pode causar superestimativa do número de espécies e alterações nos comprimentos dos ramos e nas relações filogenéticas entre espécies.

玉米高产优质生产中若干生理生态问题的研究

玉米（Zea mays L.）是我国十分重要粮食、饲料和工业原料作物，种植区域覆盖我国大部分农业区。随着玉米品种改良和新栽培技术的应用，我国玉米产量大幅度增加。自1950s以来，我国玉米产量递增幅度为126kg/hm2/yr。在玉米产量提高过程中，单叶光合作用与产量之间存在什么样的关系？当代玉米品种的品质和养分利用效率如何？高密度种植条件下是否存在“根系拥挤”及如何调控等。为探讨上述科学问题，本研究选择中国北方常见的大田玉米品种，在高肥力自然光照条件下，探讨玉米高产优质栽培过程中生理生态特征的变化趋势，以指导科学育种和栽培。主要研究结果如下： 　　1）光合与产量的演变我国 1950s、1970s、1990s等不同年代推广的玉米品种中，当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长，光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长，与光合有关的蒸腾速率（E.）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci.）、气孔导度（gs）等也有较大改良，中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期，当代品种具有更高的光合优势。老品种饱和光合速率(Psat)在灌浆期下降，并非RuBPCase 和PEPCase的活性降低，而是由于叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量的降低。在花后期间，由于PS2功能的下降，造成了光合能力下降，而现代品种的PS2 功能在衰老前一致保持旺盛状态。 　　老品种光合特征对缺氮的反应表现更敏感。花后缺氮光合作用下降是非气孔限制的，因为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度没有发生明显的变化。其主要原因是缺素造成老品种叶片早衰，叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、PEP羧化酶活性下降。现代品种表现较强的抗衰老能力，其N素利用效用高于老品种。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。 　　随玉米品种更替，群体光合速率增强，群体光合衰减率降低，呼吸消耗所占总光合的百分率下降。灌浆期当代品种中下部叶片的群体光合速率明显高于老品种。种植密度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主要因素，在高中低三种密度条件下，当代品种均有较高的群体光合速率，表现出耐密性强、适应性广、源足库大、产量高的特点。 　　2）高油玉米的产量受到叶源大小和叶源活力的双重限制在 1.5 株/m2密度下，与普通玉米相比较，高油玉米单株籽粒产量显著低于普通玉米，产量构成中穗粒数差异不显著，千粒重较低（P＜0.01）;两类型玉米的单株库容量相当，高油玉米籽粒灌浆速率小，籽粒充实度低，单粒重对叶源相对减少（剪叶）或相对增多（疏库）的反应比普通玉米更为敏感，其产量受到同化产物供应（叶源）相对不足的限制。高油玉米授粉后的叶面积、叶面积持续期小，叶片含氮量和光合速率较低，说明高油玉米的产量受到叶源活力（光合速率）小和叶源数量少的双重限制。 　　3）我国北方玉米品种的个体产量潜力、氮素利用效率及籽粒与秸秆粗蛋白质含量在充分发挥个体生产潜力的低密度条件下，我国北方1990s 以来大面积种植的50个玉米主栽品种中，个体产量潜力和氮素利用效率高度正相关(P=0.01)，而子粒千粒重与NUE 呈显著性负相关(P=0.002)。对玉米产量和氮素利用效率进行分层聚类，可将北方玉米品种划分为高产高NUE 型、低产低NUE 型和中间型，高产高NUE 型玉米品种相对较少，仅占24%。籽粒粗蛋白质含量（CPC）与秸秆CPC 相关性不显著（P＞0.05）。对籽粒和秸秆的CPC 进行分层聚类，将北方玉米品种划分为籽粒高秸秆低型、籽粒与秸秆双低型和籽粒与秸秆双高型，CPC 双高型品种相对较少，仅占20%。 　　4）玉米根系拥挤效应对产量影响的生理生态机制及其调控随玉米品种更替根系的空间分布呈“横向紧缩，纵向延伸”的特点。当代三类型玉米根系分布特性与株型、穗型相关。紧凑型品种根系分布深，下层根系所占比率大，适合密植，群体产量潜力大;平展大穗型品种根量多，分布较浅，在低密度下可获得较高的个体生产力，但不适合密植，群体产量潜力小。 　　“根系拥挤”显著影响玉米产量，减小根系横向伸展空间，下层土壤中的根系分配比率增多。在地上部充分生长条件下，紧凑型品种横向空间为30-50cm即可满足要求，平展型品种大于50cm;紧凑型品种对纵向空间受限制的反应更为敏感，平展型品种对横向空间受限制的反应更为敏感。“根系拥挤”影响根系活性、分布、氮素吸收利用和花后光合与14C同化物的分配。 　　在根系受限制条件下，增施肥料产量提高，根系总重增加，增加了根系在深层土壤（60-100cm）中的根系比率，显著增加了根系的TTC 还原量、SOD、CAT、POD活性。土壤加沙，根量减少，但根系TTC 还原量增加、产量提高，提高幅度以大穗型品种更为显著。 　　随种植密度增加耕层根系密度与群体产量同步增大，各类品种均在最高根系密度下获得最高产量。根系负荷的籽粒产量潜力三类型品种存在极大差异，在一定范围内增大种植密度，根系伸展空间减小，群体产量提高，紧凑大穗型品种产量最高，品种的耐密性是限制根系负荷籽粒产量潜力的主导因素。因此，培育株型紧凑、耐密性强、大穗玉米良种，采取有效的调控措施是玉米进一步高产的主攻方向。 　　5）我国夏玉米高产田的培创理论研究与实践相结合，2005 年在我国华北地区的山东莱州培创出籽粒实产21 042.9kg/hm2 （ 14% 含水量， 实收面积=45.7m×15.9m=726.63m2）的夏玉米高产纪录。主要采用以增加密度为保障的“群体结构性挖潜”和以提高整齐度为保障的“个体功能性挖潜”途径，生理生态指标包括：选用紧凑抗倒耐密植品种DH3719，种植密度102 030 株/hm2，收获密度98 610 株/hm2，花后具有较长的叶面积高值持续期，达60d以上，叶面积指数最大为6.53，收获2.59。上部叶片光合值对外界光强度变化敏感，其光合峰值出现时间提前，而后迅速衰减;中部叶片光合值的降低较慢，下部叶片变幅最小，可能是长期处于争光环境表现出的生态适应性。粒叶比0.32，经济系数0.542，单株产量216g，千粒重375.1g。

Allozyme variation in four hatchery populations of Thai pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus in Bogra, Bangladesh

Genetic variation of four hatchery stocks of Thai pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmu [sic] of Bogra region, Bangladesh was studied from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2003. Muscle samples were collected for allozyme analysis from four (Bhai-Bhai, Jahangir, Belal and Bhai-Bon) different hatchery populations. For allozyme electrophoresis, eight enzymes were used and 11 loci viz. Adh-1*, Est-1*, GJpdh-1*, Gpi-1*, Gpi-2*, Jdhp-1*, Ldh-1*, Ldh-2*, Mdh-1*, Mdh-2*and Pgm* were identified, of which three loci (Est-1*, Gpi-2*, G3pdh-1 and Pgm*) were polymorphic in all the four populations. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci per population and the mean proportion of heterozygous loci per individual was 36.36% and 13.33, respectively for all the population studied. The highest variability measured by the mean number of alleles per locus was 1.545 in Bhai-Bon hatchery population. Based on Nei's (1972) genetic distance, the dendrogram (UPGMA) shows that four populations have made two clusters by D-value (D=0.043). Bhai-Bhai and Jahangir hatchery populations have made cluster-I, and Belal Uddin and Bhai-Bon hatchery populations formed cluster-II. Among the four populations, BhaiBhai and Jahangir hatchery populations were differentiated from each other by the D-value of 0.013, and Belal Uddin and Bhai-Bon populations were differentiated from each other by the D-value of 0.002, which suggests that the four populations may be fallen into the local population or race.

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE CHINESE PANGOLIN (MANIS-PENTADACTYLA) - INFERRED FROM RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNAS

Two different forms of Chinese pangolins can be recognized according to the color of their scales, i.e., brown and dusky. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) purified from the livers of seven dusky and six brown Chinese pangolins from the same locality, using cleavage patterns from 19 restriction enzymes. From the 19 6-bp recognition enzymes used, 51-56 sites were observed. By combining the cleavage patterns for each enzyme, the 13 samples were classified into four restriction types: two in dusky and two in brown Chinese pangolins. The estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site in dusky and brown types is 0.002, and that between dusky and brown types is 0.012. Divergence between brown and dusky forms began 0.6 Myr ago, provided the mean rate of sequence divergence is 0.02 per Myr in mtDNA. Our results suggest that there is considerable divergence in Chinese pangolins, and brown and dusky Chinese pangolins may be quite different forms or, at least, belong to different maternal groups.

树突状细胞在AIDS灵长类动物模型疾病进程中的作用

非人灵长类动物模型在艾滋病(AIDS)发病机制、传播途径、疫苗和药物等方面的研究中具有重要作用。树突状细胞(DC)作为最重要连接先天免疫与获得性免疫的抗原递呈细胞,在AIDS发病进程中扮演着重要的角色。研究非人灵长类AIDS动物模型中DC亚群数量、表型以及功能的变化,对揭示AIDS发病机制具有十分重要的意义。该文将重点总结近些年来DC亚群在AIDS动物模型发病机制中的作用研究进展,为以后的研究提供思路。

The Influence of Age and Sex on the Cell Counts of Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Subpopulations in Chinese Rhesus Macaques

Non-human primates such as Chinese rhesus macaques are the favorable models for preclinical study of potential therapeutic drugs, vaccines and mechanisms of human diseases. Little is known about the normal levels of leukocyte subpopulations of Chinese rhe

Phenotype and Function of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells from Chinese Rhesus Macaques

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in linking the innate immunity and acquired immunity in responses to pathogen. Non-human primates such as Chinese Rhesus Macaque (CRM) are the favorable models for preclinical study of potential therapeutic drugs,

Effects of supplemental feed and fertilizer on growth and survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) post larvae in pond nursery system

The study was conducted to compare the performance of different nursing practices of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) post-larvae (PL). Three treatments such as only fertilizers (T1), fertilizers with 5% supplementary feed (local feed) (T2), and 10% commercial feed (T3) were applied in the nursing system of prawn PLs in earthen pond. An earthen pond (315m²) was divided into nine equal small ponds by fine meshed nylon nets. Feeds were used once daily on a tray placed near the pond bottom. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in some water quality parameters like pH and total alkalinity, but all measured water quality parameters viz. water temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen and ammonia-nitrogen were within the acceptable range for nursing of prawn PL. The results showed that the mean final lengths of prawn post-larvae were 6.3±0.07 cm, 7.12±0.22 cm and 8.17±0.16 cm in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. There were significant difference (p<0.05) in mean final length of prawn PL among the treatments. Significantly higher (p<0.05) average daily weight gain was observed in T3 (0.071 ±0.007 g) than in T2 (0.052±0.006 g) and T1 (0.031 ±0.002 g). The specific growth rate (SGR) of T3 (8.81±0.26) was found significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2 (8.35±0.22) and T1 (7.42±0.11). Survival rate (%) was also significantly higher (p<0.05) in T3 (66.24±1.58) than in T2 (60.52±1.64) and T1 (53.86±2.71). Therefore, it may be concluded that the growth and survival in prawn nursery was better in commercial feed than only fertilizers and fertilizers with local feeds.

The study of biological characteristics and determination of population dynamic parameters of sawtooth barracuda (Sphyraena putnamae) in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgun Province waters)

The biological characteristics and population dynamisms of Sphyraena putnamae, were studied in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea restricted to Hormuzgan province waters within 13 months period, from November 2006 up to November 2007. Biometrical and anatomical measurements were carried out, and biological surveys were conducted on 486 specimens. On the other hand, the growth and mortality parameters were estimated by using 3096 samples. These samples were collected from 3 landings, namely Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh and Bandar Jask. The measurements of the minimum and maximum Fork lengths and weights were 11.7 to 8.03 cm and 135.0 to 4140.0 g, respectively. The results indicated that this species, having the Relative Length of Gut, RLG=0.34±0.002, is strongly carnivorous (often fish-eater), proven by the fact that more than 98% of its stomach contents were fish pieces. Examining the changes in the index of stomach emptiness by the percentage of CV = 0.47% indicates that this fish is Moderate feeder. The level of feeding increased in March, before spawning and decreased in June and September, simultaneously with the spawning season. There are 2 peaks of reproduction or spawning seasons during the months of April-May and September, of which the prior is assumed as the main spawning. The sex ratio (M:F) was calculated 0.5:1.0(X2 =2.11), which did not show a significant difference with expected level of 1:1 (P>0.05). The average absolute and relative reproduction rates of Sphyraena putnamae is respectively as follows: 1866827.1±255448.9 and 1097.7±94.3. The highest and the lowest diameter of matured egg are from 200 to 750 μ, and its average diameter is 402.10 ± 0.190 μ. A parameter for Saw-tooth barracuda length measurement, Lm50, based on the Fork-length, was calculated as 54.01 cm. In other words, as far as the fisheries management is concerned, the fish whose lengths are less than 54.01 cm should not be caught. The calculated level of (R2) (correlations of total length & weight), indicated strong correlations between length and weight of this fish, and the obtained formula included W =0.007100 FL 2.9295 and reinforced this assumption. The “K” Index for this fish in 3 above mentioned landings (Jask, Bandar-Abbas and Bandar-Length) were 1.24, 0.37 and 0.46 per year, respectively and the FL index for the same landings were estimated as 129, 110 and 134 cm, respectively. The growth coefficient (MONRO) for the above mentioned regions were calculated as 3.601, 3.647 and 3.917, respectively; and in the surveyed regions there were no significant differences in populations. The Total mortality coefficient (Z) was calculated 0.76, 1.12 and 1.07 per year, the Natural mortality coefficient was 0.46, 0.63 and 0.70, and the Fishing mortality coefficient (rate) (F) was found to be 0.30, 0.49 and 0.37 per year. The value of the exploitation rate (E) is equal to 0.39 per year, indicating that this species is an under-exploited resource, and there is no excessive fishing pressure on the fish supply of this species in the afore-said regions. The highest level of exploitation was found for ‘Bandar Abbas’ fishing region and the lowest level of exploitation is in ‘Bandar Lengeh’ waters.

The distribution and concentration levels of trace metals in water and sediments of Lake Victoria, Kenya

The water and bottom sediments of Lake Victoria (Kenya) were analysed for A1, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd. The total metal concentrations were determined and their mean variations and distributions discussed. The bottom lake waters showed higher concentration levels than the surface waters. The range of values (in mg/l) in the bottom and surface lake waters were as follows: Surface Waters: A1(0.08 - 3.98), Fe(0.09 - 4.01), Mn(0.02 - 0.10). Zn(0.01 -0.07), Pb(0.001- 0.007), Cu(not detected - 0.006), Cr(not detected - 0.004). Bottom Waters: A1(0.1 0 - 6.59), Fe(0.23 - 9.64), Mn(0.04 - 0.39), Zn(0.01- 0.08), Pb(0.002 - 0.009), Cu(not detected - 0.03). Cr(not detected -0.002). River mouths and shallow areas in the lake showed higher total metal concentrations than offshore deeper areas. Apart from natural metal levels, varied urban activities and wastes greatly contribute to the lake metal pollution as shown by high Pb and Zn levels in sediments, around Kisumu and Homa Bay areas. Other comparatively high values and variations could be attributed to the varied geological characteristics of the lake and its sediments. Compared to the established W.H.O (1984) drinking water standards manganese, aluminium and iron levels were above these limits whereas zinc, lead, chromium, copper and cadmium were below.

The reproductive strategies of an endemic Tibetan fish, Gymnocypris selincuoensis

The reproductive traits of Gymnocypris selincuoensis from Selincuo Lake and its tributaries were investigated in 1997 and 1998. The youngest mature male was age 7 with a standard length (SL) of 172.0 mm, and the youngest mature female was age 8 with a SL of 194.0 mm. The L(50)s Of SL and age at first maturity were respectively 250.32 mm and age 9 for males and 224.71 mm and age 8 for females. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) significantly changed with seasons for mature individuals but not for immature individuals. GSIs of mature females at stages IV and V of ovary development increased with SL and reached a maximum value at the SL range from 370 mm to 390 mm; the GSIs of mature males were negatively correlated with SL. The breeding season lasted from early April to early August. Egg size did not significantly change with SL but increased with the delay of spawning. The individual absolute fecundity varied from 1,341 to 28,002 eggs (mean 12,607+/-7,349), and the individual relative fecundity varied from 6.4 to 42.0 eggs.g(-1) (mean 25.5+/-9.7). The individual fecundity increased with total body weight; it also increased with SL for those of SL less than 370 mm. There was a rest of spawning for mature individuals.

Deposition of c-axis orientation aluminum nitride films on flexible polymer substrates by reactive direct-current magnetron sputtering

Aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric thin films with c-axis crystal orientation on polymer substrates can potentially be used for development of flexible electronics and lab-on-chip systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of deposition parameters on the crystal structure of AlN thin films on polymer substrates deposited by reactive direct-current magnetron sputtering. The results show that low sputtering pressure as well as optimized N 2/Ar flow ratio and sputtering power is beneficial for AlN (002) orientation and can produce a highly (002) oriented columnar structure on polymer substrates. High sputtering power and low N 2/Ar flow ratio increase the deposition rate. In addition, the thickness of Al underlayer also has a strong influence on the film crystallography. The optimal deposition parameters in our experiments are: deposition pressure 0.38 Pa, N 2/Ar flow ratio 2:3, sputtering power 414 W, and thickness of Al underlayer less than 100 nm. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

碳源调控下复合垂直流人工湿地脱氮研究

碳源是制约生物脱氮效率的重要因素.我国城市污水碳源不足,需要考虑补充碳源提供反硝化电子供体.在复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)系统中,通过湿地特有的通气管补充碳源到湿地底部,改善了湿地内部微生物环境,强化了湿地脱氮功能,对氮的去除效率有显著提高.结果表明,葡萄糖作为外加碳源提高系统的反硝化能力要优于羧甲基纤维素(CMC),投加葡萄糖的系统比未补充碳源的系统脱氮效率有显著提高(p<0.05).通过投加不同量的葡萄糖进行对比实验,发现对于处理量60 L.d-1的IVCW系统最佳葡萄糖投加量为1.5 g.此时C6

六溴环十二烷异构体在鮰鱼体内的浓度分布与生物累积特征

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