[4 lettres d'Auguste-Emmanuel Vaucorbeil à Jacques-Léopold Heugel, s.d.]

3 cartes de visite signées du "directeur de l'Académie Nationale de Musique" et une du "commissaire du gouvernement près les Théâtres subventionnés, Président de la Société des Compositeurs de Musique". - Première carte : l'informe que tout est arrangé pour les parties d'orchestre avec M. Bourdon et fustige un personnage comme "le méchant insulteur de tous les musiciens français". Deuxième carte : l'informe qu'il a heurté un meuble, s'est retrouvé allongé et lui exprime ses regrets de n'avoir pu assister aux débuts de Lillian Nordica-Norton : "elle ira loin ou je me trompe fort". Troisième carte : remercie son ami pour son cadeau, un beau livre, et lui présente ses voeux. Quatrième carte : Remerciements

Epigenetic regulatory elements associate with specific histone modifications to prevent silencing of telomeric genes.

In eukaryotic cells, transgene expression levels may be limited by an unfavourable chromatin structure at the integration site. Epigenetic regulators are DNA sequences which may protect transgenes from such position effect. We evaluated different epigenetic regulators for their ability to protect transgene expression at telomeres, which are commonly associated to low or inconsistent expression because of their repressive chromatin environment. Although to variable extents, matrix attachment regions (MARs), ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) and the chicken cHS4 insulator acted as barrier elements, protecting a telomeric-distal transgene from silencing. MARs also increased the probability of silent gene reactivation in time-course experiments. Additionally, all MARs improved the level of expression in non-silenced cells, unlike other elements. MARs were associated to histone marks usually linked to actively expressed genes, especially acetylation of histone H3 and H4, suggesting that they may prevent the spread of silencing chromatin by imposing acetylation marks on nearby nucleosomes. Alternatively, an UCOE was found to act by preventing deposition of repressive chromatin marks. We conclude that epigenetic DNA elements used to enhance and stabilize transgene expression all have specific epigenetic signature that might be at the basis of their mode of action.

Closed loop electrical muscle stimulation in spinal cord injured rehabilitation

The effect of motor training using closed loop controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) on motor performance was studied in 5 spinal cord injured (SCI) volunteers. The subjects trained 2 to 3 times a week during 2 months on a newly developed rehabilitation robot (MotionMaker?). The FES induced muscle force could be adequately adjusted throughout the programmed exercises by the way of a closed loop control of the stimulation currents. The software of the MotionMaker? allowed spasms to be detected accurately and managed in a way to prevent any harm to the SCI persons. Subjects with incomplete SCI reported an increased proprioceptive awareness for motion and were able to achieve a better voluntary activation of their leg muscles during controlled FES. At the end of the training, the voluntary force of the 4 incomplete SCI patients was found increased by 388% on their most affected leg and by 193% on the other leg. Active mobilisation with controlled FES seems to be effective in improving motor function in SCI persons by increasing the sensory input to neuronal circuits involved in motor control as well as by increasing muscle strength.

Mouse Grueneberg ganglion neurons share molecular and functional features with C. elegans amphid neurons.

The mouse Grueneberg ganglion (GG) is an olfactory subsystem located at the tip of the nose close to the entry of the naris. It comprises neurons that are both sensitive to cold temperature and play an important role in the detection of alarm pheromones (APs). This chemical modality may be essential for species survival. Interestingly, GG neurons display an atypical mammalian olfactory morphology with neurons bearing deeply invaginated cilia mostly covered by ensheathing glial cells. We had previously noticed their morphological resemblance with the chemosensory amphid neurons found in the anterior region of the head of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). We demonstrate here further molecular and functional similarities. Thus, we found an orthologous expression of molecular signaling elements that was furthermore restricted to similar specific subcellular localizations. Calcium imaging also revealed a ligand selectivity for the methylated thiazole odorants that amphid neurons are known to detect. Cellular responses from GG neurons evoked by chemical or temperature stimuli were also partially cGMP-dependent. In addition, we found that, although behaviors depending on temperature sensing in the mouse, such as huddling and thermotaxis did not implicate the GG, the thermosensitivity modulated the chemosensitivity at the level of single GG neurons. Thus, the striking similarities with the chemosensory amphid neurons of C. elegans conferred to the mouse GG neurons unique multimodal sensory properties.

Différences induites par la définition des périodes diurnes et nocturnes sur la pression artérielle et le dipping lors d'une mesure ambulatoire de la pression artérielle [Effects of nighttime and daytime interval definition on blood pressure and dipping in patients referred for ambulatory blood pressure measurement].

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has become indispensable for the diagnosis and control of hypertension. However, no consensus exists on how daytime and nighttime periods should be defined. OBJECTIVE: To compare daytime and nighttime blood pressure (BP) defined by an actigraph and by body position with BP resulting from arbitrary daytime and nighttime periods. PATIENTS AND METHOD: ABPM, sleeping periods and body position were recorded simultaneously using an actigraph (SenseWear Armband(®)) in patients referred for ABPM. BP results obtained with the actigraph (sleep and position) were compared to the results obtained with fixed daytime (7a.m.-10p.m.) and nighttime (10p.m.-7a.m.) periods. RESULTS: Data from 103 participants were available. More than half of them were taking antihypertensive drugs. Nocturnal BP was lower (systolic BP: 2.08±4.50mmHg; diastolic BP: 1.84±2.99mmHg, P<0.05) and dipping was more marked (systolic BP: 1.54±3.76%; diastolic BP: 2.27±3.48%, P<0.05) when nighttime was defined with the actigraph. Standing BP was higher (systolic BP 1.07±2.81mmHg; diastolic BP: 1.34±2.50mmHg) than daytime BP defined by a fixed period. CONCLUSION: Diurnal BP, nocturnal BP and dipping are influenced by the definition of daytime and nighttime periods. Studies evaluating the prognostic value of each method are needed to clarify which definition should be used.

Concentrations of resveratrol and derivatives in foods and estimation of dietary intake in a Spanish population: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Spain cohort

Resveratrol has been shown to have beneficial effects on diseases related to oxidant and/or inflammatory processes and extends the lifespan of simple organisms including rodents. The objective of the present study was to estimate the dietary intake of resveratrol and piceid (R&P) present in foods, and to identify the principal dietary sources of these compounds in the Spanish adult population. For this purpose, a food composition database (FCDB) of R&P in Spanish foods was compiled. The study included 40 685 subjects aged 3564 years from northern and southern regions of Spain who were included in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Spain cohort. Usual food intake was assessed by personal interviews using a computerised version of a validated diet history method. An FCDB with 160 items was compiled. The estimated median and mean of R&P intake were 100 and 933 mg/d respectively. Approximately, 32% of the population did not consume RΠ The most abundant of the four stilbenes studied was trans-piceid (53·6 %), followed by trans-resveratrol (20·9 %), cis-piceid (19·3 %) and cis-resveratrol (6·2 %). The most important source of R&P was wines (98·4 %) and grape and grape juices (1·6 %), whereas peanuts, pistachios and berries contributed to less than 0·01 %. For this reason the pattern of intake of R&P was similar to the wine pattern. This is the first time that R&P intake has been estimated in a Mediterranean country.

Clinical implications in the shift of syndecan-1 expression from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm in bladder cancer

Background To determine the diagnostic and prognostic capability of urinary and tumoral syndecan-1 (SDC-1) levels in patients with cancer of the urinary bladder. Methods SDC-1 levels were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 308 subjects (102 cancer subjects and 206 non-cancer subjects) to assess its diagnostic capabilities in voided urine. The performance of SDC-1 was evaluated using the area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic curve. In addition, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining assessed SDC-1 protein expression in 193 bladder specimens (185 cancer subjects and 8 non-cancer subjects). Outcomes were correlated to SDC-1 levels. Results Mean urinary levels of SDC-1 did not differ between the cancer subjects and the non-cancer subjects, however, the mean urinary levels of SDC-1 were reduced in high-grade compared to low-grade disease (p < 0.0001), and in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) compared to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) (p = 0.005). Correspondingly, preliminary data note a shift from a membranous cellular localization of SDC-1 in normal tissue, low-grade tumors and NMIBC, to a distinctly cytoplasmic localization in high-grade tumors and MIBC was observed in tissue specimens. Conclusion Alone urinary SDC-1 may not be a diagnostic biomarker for bladder cancer, but its urinary levels and cellular localization were associated with the differentiation status of patients with bladder tumors. Further studies are warranted to define the potential role for SDC-1 in bladder cancer progression.

MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 is a critical regulator of FANCD2 stability and function during DNA double-strand break repair.

Monoubiquitination of the Fanconi anaemia protein FANCD2 is a key event leading to repair of interstrand cross-links. It was reported earlier that FANCD2 co-localizes with NBS1. However, the functional connection between FANCD2 and MRE11 is poorly understood. In this study, we show that inhibition of MRE11, NBS1 or RAD50 leads to a destabilization of FANCD2. FANCD2 accumulated from mid-S to G2 phase within sites containing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) intermediates, or at sites of DNA damage, such as those created by restriction endonucleases and laser irradiation. Purified FANCD2, a ring-like particle by electron microscopy, preferentially bound ssDNA over various DNA substrates. Inhibition of MRE11 nuclease activity by Mirin decreased the number of FANCD2 foci formed in vivo. We propose that FANCD2 binds to ssDNA arising from MRE11-processed DNA double-strand breaks. Our data establish MRN as a crucial regulator of FANCD2 stability and function in the DNA damage response.

Clinical implications in the shift of syndecan-1 expression from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm in bladder cancer

Background To determine the diagnostic and prognostic capability of urinary and tumoral syndecan-1 (SDC-1) levels in patients with cancer of the urinary bladder. Methods SDC-1 levels were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 308 subjects (102 cancer subjects and 206 non-cancer subjects) to assess its diagnostic capabilities in voided urine. The performance of SDC-1 was evaluated using the area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic curve. In addition, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining assessed SDC-1 protein expression in 193 bladder specimens (185 cancer subjects and 8 non-cancer subjects). Outcomes were correlated to SDC-1 levels. Results Mean urinary levels of SDC-1 did not differ between the cancer subjects and the non-cancer subjects, however, the mean urinary levels of SDC-1 were reduced in high-grade compared to low-grade disease (p < 0.0001), and in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) compared to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) (p = 0.005). Correspondingly, preliminary data note a shift from a membranous cellular localization of SDC-1 in normal tissue, low-grade tumors and NMIBC, to a distinctly cytoplasmic localization in high-grade tumors and MIBC was observed in tissue specimens. Conclusion Alone urinary SDC-1 may not be a diagnostic biomarker for bladder cancer, but its urinary levels and cellular localization were associated with the differentiation status of patients with bladder tumors. Further studies are warranted to define the potential role for SDC-1 in bladder cancer progression.

Caracterização e identificação de cultivares e seleções de pereiras através de marcadores RAPD

Trinta e seis acessos de pereira representando diversas espécies, híbridos e seleções do banco de germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC) foram geneticamente caracterizados através de marcadores RAPD. Cada primer originou de 10 a 19 bandas, sendo que 26 deles forneceram 250 bandas polimórficas, de um total de 353. Os primers OPC02, OPC08, OPD02, OPD19, OPD20 e OPE06 revelaram bandas específicas para as peras orientais e OPA01, OPA11, OPC08, OPD04, OPD09 e OPD15 para as ocidentais. O dendograma obtido foi confirmado pela análise de coordenada principal, originando três principais agrupamentos: 1) Todas as pereiras lançadas pelo IAC, como 'Seleta', 'Triunfo', 'Primorosa', 'Tenra', IAC 16-41, 'Centenária', além de 'William's', 'Packham's Triumph', 'D'água', 'Hood', 'M. Sieboldt', 'Kieffer','Branca Francesa' e 'Schimidt'. 2) As pereiras asiáticas, como 'Okusankichi', 'Shinseiki', 'Atago', 'Hakko', 'Hosui', 'Nijiseiki', 'Kosui' e 'Ya-li', além de 'Nodji', 'Limeira' e todas as seleções IAC das séries 193; 293 e 393. 3) Todas as pereiras porta-enxertos da série Taiwan (P. calleryana D.), além de 'Manshu Mamenashi' (P. betulaefolia B.). Evidenciou-se que os cultivares IAC possuem maior proximidade genética com as peras ocidentais (Pyrus communis L.), mesmo sendo descendentes de 'Hood', material suspeito de ser híbrido interespecífico entre P. communis e P. serotina R.. Os resultados ratificaram a importância dos marcadores RAPD para a identificação de cultivares, seleções e híbridos pertencentes aos diferentes grupos botânicos, mostrando ser ferramenta de apoio adequada a programas de melhoramento genético de fruteiras.

Remarques diverses sur la prononciation et sur l'ortographe ([Reprod.]) / par M***,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 193

Dictionnaire canadien-français ou Lexique-glossaire des mots, expressions et locutions ne se trouvant pas dans les dictionnaires courants... ([Reprod.]) / par Sylva Clapin

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 85

Le trouble somatoforme douloureux et le syndrome de fatigue chronique, des nouvelles expressions de la médicalisation de la souffrance

Résumé Le trouble somatoforme douloureux persistant et le syndrome de fatigue chronique constituent des entités cliniques qui incarnent la position particulière du corps dans notre société actuelle. Tous les deux se situent dans un carrefour entre le psychique et le somatique, en interaction étroite avec l'entourage socioculturel, soulignant ainsi la nécessité de considérer l'être humain dans son intégralité. La société actuelle, pauvre en repères collectifs, où l'exaltation de l'individualité est un critère primordial et où le corps social réparateur n'existe pas, provoque une grand mal être. Le sentiment de ne pas être reconnu dans son intériorité est incorporé et après s'exprime ensuite sous la forme d'une plainte douloureuse. Le contexte de l'émigration et celui des systèmes de prévoyance sociale dans les pays occidentaux, sont des exemples de conditions qui favorisent le changement dans la dynamique de la maladie. En s'appuyant sur la représentation du corps dans un moment historique précis, l'homme cherche à exprimer une souffrance profonde dans le vécu de soi-même, qui n'a pas accès à d'autres voies d'expression. Le contexte social, culturel, médical, professionnel, lui facilite les moyens d'obtenir la reconnaissance de son affliction sans être exclu du groupe d'appartenance sociale. Les deux symptômes, douleur et fatigue, rassemblent les conditions nécessaires, dans la conception actuelle du corps, sociale et médicale, pour transporter le désir et la demande d'une partie de la société qui ne peut pas exprimer sa souffrance.

Territorios baldíos: identidades juveniles indígenas y rurales en América Latina

Las teorías sobre la invención histórica de la infancia y la adolescencia se han basado casi exclusivamente en fuentes occidentales (más exactamente centroeuropeas y anglosajonas), por lo que es urgente una reconceptualización en una óptica diacrónica y transcultural. Una de las conclusiones del encuentro «A criança e o jovem na America Latina», que tuvo lugar en Marilia (Brasil) en noviembre del 2001, organizado por la International Sociological Association, fue la necesidad de reconceptualizar la infancia y la juventud desde una perspectiva latinoamericana (como ámbito geográfico, académico y cultural). En este artículo proponemos retomar, en una perspectiva comparativa y como ejemplo de la riqueza y complejidad de las tareas pendientes, dos casos documentales y etnográficos recabados en nuestras propias indagaciones en México (Feixa, 1998b) y Chile (González, 2004a, 2004b), en la idea de comenzar a cursar esta «asignatura pendiente».