长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO_2的响应(英文)

研究了2003 年夏季长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO2的响应规律。结果表明,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌数量受高浓度CO2影响显著(p < 0.05)减少;与对照箱(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)和裸地(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)相比,红松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性降低,而长白赤松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性却表现为增加;同时发现受700 μmol ·mol-1 CO2处理的红松和长白赤松土壤微生物生物量碳均表现为显著降低。DGGE 结果表明:受高浓度CO2 的影响,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌群落结构发生了明显的变化。研究结果表明土壤微生物对高浓度CO2的响应规律与所研究的的树种有关。图2 表2 参29。

长白山次生针阔混交林叶凋落物中有机物分解与碳、氮和磷释放的关系

采用分解袋法,研究了长白山次生针阔混交林内9种树种叶凋落物34个月的分解过程.结果表明:在次生针阔混交林中,不同树种叶凋落物的初始N和P浓度存在很大差异,叶凋落物分解速率(k)与初始N浓度和C/N显著相关.有机物剩余百分率与C剩余百分率呈显著的线性正相关关系,与N和P剩余百分率之间呈显著的二项式回归关系.N和P剩余百分率在初期阶段随有机物分解而增加,达到峰值后逐渐降低.随着有机物剩余百分率的下降,C/N和C/P均呈逐渐降低趋势,各种叶凋落物之间C/N和C/P的差异逐渐减小,分解末期分别趋近于23和350.随有机物剩余百分率的降低,N/P变化不明显,当有机物剩余百分率低于25%时,不同树种叶凋落物之间N/P差异显著下降.有机物剩余百分率可用来预测C、N和P的剩余百分率.

Effect of sodium alginate concentration on membrane strength and permeating property of poly-l-arginine group microcapsule

A novel poly-l-arginine microcapsule was prepared due to its nutritional function and pharmacological efficacy. A high-voltage electrostatic droplet generator was used to make uniform microcapsules. The results show that the membrane strength and permeating property are both remarkably affected with the changes of sodium alginate concentration. With the sodium alginate concentration increasing, gel beads sizes increase from 233 mum to 350 mum, release ratio is also higher at the same time, but the membrane strength decreases.

Investigation of thermodynamic properties of Co2O3 powder

The isobaric molar heat capacities of powder of Co2O3 were determined by an adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range from 78 to 350 K. No phase transition takes place in this temperature range. The relationship of C-p,C-m with thermodynamic temperature T was established as C-p,C-m = -5 x 10(-6)T(3) + 0.0026T(2) + 0.0325T + 4.2592 (J K-1 mol(-1)), fitting coefficient R-2 = 0.9996. According to this relationship and the relationships between thermodynamic functions, the thermodynamic functions of powder of C2O3 were derived with 298.15 K as reference temperature. Thermal decomposition of Co2O3 powder was studied through thermogravimetry (TG). The possible mechanism of the thermal decomposition reaction was suggested according to the TG result. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Epoxidation of propylene over Ag-CuCl catalysts using air as the oxidant

Ag-CuCl catalysts were found to be active and selective for the epoxidation of propylene using air as the oxidant. Ag catalyst gives a propylene conversion of 31.6%, with a propylene oxide (PO) selectivity of 0.42% at a reaction temperature of 350 degreesC after 220 min of reaction. Addition of CuCl significantly improves the selectivity to PO, and suppresses the conversion of propylene. The Ag-CuCl (1/0.6) catalyst gives propylene conversion of about 3% and a PO selectivity of about 30% at a reaction temperature of 350 degreesC after 500 min of reaction. The activity of the Ag-CuCl catalyst increases with the reaction time and the selectivity to PO is very stable for this catalyst. It is found that AgCl and CuO phases formed during the catalyst preparation are beneficial to the epoxidation of propylene.

粉煤灰对钝化污泥重金属有效性影响

通过添加不同比例的粉煤灰对城市生活污泥进行钝化,系统的研究了粉煤灰对钝化污泥中金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Mn、Fe含量及其有效化的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对污泥中有效态Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr、Mn、Fe具有钝化作用,其中对Cd和Fe的钝化效果最明显;但对Cu却有促进其向有效态转化的作用;总体上看钝化污泥人工土壤中重金属含量符合国家农用标准,而其中有效态Cd、Pb、Ni、C r的含量均远远低于对植物体造成毒害的临界水平。

红松和长白松针叶暗呼吸对连续4个生长季高浓度CO_2处理的响应

以开顶箱法研究了高浓度CO2对长白山两种针叶树—红松和长白松针叶暗呼吸作用的长期影响.对两个树种连续4个生长季进行700和500μmol·mol-1CO2处理,同时设接受大气CO2浓度(约350μmol·mol-1CO2)的开顶箱为对照,在CO2处理的第2,3和4个生长季分别测定了针叶的暗呼吸速率.结果表明:CO2处理的第2个生长季,高浓度CO2下红松和长白松针叶暗呼吸速率增加,可能与碳氮含量变化有关;CO2处理的第3个生长季,高浓度CO2条件下生长的红松针叶暗呼吸速率增加,长白松针叶的暗呼吸速率下降,两树种呈不同响应主要与植株的生长速率不同有关;CO2处理的第4个生长季,红松和长白松针叶的暗呼吸速率均受高浓度CO2抑制.第3个生长季通过改变测量CO2浓度,发现高浓度CO2对长白松针叶暗呼吸作用的短期效应与长期效应呈现一致性,红松不完全相同.红松和长白松针叶的暗呼吸作用对高浓度CO2的响应与CO2处理时间及植株个体的生长发育阶段有关,暗呼吸速率的变化是CO2直接作用与长期驯化共同作用的结果,不能用短期的测定结果预测针叶暗呼吸对高浓度CO2响应的长期效应.

几种酸性土壤供氮力测定方法的综合评价

模拟旱地条件进行黑麦草盆栽试验,对不同供氮力指标与黑麦草吸氮量相关性进行研究,结果表明,短期好气培养法测定的可矿化氮与吸氮量相关系数为0.820;氯化钾与氯化钙浸提的硝态氮与黑麦草吸氮量的相关系数分别为0.892和0.916,表明硝态氮含量作为土壤供氮能力指标具有一定的稳定性;微生物量氮的测定结果不够稳定且与黑麦草吸氮量相关性不高(r=0.751)。分析表明,氯仿熏蒸-浸提全氮与吸氮量的相关性最好,相关系数可达0.941,是一个较好的供氮力指标。

Modeling the effect of ozone loss on photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the St. Lawrence estuary

Temporal trends in total ozone for the St. Lawrence estuary were estimated from ground-based measurements at the NOAA/CMDL station in Caribou, Maine. Linear regression analysis showed that from 1979 to 1999 total ozone has decreased by about 3.3% per decade on an annual basis and ≤6.2% per decade on a monthly basis relative to unperturbed (pre-CFC) levels. The influence of increased ultraviolet-B (280–320 nm) radiation associated with ozone depletion on water column photochemical processes was evaluated by modeling the photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic material (CDOM). Linear regression analysis showed small (<0.5% per decade), but statistically significant upward trends in maximum noontime photobleaching rates. Most notably, positive trends in relative rates for May, June, and July, when maximum absolute rates are expected, were predicted. A global model based on TOMS ozone data revealed increases in photobleaching of ≤3% per decade at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Radiation amplification factors for increases in photochemically weighted UV (280–400 nm) in response to ozone depletion were estimated at 0.1 and 0.08 for photobleaching of CDOM absorbance at 300 and 350 nm, respectively. Application of the laboratory-based model to conditions that more closely resembled those in situ were variable with both overestimation and underestimation of measured rates. The differences between modeled rates and observed rates under quasi-natural conditions were as large or larger than the predicted increases due to ozone depletion. These comparisons suggest that biological activity and mixing play an important, but as yet ill-defined, role in modifying photochemical processes.

黄土高原南部3种农田土壤剖面坚实度的变化规律

为了揭示黄土高原南部地区不同质地类型土壤剖面坚实度的变化及其与土壤含水率的定量关系,以黄墡土、土娄土、裸露在地表的粘化层耕作剖面为研究对象,定位观测其0~45 cm土壤坚实度与含水率的变化。结果表明,黄墡土、土娄土、裸露在地表粘化层耕作剖面的犁底层平均坚实度均大于耕层,犁底层平均坚实度较耕层分别高194.8%,87.3%,10.4%;剖面土壤质地越粘其平均坚实度越大;土壤坚实度与含水率呈负相关关系;土壤坚实度变化速率为0时,以上3种土壤剖面临界含水率分别为0.1712,0.1757,0.1835;质地不同的土壤剖面坚实度时空变化特征有差异,其中黄墡土剖面0~20 cm土层土壤坚实度为350~500 kPa,受土壤含水率变化的影响较小;20~30 cm土层土壤的坚实度为500~1400 kPa,不易受外界环境影响;30 cm以下土层土壤坚实度为700~1600 kPa,受土壤含水率变化影响较大。土娄土剖面0~40 cm土层土壤坚实度为600~1200 kPa,受含水率变化影响较大;40 cm以下土层土壤坚实度稳定在1 800 kPa左右。粘化层剖面0~15 cm土层土壤坚实度在2000 kPa左右,受环境影响较...

不同灌水量和灌水周期对滴灌马铃薯生长及产量的影响

通过对不同灌水量及不同灌水间隔时间的马铃薯生长状况进行大田滴灌试验,研究马铃薯适宜的灌水定额及灌水周期,以求达到节水、增产的目的。试验结果表明:马铃薯滴灌时,灌水量越大,灌水周期越短,株高越高;茎粗开始衰减的时间比株高要早十几天,且衰减幅度比株高要大。灌水周期最短的处理茎粗却并不是最大,在180 m3/hm2的灌水定额下,灌水周期为5天的处理茎粗值最大。在相同的灌水量下,灌水间隔时间越短的处理马铃薯淀粉含量越高。灌水定额越小,灌水周期对产量的影响就越大;而当灌水定额一定时,灌水周期越短,产量越高;灌水定额为90 m3/hm2,灌水周期为3天的处理产量最高,为28 260 kg/hm2,比7天1灌的处理每公顷产量高出达10 350 kg。

全球气候变暖与东北植被分布关系的研究

根据大气环流模型预测,到21世纪中叶,大气中CO2浓度将增加1倍,气温升高约2℃。全球气候变暖对我国东北植被的响应如下:①未来东北森林建群种的变动类型可划分为3个类群,即扩展种群、退却种群和绝灭种群。②气候变暖后,根据模型预测,植物种群将向北迁移400~700 km,向上迁移250~350 m。根据上述结论提出了适应全球气候变化的保护对策。

四个生长季高浓度CO_2处理长白松的气孔响应(英文)

在长白山站以开顶箱方式对4 年生长白松连续4 个生长季进行CO2 处理,包括700 和500 μmolmol-1 高浓度CO2,以及接受空气CO2的对照箱和不扣箱的裸露地条件(约350 μmolmol-1 CO2),通过测定气孔导度(gs),ci/ca比及气孔数量等指标评价气孔对高浓度CO2的响应。气孔导度及ci/ca比的转换实验表明,在各自生长CO2下和在相同测定CO2 下进行比较时,生长在高浓度CO2 下植株的气孔导度要高于空气CO2 下对照组植株的气孔导度(除700 μmol mol-1 CO2 下的植株在生长CO2 浓度下及在350 μmol mol-1 CO2 下测定时的气孔导度低于裸地植株外)。在各自生长CO2浓度下测定时,高浓度CO2下植株的ci/ca比低于对照组植株,但在相同测定CO2浓度下比较时,却是高浓度CO2下植株的ci/ca高于对照组植株的ci/ca比。高浓度CO2下植株与对照组植株在每单位长度气孔数量上无明显差异,但高浓度CO2通过降低气孔线数使长白松当年生针叶的总气孔数量降低,并且改变了气孔在针叶上、下表面的分配模式。表4 参18。