OLD NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC 1830 A 1900 BOOKS FOR THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF COSTA RICA "Miguel Obregón Lizano"

The Final Graduation submitted to qualify for the degree of Bachelor of Library and Information Science, with the title: Old National Bibliographical Books from 1830 to 1900 for the National Library of Costa Rica "Miguel Obregon Lizano," has raised the following objectives general: Identify, create a computerized catalog and investigate policies of conservation, preservation and loan in order to facilitate access and information retrieval, and dissemination of books published between 1830 to 1900 by a CDROM.According to the above objectives are to identify, select and separate, and integrate the National Bibliographical Old Books from 1830 to 1900, under investigation, determined in accordance with this study, a pioneer in the creation of bibliographic old in the National Library of Costa Rica "Miguel Obregon Lizano," a valuable amount of documents, which are not always available to (as) students (as), for lack of disclosure or because they are not represented in catalogs, consistent with recent technology dictates.According to research, it is considered that there is a lack of old collections, and therefore, the concept, organization and creation of such funds, reason leads them to testify that this would be one of the first forays into this subject, and thus, a great contribution to the National Library and for the field of librarianship and the country at large, as it has managed to create a source of access to information for the service (as) users (as): researchers (as), historians (as), anthropologists (as), and the community at large. Therefore, the fundamental purpose of this study the unquestionable usefulness of Old National Bibliographical Books for (as) users (as) researchers (as) of the National Library.

Chrysiptera unimaculata Cuvier, 1830

Chrysiptera unimaculata, an algivorous species also living on the coral reef flat and being territorial but not considered as a strict farmer in this location. Maximum length is 8 cm in Persian Gulf. It is living in close association with macrophytes. Adults are found solitarily or in small groups among coastal algal reefs, rubble or over open beach-rock of reef flats exposed to moderate surge and feeds mainly on benthic algae. C. unimaculata is oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding. Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate. Males guard and aerate the eggs.

Miguel Calderón de la Barca (1653-1720): biografía y aspectos artísticos

En el presente trabajo se da a conocer a Miguel Calderón de la Barca, figura de relieve por su carrera jurídica, pero sobre todo por las donaciones y legado artístico que enriquecieron el patrimonio cultural de la villa de Conil de la Frontera y el tesoro de la Iglesia Catedral de Cádiz. Los estudios que se habían efectuado hasta el momento eran parciales e incompletos, algo que se ha pretendido subsanar con la aportación de datos inéditos mediante los que recomponer la biografía del personaje, al tiempo que se ha procurado la comprensión y análisis profundo del momento histórico y manifestaciones artísticas ligadas a Calderón. Ha sido preciso recurrir a fuentes de diversa índole para poder cumplir estos objetivos. En la fase heurística de la investigación, realizamos la consulta y recopilación de la documentación manuscrita que se halla dispersa en archivos andaluces y madrileños. En concreto, el Archivo General de Indias es el principal repositorio para lo tocante al nombramiento de Calderón como oidor de la Real Audiencia de Nueva España en 1689 y el desempeño de sus funciones como ministro; el Archivo Histórico Nacional lo es, a su vez, para complementar la información tocante a la provisión de la plaza de toga en el Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias en 1707. Por último, los archivos históricos de protocolos de Madrid, Cádiz y Conil, y los eclesiásticos –parroquiales, diocesano y catedralicio– de la capital y localidad de la expresada provincia gaditana, han suministrado las noticias útiles de la historia personal y familiar de don Miguel: bautismo, matrimonios, poderes para testar y testamento. No sólo eso. En su acervo hemos descubierto algo más: inventarios de bienes dotales y de la testamentaría –estos con la consiguiente tasación y almoneda–, escrituras de fundación de capellanías y donación de piezas de plata y pintura de señalada importancia a las fábricas de los templos de Conil y de la catedral de Cádiz...

Cádiz, centro operístico peninsular en la España de los siglos XVIII y XIX (1761-1830)

A lo largo del siglo XVIII Cádiz fue configurándose como una ciudad de características únicas en la España de la época. Su privilegiada situación geográfica en las rutas marítimas comerciales y el traslado de la Casa de Contratación desde Sevilla (1717), vinieron a hacer de esta ciudad el centro comercial más importante entre Europa y el Nuevo Mundo. Este esplendor se dejó sentir en casi todos los aspectos sociales de la misma. A medida que avanzaba el siglo, fue emergiendo una nueva clase social: la burguesía que adquiriría un peso específico en la vida cultural de la ciudad. Otro importante colectivo dinamizador fue la población extranjera que se asentó en la ciudad atraída por su intensa vida comercial. La confluencia de tantas nacionalidades en el recinto de la ciudad, dotó a Cádiz de un carácter abierto, liberal y acogedor y de un ambiente próspero y tolerante que propició la proliferación de lugares destinados a la diversión y el ocio. Durante algunos años del siglo XVIII Cádiz contó con tres teatros que funcionaron de manera simultánea: la Casa de Comedias (creada en el siglo XVII), el Coliseo de Ópera (1761-1779) y el Teatro Francés (1769-1779). Las características de la sociedad gaditana unidas a la amplia infraestructura teatral de la ciudad convirtieron a Cádiz en un centro de gran predisposición para albergar uno de los espectáculos que mayor importancia estaba adquiriendo en aquellos años: la ópera. Durante los años de vida del Coliseo de Ópera llegaron a Cádiz un gran número de compañías italianas portando el repertorio más en boga del momento, pudiendo disfrutar así los gaditanos de las tendencias musicales imperantes en el resto de Europa. Con la clausura de este teatro y el regreso de las compañías italianas a su país, la actividad operística en España entró en crisis; no sería hasta el año 1787 que comenzaría el movimiento de restauración de la ópera, en el que Cádiz participaría de manera muy activa. Los primeros años del siglo XIX (1802-1808), se caracterizaron por la incorporación de repertorios de autores franceses (Dalayrac, Boieldieu, Della-Maria, Isouard), y por el intento de creación de un modelo de ópera propiamente español. En estos años Cádiz se mantuvo como ciudad de referencia del mundo operístico; la presencia de Manuel García y Esteban Cristiani fue decisiva para que en la ciudad se conocieran las primeras obras de estos emblemáticos compositores...

Ecologia reprodutiva do peixe-donzela, Stegastes fuscus cuvier, 1830 (osteichthyes: pomacentridae) em arrecifes rochosos da praia de Búzios, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The reproductive ecology of fish plays a key role both for rational exploitation methods and for protective measures of natural stocks. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reproductive aspects of the damsel-fish, Stegastes fuscus, during October 2004 to September 2005, in the coastal rocky reefs of Búzios Beach, Nísia Floresta, RN. Fish were captured using hooks and hand nets, during low tide. Reproduction was determined using sexual ratio, mean length of first maturation (L50), absolute fecundity and macroscopic characteristics of gonads. The following parameters were related to gonadosomatic index (GSI): condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), rain fall and temperature. In relation to sex distribution, it was observed that 78% were females and 22% were males. The L50 was 6.2 cm for females and 7.0 for males. Average fecundity was 6832 oocytes. Results showed that S. fuscus had better body condition in the months prior to spawning, particularly during initial and intermediate stages of maturation. Five stages of gonadal maturation were identified through macroscopic analysis: immature, in maturation, mature, spent and resting. The HSI was inversely related to the GSI. This was possibly due to the reproductive cycle of this species which was associated to the dry period of this region. During this period, low rain fall and high temperatures provide an propitious reproductive condition for the study species

Los sistemas de beneficiado del café costarricense: 1830-1914

ResumenEste articulo trata de presentar un punto de vista diferente a la tradicional perspectiva de la supremacía del beneficiado húmedo sobre otros métodos de procesar el café. El análisis es sustentado en una base de datos cualitativos levantada de una lectura de múltiples fuentes como periódicos, censos, protocolos, expedientes judiciales, actas municipales, libros, etc. Al mismo tiempo, hace un repaso histórico de la introducción tecnológica extranjera y la innovación criolla por elaborar un grano de una calidad aceptable para la exportación. Simultáneamente, se hace hincapié sobre los problemas técnicos de la caficultura costarricenseAbstractThis article seeks to present a different point of view with regards to the traditional preeminence of wet coffee processing over other methods. The analysis is based on a qualitative database put together after the study of a wide variety of sources such as newspapers, census, protocols, court records, municipal records, books, etc. At the same time, it takes on a historical review of the introduction of foreign technology and the native innovation to develop a coffee bean of acceptable export quality. Likewise, the article stresses on the technical problems faced by the Costa Rican coffee industry.

Gentes de la mar. Marinos y comerciantes en el Pacífico Central mesoamericano 1830-1930

Introducción En tema de esta ponencia es la constitución de nuevas redes comerciales en el Pacífico central centroamericano y el papel que la comunidad de marinos tiene en su construcción. La cultura de trabajo juega un papel muy importante en la construcción de las redes de solidaridad y sociabilidad, que han de permitir la constitución de la comunidad de marinos-comerciantes, residentes en el Pacífico centroamericano. Por ello, se analiza la actividad de transporte marítimo continental durante las décadas de 1840-1860…

El arte de imprimir. Los oficios tipográficos en la ciudad de San José, 1830-1950.

Resumen Estudia el desarrollo de los oficios tipográficos en san José, Costa Rica, desde la introducción y la difusión inicial de la imprenta, en 1830, hasta el año 1960, en que surge una organización técnica y social del trabajo muy diferente. Abstract The article explores the development of typographic labor in San Jose, Costa Rica, from the introduction and initial diffusion of printing in 1830, until 1960, when the technical and social organization of typographic work changed markedly

Historia agraria y desarrollo agroexportador: tendencias en los estudios sobre el periodo de 1830-1950

Introducción Durante poco más de un siglo a partir de las primeras exportaciones de café de Costa Rica, este producto y en conjunto de interacciones sociales asociadas al desarrollo agroexportador, fueron factores primordiales en al historia social agraria del país. Si en la década de 1830 el café era sólo un cultivo prometedor, entre mediados de los siglos XIX y XX habría ser el eje de una vinculación monocultivista al mercado mundial, en la medida que la suerte de esta cosecha incidía decisivamente en el conjunto de la economía costarricense…

Texture for Script identification

The problem of determining the script and language of a document image has a number of important applications in the field of document analysis, such as indexing and sorting of large collections of such images, or as a precursor to optical character recognition (OCR). In this paper, we investigate the use of texture as a tool for determining the script of a document image, based on the observation that text has a distinct visual texture. An experimental evaluation of a number of commonly used texture features is conducted on a newly created script database, providing a qualitative measure of which features are most appropriate for this task. Strategies for improving classification results in situations with limited training data and multiple font types are also proposed.

Defining reference service life : an open innovation approach

The endeavour to obtain estimates of durability of components for use in lifecycle assessment or costing and infrastructure and maintenance planning systems is large. The factor method and the reference service life concept provide a very valuable structure, but do not resolve the central dilemma of the need to derive an extensive database of service life. Traditional methods of estimating service life, such as dose functions or degradation models, can play a role in developing this database, however the scale of the problem clearly indicates that individual dose functions cannot be derived for each component in each different local and geographic setting. Thus, a wider range of techniques is required in order to devise reference service life. This paper outlines the approaches being taken in the Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation project to predict reference service life. Approaches include the development of fundamental degradation and microclimate models, the development of a situation-based reasoning ‘engine’ to vary the ‘estimator’ of service life, and the development of a database on expert performance (Delphi study). These methods should be viewed as complementary rather than as discrete alternatives. As discussed in the paper, the situation-based reasoning approach in fact has the possibility of encompassing all other methods.

The circadian response of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) signal environmental light level to the central circadian clock and contribute to the pupil light reflex. It is unknown if ipRGC activity is subject to extrinsic (central) or intrinsic (retinal) network-mediated circadian modulation during light entrainment and phase shifting. Eleven younger persons (18–30 years) with no ophthalmological, medical or sleep disorders participated. The activity of the inner (ipRGC) and outer retina (cone photoreceptors) was assessed hourly using the pupil light reflex during a 24 h period of constant environmental illumination (10 lux). Exogenous circadian cues of activity, sleep, posture, caffeine, ambient temperature, caloric intake and ambient illumination were controlled. Dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) was determined from salivary melatonin assay at hourly intervals, and participant melatonin onset values were set to 14 h to adjust clock time to circadian time. Here we demonstrate in humans that the ipRGC controlled post-illumination pupil response has a circadian rhythm independent of external light cues. This circadian variation precedes melatonin onset and the minimum ipRGC driven pupil response occurs post melatonin onset. Outer retinal photoreceptor contributions to the inner retinal ipRGC driven post-illumination pupil response also show circadian variation whereas direct outer retinal cone inputs to the pupil light reflex do not, indicating that intrinsically photosensitive (melanopsin) retinal ganglion cells mediate this circadian variation.

Cyclists' experiences of harassment from motorists : findings from a survey of cyclists in Queensland, Australia

Objective Harassment from motorists is a major constraint on cycling that has been under-researched. We examined incidence and correlates of harassment of cyclists. Methods Cyclists in Queensland, Australia were surveyed in 2009 about their experiences of harassment while cycling, from motor vehicle occupants. Respondents also indicated the forms of harassment they experienced. Logistic regression modeling was used to examine gender and other correlates of harassment. Results Of 1830 respondents, 76% of men and 72% of women reported harassment in the previous 12 months. The most reported forms of harassment were driving too close (66%), shouting abuse (63%), and making obscene gestures/sexual harassment (45%). Older age, overweight/obesity, less cycling experience (< 2 years) and less frequent cycling (< 3 days/week) were associated with less likelihood of harassment, while living in highly advantaged areas (SEIFA deciles 8 or 9), cycling for recreation, and cycling for competition were associated with increased likelihood of harassment. Gender was not associated with reports of harassment. Conclusions Efforts to decrease harassment should include a closer examination of the circumstances that give rise to harassment, as well as fostering road environments and driver attitudes and behaviors that recognize that cyclists are legitimate road users.

From the Editors

This special issue of the Project Management Journal (PMJ) presents a collection of six of the best papers presented at the International Academy of African Business and Development (IAABD) conference held on May 17–20, 2011, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

An optimal under-frequency load shedding strategy considering distributed generators and load static characteristics

The well-established under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is deemed to be the last of effective remedial measures against a severe frequency decline of a power system. With the ever-increasing size of power systems and the extensive penetration of distributed generators (DGs) in power systems, the problem of developing an optimal UFLS strategy is facing some new challenges. Given this background, an optimal UFLS strategy for a distribution system with DGs and load static characteristics taken into consideration is developed. Based on the frequency and the rate of change of frequency, the presented strategy consists of several basic rounds and a special round. In the basic round, the frequency emergency can be alleviated by quickly shedding some loads. In the special round, the frequency security can be maintained, and the operating parameters of the distribution system can be optimized by adjusting the output powers of DGs and some loads. The modified IEEE 37-node test feeder is employed to demonstrate the essential features of the developed optimal UFLS strategy in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.