Survey of marine turtles ecobiology in north of Persian Gulf

Sea turtles are counted as rare and extincting species. During the last century the population of sea turtles are drastically reducd and the remaining ones are considerd either threatend or endangerd because of some factors as sea pollution, economic benefits, intense fishing effort, beach man-made structures and so on. So, in recent years, more attention to conserving and surviving them is assumed. After a preliminary studies on some of the biological specifications in northern beach of Persian Gulf, three islands ; Hormoz, Hengam and Larak for the biometry of the turtles, a total number of 179, from 1999 to 2002 (4 years) are chosen. Some of the biological attributes as weight, length and their egg-laying are recorded, these items are then analyzed using SPSS software. The observed results are as follows . The lowest weight of the turtles was 35 kg, the highest 59 kg, and the average 45.24 kg. The lowest carapace length was 64 cm. the highest 86 cm and the average 76.79. the lowest number of laying eggs was 73, the highest 126, and the average 86.79. The results are discussed in three following sections: 1-A contrastive analysis of the biometric characteristics during 1999 in the three mentiond islands. 2-A contrastive analysis of the biometric characteristics in Hormoz island from 1999 to 2002. 3-A contrastive analysis of all the biometric characteristics in the three islands and other parts of the world. The results obtained from the turtles biometry in 1999 shows that the average of the turtles weight in Larak is lower than the other mentioned ones, and the heighest average is observed in Hormoz island. The turtles of Hengm have laid more eggs than the others. The results of Hengani turtles biometry during 1999-2002 indicates that the average of their weight in 2002 is more than the other three years in the same place. The least number of eggs laid during these years are 53 and the most are 126. The most number of eggs are laid in Hormoz in 2002, but the average number does not show any significant change.

补充营养对柑橘凤蝶卵成熟和雄虫寿命的影响

在实验室条件下,定量地研究了蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和蜂蜜等4种补充营养物对柑橘凤蝶卵成熟和雄虫寿命的影响.结果表明:(1)补充蔗糖、果糖和蜂蜜水的雌虫孕成熟卵量都显著高于清水对照组,其中补充蔗糖的雌虫孕成熟卵量最高;(2)不同的补充营养物对雌虫孕亚成熟卵量和未成熟卵量的影响不显著;(3)饲喂蔗糖、果糖和蜂蜜的雄虫寿命显著高于对照组,其中饲喂果糖的雄虫寿命最长;(4)饲喂添加不同浓度NaCl溶液的蜂蜜水的雄虫寿命比仅饲喂蜂蜜水的雄虫短,当NaCl溶液浓度为0.001 mol/L,0.1 mol/L和 1 mol/L 时,雄虫寿命显著低于对照,其中饲喂0.001 mol/L NaCl溶液的雄虫寿命最短.

Growth rates of Tilapia esculenta (Graham) and Tilapia zillii (Gervais) under cultivation in ponds at Nyegezi, Tanzania

Aquaculture in Tanzania is still on a subsistence level and most of the ponds are maintained as part time job. The ponds are too small, shallow and over crowded with stunted Tilapia spp. In the present paper the results of experiments conducted in ponds at Nyegezi with T. esculenta and T. zillii are presented. This was part of an overall project of developing techniques of fish cultures with Tilapia under the limited existing conditions at Nyegezi. In a mono - species culture experiement with Tilapia zillii in nine month's time an average size of 172.8 mm/115.0 g was attained. In another experiment with T. zillii and T. esculenta in thirteen month's time, T. zillii attained an average size of 180.2mm/106.6 g and T. esculenta 193.6 mm/118.8 g. In another experiment with intensive feeding schedule an average size of 179.3 mm/126.6 g was attained by T. zillii and 191.0 mm/125.0 g by T. esculenta in four month's time. A locally prepared supplimentary feed with local Brewery Waste and Fish Meal (10:1) was readily accepted by both species of Tilapia. T. zillii voraciously fed on Cabbage leaves, Cauliflower leaves, Chinese cabbage leaves, Cassava leaves and on the common weed Comalina sp. Though all the items mentioned above were readily accepted by T. zillii feeding with Comaltna sp. was the easiest and most convenient because of its availability. In an intensive feeding experiment with vegetable leaves/Comalina sp. and the locally prepared supplimentary feed the fishes attained table size in four months time. Cement cistens of 5 X 3 X 1½ m size could be conveniently used for breeding both species of Tilapia. T. zillii had semi adhesive eggs and they were deposited on the sides of the cement wall. The number of young ones in a brood ranged from 160 to 314 in T. esculenta and 687 to 4,356 in T. zillii.

Exploring the process of whole system design

This paper explores the adoption of a whole system approach to a more sustainable and innovative design. A case study methodology was utilised to gain improved understanding of whole system design and those factors that substantially influence its success. The paper presents a framework of those factors including the requirement for trans-disciplinary skills, the dynamics of a flattened hierarchy and the need to identify relationships between parts of the system to ultimately optimise the whole. Knowing the factors that influence the process of whole system design provides designers with the knowledge necessary to more effectively work within, manage and facilitate that process. This paper uses anecdotes taken from operational cases, across design contexts, to demonstrate those factors. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.