Los informes sobre la instrucción pública en el periodo revolucionario francés de 1789-1795 : aproximación comparativa entre el rapport de Condorcet y el informe de Quintana.

Analizar, profundizar y reflexionar sobre el basamento fundamentador que legitima, en última instancia, no sólo una práctica educativa concreta y temporal, sino toda una concepción sobre un determinado modelo de sociedad, su mantenimiento y sus estructuras de poder. Revolución Francesa: la instrucción pública en este periodo. Se utiliza el método comparativo, elaborando a partir de los diferentes rapport tablas de comparación. Así, se cotejan los diversos principios políticos-pedagógicos postulados por cada uno de los autores con el fin de descubrir las posibles conexiones y/o divergencias entre los mismos. Rapport de Condorcet:'Organización de la instrucción pública en Francia' 1792. Informe de Quintana: 'Organización general de la instruccion pública. España'. 1813. Análisis cualitativo. Ambos autores Condorcet y Quintana se han ocupado de una misma cuestión: la organización de la instrucción pública en sus respectivos países. Ambos informes no fueron llevados a la práctica directamente, aunque, constituyen un mismo intento. Parece probable que Quintana tuviera en cuenta las ideas de Condorcet y tratara de adaptar determinados principios a nuestro país. Parece ser un intento inútil, infructuoso, el hecho de buscar, de descubrir, una originalidad en exclusiva cuando abordamos el estudio de cualquier fenómeno histórico.

Tributación y derechos humanos (Tema Central)

Este trabajo analiza los derechos humanos y los principios generales de la tributación consagrados en las constituciones andinas, haciendo especial referencia al principio de legalidad y de irretroactividad de la ley tributaria, se analiza además el derecho a la vida, la protección a discapacitados, menores y tercera edad. Se profundiza en el estudio del principio de no discriminación y se abordan en especial los derechos a la privacidad y el secreto profesional, a la propiedad y la tributación: capacidad contributiva, tributos confiscatorios, doble imposición. Finalmente se analiza el Estatuto del Contribuyente, los deberes y los derechos de los sujetos pasivos, y se emiten las conclusiones de la investigación.

Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 37 (SOLO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los libros: Óscar Almario García, Castas y razas en la independencia neogranadina, 1810-1830. Identidad y alteridad en los orígenes de la nación colombiana, Bogotá, Universidad Nacional de Colombia/Comisión para la celebración del Bicentenario, 2012, 280 pp. -- María Elena Bedoya, Prensa y espacio público en Quito 1792-1840, Quito, FONSAL, 2010, 153 pp. -- Enrique Muñoz Larrea, Albores libertarios de Quito de 1809 a 1812. El principio del fin del Imperio español, tomo I, y Cuenca del Rey. Los últimos presidentes de la Real Audiencia de Quito, tomo II, Quito, Academia Nacional de Historia/Atlantic International University, 2012, tomo I, 384 pp., tomo IIII, 483 pp.

La representación del indígena en la Historia del Reino de Quito

Este trabajo es un intento por observar la Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional, escrita por el jesuita Juan de Velasco y culminada en 1789, desde una perspectiva de discusión y comparación con distintos discursos elaborados en la época de la conquista y la Colonia. Concretamente, este estudio se propone entender cuáles fueron las formas de representación sobre el indígena americano durante la conquista y la Colonia y compararlas con la imagen elaborada por Velasco. Para lograr esto, el trabajo se divide en dos partes. El primer capítulo está centrado en la comprensión de varios aspectos del contexto histórico, político e ideológico de América y de Europa entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, en que se escribieron cartas e informes sobre los recursos, la naturaleza y los habitantes del Nuevo Mundo. En este periodo se analizan extractos de cronistas y propuestas teórico-críticas contemporáneas que hablan de una representación del indígena conformes a la colonización y al dominio. El segundo capítulo consiste en analizar la representación de Velasco como una nueva forma de expresión y asimilación del mundo indígena, contraria a la imagen degradada de los cronistas europeos. Aquí se intentará sobre todo ubicar la Historia del Reino de Quito dentro de una corriente estética que es propia de un marco cultural y de un pensamiento específicos: la Ilustración americana. En esta obra conviven una serie de textos que conforman un pasado indígena heroico, desarrollado en una geografía fértil y generosa que demuestra los ideales de la sociedad hispanoamericana de la época de Velasco. Así, estudiar la imagen del indígena permitió, entre otros aspectos, entender cómo la memoria y la representación histórica se pueden traducir en proyectos y en sentidos simbólicos que son trascendentales para una cultura.

Sensitivity of tropospheric forecasts to stratospheric initial conditions

A number of recent papers in the atmospheric science literature have suggested that a dynamical link exists between the stratosphere and troposphere. Numerical modelling studies have shown that the troposphere has a time-mean response to changes to the stratospheric climatological state. In this study the response of the troposphere to an imposed transient stratospheric change is examined. The study uses a high horizontal and vertical resolution numerical weather-prediction model. Experiments compare the tropospheric forecasts of two medium-range forecast ensembles which have identical tropospheric initial conditions and different stratospheric initial conditions. In three case studies described here, stratospheric initial conditions have a statistically significant impact on the tropospheric flow. The mechanism for this change involves, in its most basic step, a change to tropospheric synoptic-scale systems. A consistent change to the tropospheric synoptic-scale systems occurs in response to the stratospheric initial conditions. The aggregated impact of changes to individual synoptic systems maps strongly onto the structure of the Arctic Oscillation, particularly over the North Atlantic storm track. The relationship between the stratosphere and troposphere, while apparent in Arctic Oscillation diagnostics, does not occur on coherent, hemispheric scales.

Microbial and biochemical soil quality indicators and their potential for differentiating areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes

The aim of this study was to examine interrelationships between functional biochemical and microbial indicators of soil quality, and their suitability to differentiate areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes. The study included five 0.8 ha areas on a sandy-loam soil which had received contrasting fertility and cropping regimes over a 5 year period. These were organically managed vegetable, vegetable -cereal and arable rotations, an organically managed grass clover ley, and a conventional cereal rotation. The organic areas had been converted from conventional cereal production 5 years prior to the start of the study. All of the biochemical analyses, including light fraction organic matter (LFOM) C and N, labile organic N (LON), dissolved organic N and water-soluble carbohydrates showed significant differences between the areas, although the nature of the relationships between the areas varied between the different parameters, and were not related to differences in total soil organic matter content. The clearest differences were seen in LFOM C and N and LON, which were higher in the organic arable area relative to the other areas. In the case of the biological parameters, there were differences between the areas for biomass-N, ATP, chitin content, and the ratios of ATP: biomass and basal respiration: biomass. For these parameters, the precise relationships between the areas varied. However, relative to the conventionally managed area, areas under organic management generally had lower biomass-N and higher ATP contents. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization potential was extremely low in the conventional area relative to the organic areas. Further, metabolic diversity and microbial community level physiological profiles, determined by analysis of microbial community metabolism using Biolog GN plates and the activities of eight key nutrient cycling enzymes, grouped the organic areas together, but separated them from the conventional area. We conclude that microbial parameters are more effective and consistent indicators of management induced changes to soil quality than biochemical parameters, and that a variety of biochemical and microbial analyses should be used when considering the impact of management on soil quality. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gas-phase rate coefficients for the reactions of NO3, OH and O-3 with alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and ketones: structure-activity relations (SARs)

Gas-phase rate coefficients for the atmospherically important reactions of NO3, OH and O-3 are predicted for 55 alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and ketones. The rate coefficients were calculated using a correlation described previously [Pfrang, C., King, M.D., C. E. Canosa-Mas, C.E., Wayne, R.P., 2006. Atmospheric Environment 40, 1170-1179]. These rate coefficients were used to extend structure-activity relations for predicting the rate coefficients for the reactions of NO3, OH or O-3 with alkenes to include alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and ketones. Conjugation of an alkene with an alpha,beta-keto or alpha,beta-ester group will reduce the value of a rate coefficient by a factor of similar to 110, similar to 2.5 and similar to 12 for reaction with NO3, OH or O-3, respectively. The actual identity of the alkyl group, R, in -C(O)R or -C(O)OR has only a small influence. An assessment of the reliability of the SAR is given that demonstrates that it is useful for reactions involving NO3 and OH, but less valuable for those of O-3 or peroxy nitrate esters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trends in the start of the wet season over Africa

A quarter of a century of daily rainfall data from the Global Telecommunications System are used to define the temporal and spatial variability of the start of the wet season over Africa and surrounding extreme south of Europe and parts of the Middle East. From 1978 to 2002, the start of the wet season arrived later in the year for the majority of the region, as time progressed. In some parts of the continent, there was an annual increase in the start date of up to 4 days per year. On average, the start of the wet season arrived 9–21 days later from 1978 to 2002, depending on the threshold used to define the start of the rains (varying from 10–30 mm over 2 days, with no dry period in the following 10 days). It is noted that the inter-annual variability of the start of the wet season is high with the range of start dates varying on average from 116 to 142 days dependent on the threshold used to determine the start date. These results may have important implications for agriculturists on all levels (from the individual farmer to those responsible for regional food supply), as knowledge of potential future climate changes starts to play an increasingly important role in the agricultural decision-making process, such as sowing and harvesting times.

The R1441C mutation alters the folding properties of the ROC domain of LRRK2

LRRK2 is a 250 kDa multidomain protein, mutations in which cause familial Parkinson's disease. Previously, we have demonstrated that the R1441C mutation in the ROC domain decreases GTPase activity. Here we show that the R1441C alters the folding properties of the ROC domain, lowering its thermodynamic stability. Similar to small GTPases, binding of different guanosine nucleotides alters the stability of the ROC domain, suggesting that there is an alteration in conformation dependent on GDP or GTP occupying the active site. GTP/GDP bound state also alters the self-interaction of the ROC domain, accentuating the impact of the R1441C mutation on this property. These data suggest a mechanism whereby the R1441C mutation can reduce the GTPase activity of LRRK2, and highlights the possibility of targeting the stability of the ROC domain as a therapeutic avenue in LRRK2 disease.

A slugfest of intuitions: contextualism and experimental design

This paper considers ways that experimental design can affect judgments about informally presented context shifting experiments. Reasons are given to think that judgments about informal context shifting experiments are affected by an exclusive reliance on binary truth value judgments and by experimenter bias. Exclusive reliance on binary truth value judgments may produce experimental artifacts by obscuring important differences of degree between the phenomena being investigated. Experimenter bias is an effect generated when, for example, experimenters disclose (even unconsciously) their own beliefs about the outcome of an experiment. Eliminating experimenter bias from context shifting experiments makes it far less obvious what the “intuitive” responses to those experiments are. After it is shown how those different kinds of bias can affect judgments about informal context shifting experiments, those experiments are revised to control for those forms of bias. The upshot of these investigations is that participants in the contextualist debate who employ informal experiments should pay just as much attention to the design of their experiments as those who employ more formal experimental techniques if they want to avoid obscuring the phenomena they aim to uncover

The effect of a new drag-law parameterization on ice shelf water plume dynamics

A drag law accounting for Ekman rotation adjacent to a flat, horizontal bou ndary is proposed for use in a plume model that is written in terms of the depth-mean velocity. The drag l aw contains a variable turning angle between the mean velocity and the drag imposed by the turbulent bound ary layer. The effect of the variable turning angle in the drag law is studied for a plume of ice shelf wat er (ISW) ascending and turning beneath an Antarctic ice shelf with draft decreasing away from the groundi ng line. As the ISW plume ascends the sloping ice shelf–ocean boundary, it can melt the ice shelf, wh ich alters the buoyancy forcing driving the plume motion. Under these conditions, the typical turning ang le is of order 10° over most of the plume area for a range of drag coefficients (the minus sign arises for th e Southern Hemisphere). The rotation of the drag with respect to the mean velocity is found to be signifi cant if the drag coefficient exceeds 0.003; in this case the plume body propagates farther along and across the b ase of the ice shelf than a plume with the standard quadratic drag law with no turning angle.

Optimal steady motions for oriented vehicles

Motivated by the motion planning problem for oriented vehicles travelling in a 3-Dimensional space; Euclidean space E3, the sphere S3 and Hyperboloid H3. For such problems the orientation of the vehicle is naturally represented by an orthonormal frame over a point in the underlying manifold. The orthonormal frame bundles of the space forms R3,S3 and H3 correspond with their isometry groups and are the Euclidean group of motion SE(3), the rotation group SO(4) and the Lorentzian group SO(1; 3) respectively. Orthonormal frame bundles of space forms coincide with their isometry groups and therefore the focus shifts to left-invariant control systems defined on Lie groups. In this paper a method for integrating these systems is given where the controls are time-independent. For constant twist motions or helical motions, the corresponding curves g(t) 2 SE(3) are given in closed form by using the well known Rodrigues’ formula. However, this formula is only applicable to the Euclidean case. This paper gives a method for computing the non-Euclidean screw/helical motions in closed form. This involves decoupling the system into two lower dimensional systems using the double cover properties of Lie groups, then the lower dimensional systems are solved explicitly in closed form.

Human endogenous RNAs: Implications for the immunomodulation of Toll-like receptor 3

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of mammalian receptors, are able to recognize nucleic acids. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded (ds)RNA, a product of the replication of certain viruses. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, referred to as poly(I:C), an analog of viral dsRNA, interacts with TLR3 thereby eliciting immunoinflammatory responses characteristic of viral infection or down-regulating the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4. It is known that dsRNA also directly activates interferon (IFN)-induced enzymes, such as the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In the present study, the mRNA expression of TLR3, CXCR4, IFN gamma and PKR was investigated in a culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with poly(I:C) and endogenous RNA from human PBMCs. No cytotoxic effect on the cells or on the proliferation of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells was observed. TLR3 expression in the PBMCs in the presence of poly(I:C) was up-regulated 9.5-fold, and TLR3 expression in the PBMCs treated with endogenous RNA was down-regulated 1.8-fold (p=0.002). The same trend was observed for IFN gamma where in the presence of poly(I:C) an 8.7-fold increase was noted and in the presence of endogenous RNA a 3.1-fold decrease was observed. In the culture activated with poly(1:C), mRNA expression of CXCR4 increased 8.0-fold and expression of PKR increased 33.0-fold. Expression of these genes decreased in the culture treated with endogenous RNA when compared to the culture without stimulus. Thus, high expression of mRNA for TLR3, IFN gamma, CXCR4 and PKR was observed in the presence of poly(I:C) and low expression was observed in the cells cultured with endogenous RNA. In conclusion, TLR3 may play major physiological roles that are not in the context of viral infection. It is possible that RNA released from cells could contain enough double-stranded structures to regulate cell activation. The involvement of endogenous RNA in endogenous gene expression and its implications in the regulation thereof, are still being studied, and will have significant implications in the future.