Renovar des de l'escola

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Renovar la formaci?? : dec??leg a quatre mans

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Pel??, els cromos i les ci??ncies naturals: el paper dels relats en les activitats del Museu de Ci??ncies Naturals de Barcelona

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Tens un problema! : plantejament de problemes matem??tics a cicle mitj?? de Prim??ria

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La influencia positiva de la mediaci??n escolar en la mejora de la calidad docente e institucional : percepciones del profesor medidador

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Two complementary molecular energy decomposition schemes: the Mayer and Ziegler-Rauk methods in comparison

In the present paper we discuss and compare two different energy decomposition schemes: Mayer's Hartree-Fock energy decomposition into diatomic and monoatomic contributions [Chem. Phys. Lett. 382, 265 (2003)], and the Ziegler-Rauk dissociation energy decomposition [Inorg. Chem. 18, 1558 (1979)]. The Ziegler-Rauk scheme is based on a separation of a molecule into fragments, while Mayer's scheme can be used in the cases where a fragmentation of the system in clearly separable parts is not possible. In the Mayer scheme, the density of a free atom is deformed to give the one-atom Mulliken density that subsequently interacts to give rise to the diatomic interaction energy. We give a detailed analysis of the diatomic energy contributions in the Mayer scheme and a close look onto the one-atom Mulliken densities. The Mulliken density ρA has a single large maximum around the nuclear position of the atom A, but exhibits slightly negative values in the vicinity of neighboring atoms. The main connecting point between both analysis schemes is the electrostatic energy. Both decomposition schemes utilize the same electrostatic energy expression, but differ in how fragment densities are defined. In the Mayer scheme, the electrostatic component originates from the interaction of the Mulliken densities, while in the Ziegler-Rauk scheme, the undisturbed fragment densities interact. The values of the electrostatic energy resulting from the two schemes differ significantly but typically have the same order of magnitude. Both methods are useful and complementary since Mayer's decomposition focuses on the energy of the finally formed molecule, whereas the Ziegler-Rauk scheme describes the bond formation starting from undeformed fragment densities

The development of a phonetically balanced word recognition test in the Ilocano language

Three different phonetically-balanced 50-word recognition lists were constructed in the Ilocano language. Factors that were considered in the construction of these lists were: phonetic balance, syllable structure, and commonness of words.

El monstruo es el otro: la narrativa social del miedo en Quito

Este trabajo explora en hechos y en discursos para entender cómo el aumento de la violencia en Quito ha provocado una serie de respuestas basadas en el miedo, esa forma de relación social inspirada en la desconfianza y el temor al otro. El primer capítulo, “Ciudad real y ciudad imaginada”, contiene una crónica de la ciudad como espacio de existencia y comunicación, y hace un acercamiento a las principales narrativas –oficial, mediática y cotidiana- que contribuyen a la construcción del miedo. El segundo, “La representatividad monstruosa del otro” aborda la manera cómo el poder se afianza sobre los conceptos de orden y de paz para justificar la eliminación de todo lo que, desde su mirada, resulta peligroso, violento y monstruoso. El tercero, “La crisis del Estado social y la imposición de modelos disciplinarios”, trata sobre los conceptos de violencia social o estado de violencia más allá de la lucha de clases o la confrontación entre buenos y malos. En el cuarto capítulo, “Violencia y prácticas sociales”, se analiza cómo la percepción de inseguridad provoca una ruptura entre los habitantes y su entorno, una crisis de sentidos, en medio de la cual se desarrollan diversas estrategias de sobrevivencia. Finalmente, se propone: a) reconocer la dimensión política de la violencia, y b) desmontar el esquema de organización maniqueísta del mundo basado en el lugar común de la lucha del bien contra el mal.

Recomendaciones recientes al Ecuador de los órganos del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de Naciones Unidas

Se presentan las principales recomendaciones emitidas sobre el país por los órganos y procedimientos del Sistema de Protección de Derechos Humanos de Naciones Unidas, en los años 2008 y 2009. Aborda las recomendaciones realizadas tras la visita al país de relatores especiales, expertos independientes o grupos de trabajo relacionados con la extrema pobreza, la deuda externa y con los derechos del pueblo afrodescendiente. En cuanto a la labor de los órganos de los tratados, el artículo se centra en las recomendaciones provenientes del análisis de los informes presentados por el Estado ecuatoriano en el referido período, relacionados con los derechos civiles y políticos, la discriminación racial y la discriminación en contra de la mujer.

¿Adaptación o precarización?: los efectos del cambio climático en la agricultura de Cotacachi

La alta tasa de migración temporal, la presión por la tierra a causa del crecimiento demográfico, la creciente dependencia de los agroquímicos y los efectos del cambio climático complejizan el proceso de producción y reducen los niveles de rentabilidad de la actividad agrícola de las comunidades indígenas de Cotacachi. De entre estas causas, el impacto del cambio climático constituye la de más reciente experimentación. Así, a pesar de que hace ya varios años desapareció el viejo glaciar del volcán Cotacachi, los campesinos del área empiezan a experimentar con mayor agudeza la disminución del caudal de sus ríos, el decrecimiento de la pluviosidad, los cambios en la estacionalidad de la lluvia y el sensible aumento de la temperatura. El estudio explora la incidencia nociva de estos cambios en la producción agrícola y sus consecuencias sobre la vida cotidiana y la subsistencia de la población afectada; también pasa revista sobre las soluciones adaptativas ejecutadas por los campesinos, en muchos de los casos impulsadas y apoyadas por las ONG que tienen presencia en el cantón.

On the energetics of stratified turbulent mixing, irreversible thermodynamics, Boussinesq models and the ocean heat engine controversy

In this paper, the available potential energy (APE) framework of Winters et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 289, 1995, p. 115) is extended to the fully compressible Navier– Stokes equations, with the aims of clarifying (i) the nature of the energy conversions taking place in turbulent thermally stratified fluids; and (ii) the role of surface buoyancy fluxes in the Munk & Wunsch (Deep-Sea Res., vol. 45, 1998, p. 1977) constraint on the mechanical energy sources of stirring required to maintain diapycnal mixing in the oceans. The new framework reveals that the observed turbulent rate of increase in the background gravitational potential energy GPEr , commonly thought to occur at the expense of the diffusively dissipated APE, actually occurs at the expense of internal energy, as in the laminar case. The APE dissipated by molecular diffusion, on the other hand, is found to be converted into internal energy (IE), similar to the viscously dissipated kinetic energy KE. Turbulent stirring, therefore, does not introduce a new APE/GPEr mechanical-to-mechanical energy conversion, but simply enhances the existing IE/GPEr conversion rate, in addition to enhancing the viscous dissipation and the entropy production rates. This, in turn, implies that molecular diffusion contributes to the dissipation of the available mechanical energy ME =APE +KE, along with viscous dissipation. This result has important implications for the interpretation of the concepts of mixing efficiency γmixing and flux Richardson number Rf , for which new physically based definitions are proposed and contrasted with previous definitions. The new framework allows for a more rigorous and general re-derivation from the first principles of Munk & Wunsch (1998, hereafter MW98)’s constraint, also valid for a non-Boussinesq ocean: G(KE) ≈ 1 − ξ Rf ξ Rf Wr, forcing = 1 + (1 − ξ )γmixing ξ γmixing Wr, forcing , where G(KE) is the work rate done by the mechanical forcing, Wr, forcing is the rate of loss of GPEr due to high-latitude cooling and ξ is a nonlinearity parameter such that ξ =1 for a linear equation of state (as considered by MW98), but ξ <1 otherwise. The most important result is that G(APE), the work rate done by the surface buoyancy fluxes, must be numerically as large as Wr, forcing and, therefore, as important as the mechanical forcing in stirring and driving the oceans. As a consequence, the overall mixing efficiency of the oceans is likely to be larger than the value γmixing =0.2 presently used, thereby possibly eliminating the apparent shortfall in mechanical stirring energy that results from using γmixing =0.2 in the above formula.

The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales: a statistical analysis of topsoil nutrient status and pH between 1971 and 2001

The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales has recorded information on the soil of agricultural land in England and Wales since 1969. It is a valuable source of information about the soil in the context of monitoring for sustainable agricultural development. Changes in soil nutrient status and pH were examined over the period 1971-2001. Several methods of statistical analysis were applied to data from the surveys during this period. The main focus here is on the data for 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. The results of examining change over time in general show that levels of potassium in the soil have increased, those of magnesium have remained fairly constant, those of phosphorus have declined and pH has changed little. Future sampling needs have been assessed in the context of monitoring, to determine the mean at a given level of confidence and tolerable error and to detect change in the mean over time at these same levels over periods of 5 and 10 years. The results of a non-hierarchical multivariate classification suggest that England and Wales could be stratified to optimize future sampling and analysis. To monitor soil quality and health more generally than for agriculture, more of the country should be sampled and a wider range of properties recorded.

Estimating uncertainty in terrestrial critical loads and their exceedances at four sites in the UK

Critical loads are the basis for policies controlling emissions of acidic substances in Europe and elsewhere. They are assessed by several elaborate and ingenious models, each of which requires many parameters, and have to be applied on a spatially-distributed basis. Often the values of the input parameters are poorly known, calling into question the validity of the calculated critical loads. This paper attempts to quantify the uncertainty in the critical loads due to this "parameter uncertainty", using examples from the UK. Models used for calculating critical loads for deposition of acidity and nitrogen in forest and heathland ecosystems were tested at four contrasting sites. Uncertainty was assessed by Monte Carlo methods. Each input parameter or variable was assigned a value, range and distribution in an objective a fashion as possible. Each model was run 5000 times at each site using parameters sampled from these input distributions. Output distributions of various critical load parameters were calculated. The results were surprising. Confidence limits of the calculated critical loads were typically considerably narrower than those of most of the input parameters. This may be due to a "compensation of errors" mechanism. The range of possible critical load values at a given site is however rather wide, and the tails of the distributions are typically long. The deposition reductions required for a high level of confidence that the critical load is not exceeded are thus likely to be large. The implication for pollutant regulation is that requiring a high probability of non-exceedance is likely to carry high costs. The relative contribution of the input variables to critical load uncertainty varied from site to site: any input variable could be important, and thus it was not possible to identify variables as likely targets for research into narrowing uncertainties. Sites where a number of good measurements of input parameters were available had lower uncertainties, so use of in situ measurement could be a valuable way of reducing critical load uncertainty at particularly valuable or disputed sites. From a restricted number of samples, uncertainties in heathland critical loads appear comparable to those of coniferous forest, and nutrient nitrogen critical loads to those of acidity. It was important to include correlations between input variables in the Monte Carlo analysis, but choice of statistical distribution type was of lesser importance. Overall, the analysis provided objective support for the continued use of critical loads in policy development. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.