The propagation of acoustic waves in a slowly varying duct with radially sheared axial mean flow

We consider the propagation of acoustic waves along a cylindrical duct carrying radially sheared axial mean flow, in which the duct radius is allowed to vary slowly along the axis. In previous work [A.J. Cooper & N. Peake, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 445 (2001) 207-234.] radially sheared axial mean flow with nonzero swirl in a slowly varying duct was considered, but in this paper we set the swirl to zero, thereby allowing simplification of the calculations of both the mean and unsteady flows. In this approach the acoustic wavenumber and corresponding eigenfunction are determined locally, while the wave amplitude is found by solving an evolution equation along the duct. Sample results are presented, including a case in which, perhaps surprisingly, the number of cut-on modes increases as the duct radius decreases. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

鳜鱼的耗氧率及其池塘养殖

本文较详细地报道了鳜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点，并对鳜鱼和作其饲料的鱼同池饲养的可能性进行了探讨。结果表明，鳜鱼耗氧量和体重正相关（ｒ＝０．９９），耗氧率与体重反相关（ｒ＝－０．９７）；在水温２０℃，鱼种耗氧率约为０．１４ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．，成鱼约为０．１２ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．；耗氧量和耗氧率均与水温正相关（ｒ＝０．９０，ｒ＝０．９４），水温１３—３０℃时，体重２３０±１１．７ｇ的鳜鱼。耗氧量为１４．３１—４２．１３ｍｇ／尾。ｈ．，耗氧率为０．０５９—０．１７５ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．；鳜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化与家鱼相反，黄昏至凌晨是高峰

Modelling the vibration of tyre sidewalls

The dynamical behaviour of the sidewall has an important influence on tyre vibration characteristics. Nonetheless, it remains crudely represented in many existing models. The current work considers a geometrically accurate, two-dimensional, sidewall description, with a view to identifying potential shortcomings in the approximate formulations and identifying the physical characteristics that must be accounted for. First, the mean stress state under pressurisation and centrifugal loading is investigated. Finite-Element calculations show that, while the loaded sidewall shape remains close to a toroid, its in-plane tensions differ appreciably from the associated analytical solution. This is largely due to the inability of the anisotropic sidewall material to sustain significant azimuthal stress. An approximate analysis, based on the meridional tension alone, is therefore developed, and shown to yield accurate predictions. In conjunction with a set of formulae for the 'engineering constants' of the sidewall material, the approximate solutions provide a straightforward and efficient means of determining the base state for the vibration analysis. The latter is implemented via a 'waveguide' discretisation of a variational formulation. Its results show that, while the full geometrical description is necessary for a complete and reliable characterisation of the sidewall's vibrational properties, a one-dimensional approximation will often be satisfactory in practice. Meridional thickness variations only become important at higher frequencies (above 500 Hz for the example considered here), and rotational inertia effects appear to be minor at practical vehicle speeds. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Friction-induced vibration: Model development and comparison with large-scale experimental tests

This paper presents a comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental results from a pin-on-disc test rig exploring friction-induced vibration. The model is based on a linear stability analysis of two systems coupled by sliding contact at a single point. Predictions are compared with a large volume of measured squeal initiations that have been post-processed to extract growth rates and frequencies at the onset of squeal. Initial tests reveal the importance of including both finite contact stiffness and a velocity-dependent dynamic model for friction, giving predictions that accounted for nearly all major clusters of squeal initiations from 0 to 5 kHz. However, a large number of initiations occurred at disc mode frequencies that were not predicted with the same parameters. These frequencies proved remarkably difficult to destabilise, requiring an implausibly high coefficient of friction. An attempt has been made to estimate the dynamic friction behaviour directly from the squeal initiation data, revealing complex-valued frequency-dependent parameters for a new model of linearised dynamic friction. These new parameters readily destabilised the disc modes and provided a consistent model that could account for virtually all initiations from 0 to 15 kHz. The results suggest that instability thresholds for a wide range of squeal-type behaviour can be predicted, but they highlight the central importance of a correct understanding and accurate description of dynamic friction at the sliding interface. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transient response of structures with uncertain properties to nonlinear shock loading

A method is presented to predict the transient response of a structure at the driving point following an impact or a shock loading. The displacement and the contact force are calculated solving the discrete convolution between the impulse response and the contact force itself, expressed in terms of a nonlinear Hertzian contact stiffness. Application of random point process theory allows the calculation of the impulse response function from knowledge of the modal density and the geometric characteristics of the structure only. The theory is applied to a wide range of structures and results are experimentally verified for the case of a rigid object hitting a beam, a plate, a thin and a thick cylinder and for the impact between two cylinders. The modal density of the flexural modes for a thick slender cylinder is derived analytically. Good agreement is found between experimental, simulated and published results, showing the reliability of the method for a wide range of situations including impacts and pyroshock applications. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

多变鱼腥藻半稳定状态连续培养的若干特征

分别使用恒化装置和全玻璃发酵罐连续培养多变鱼腥藻。在稳定条件下加以周期性的光照(L∶D=12∶12),经5—6d得到半稳定状态连续培养物。在光照阶段,培养物的生物量增长速度约等于稀释速度D的两倍,叶绿素的增长速度略小于D的两倍,糖原的累积速度几乎高出D~5的一个数量级。细胞内糖原和蛋白质含量变化的时间过程反映出培养物在光-暗条件下的碳氮物质合成与消耗相互联系的代谢特点。半稳定状态连续培养受培养物内在的生理活性支配,生长参数的变化符合方程X=X_(oe)~((μ-D)~t),但不同于恒浊培养和恒化培养。外界

新型浮选剂MPA对鱼类毒性效应的研究

MPA是一种新型浮选剂,主要由29种醇类化合物组成。测得它的96h的LC_(50)值:草鱼胚胎为100—200mg/L;草鱼苗为75.86mg/L;草鱼种为122.77mg/L。引起草鱼胚胎弯体畸形的EC_(50)值为48.98mg/L。弯体不严重的鱼苗在清水中饲养,能恢复成正常的鱼苗。对鱼苗生长没有影响的浓度是6.65mg/L。浓度为100mg/L的MPA在水环境中一周能去除一半,20天后未检出,在该浓度内放入的草鱼种,对其生长没有明显的影响。

直链烷基苯磺酸盐在模拟水生态系统中转化和归宿的研究

用~(14)C标记直链烷基苯磺酸盐,(~(14)C-LAS),研究了在由塘泥、水草、鱼、螺蛳和溞构成的室内模拟水生态系统中,LAS的降解规律、在水生生物体内的积累分布及其与在水中降解之间的相互关系.

Product intelligence in warehouse management: A case study

The need for more flexible, adaptable and customer-oriented warehouse operations has been increasingly identified as an important issue by today's warehouse companies due to the rapidly changing preferences of the customers that use their services. Motivated by manufacturing and other logistics operations, in this paper we argue on the potential application of product intelligence in warehouse operations as an approach that can help warehouse companies address these issues. We discuss the opportunities of such an approach using a real example of a third-party-logistics warehouse company and we present the benefits it can bring in their warehouse management systems. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.

关于五氯酚钠清塘引起夏花鱼种慢性中毒的初步研究

本文记述了两湖地区饲养的草鱼、鳙鱼和鲢鱼等在鱼种阶段发生的一种黑鳍条、鼓眼睛和大肚子等症状的鱼病。通过调查和实验,初步了解到引起此病的原因是用五氯酸钠(Sodium pentachlorophenate)进行清塘用药量过重,而放养夏花鱼种的时间又过早而产生的一种慢性中毒。对病鱼的组织病理进行了观察和分析,认为鱼种中毒致死的主要原因是由于药物腐蚀皮肤和鳃粘膜,由慢性中毒转为急性发作的结果。同时通过鱼对药物忍受能力的试验,表明鳃和鳍条等部位的黑色病变的出现,与药物浓度太高和浸泡时间的长短有关。根据五氯酚钠的理

武汉东湖的轮虫

本文根据1973—1975、1979—1982年在武汉东湖进行的调查资料,并与1962—1963年他人的研究结果对比,总结了20年来,在东湖2个采样站上轮虫的种类演替和数量的变动。轮虫的种类明显地减少。Ⅰ站由1962—1963年的68种至1982年减为44种;Ⅱ站由56种减为49种。由原来Ⅰ站种类多于Ⅱ站演变为Ⅱ站多于Ⅰ站。轮虫的数量急剧增加。Ⅰ站轮虫的年平均值由1962—1963年的687个/升至1982年上升为3,555个/升;Ⅱ站由332个/升上升为1,538个/升。轮虫总数的变动曲线呈夏季和秋季二

Sound radiation from point-driven shell structures

A numerical study is presented showing the structural response and sound radiation from a range of thin shell structures excited by a point force: a baffled flat plate, a sphere, a family of spheroids and a family of closed circular cylinders. All the structures have the same material properties, thickness and total surface area so the asymptotic modal density is the same. Dramatic differences are shown in the total radiated sound power for the different shells. It was already known that the flat plate and the sphere behave very differently. These results show that the cylinders and, particularly, the spheroids show patterns that are not intermediate between the two but instead display new features: in certain frequency ranges the radiated sound power can be at least an order of magnitude greater than either the plate or the sphere. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

黑龙江流域鳊鱼的种内变异及其生活习性

<正> 鳊鱼是很名贵的经济鱼类,亦称(鱼边)角,东北地区称鳊花。在我国的江河中分布很广,长江及松花江流域中最为丰盛。这种鱼最初的记载是在1844年,学名为Leuciscus bramula,是Cuvier和Valencienes两氏订立的。后来在1846及1855年中,Richardson和Basilewsky两氏又先后记述了这种鱼类;并分别订为Abramis bramula和Abramis pekinensis。到1865年,Bleeker氏才确定这种鱼的属名为Parabramis,借以和只有一行咽喉齿