Clinicopathological Phenotype of Autosomal Recessive Cholesterol Deficiency in Holstein Cattle.

BACKGROUND Cholesterol deficiency (CD), a newly identified autosomal recessive genetic defect in Holstein cattle, is associated with clinical signs of diarrhea, failure to thrive, and hypocholesterolemia. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objective is to describe the clinicopathological phenotype of affected Holstein cattle homozygous for the causative apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) mutation. ANIMALS Six Holstein cattle, 5 calves with a clinical history of chronic diarrhea, and 1 heifer with erosions in the buccal cavity and neurologic symptoms were admitted to the Clinic for Ruminants. METHODS This case review included a full clinical examination, a complete blood count, blood chemistry, and measurements of cholesterol and triglycerides. The animals were euthanized and necropsied. A PCR-based direct gene test was applied to determine the APOB genotype. RESULTS All 6 animals were inbred, could be traced back to the sire Maughlin Storm, and were confirmed homozygous for the APOB mutation. The clinical phenotype included poor development, underweight, and intermittent diarrhea in the calves, and neurologic signs in the heifer included hypermetria and pacing. Hypocholesterolemia and low triglycerides concentrations were present in all animals. The pathological phenotype of all animals was steatorrhea with enterocytes of the small intestine containing intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles. The peripheral nervous system of the heifer displayed degenerative changes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Suspicion of CD in Holstein cattle is based on the presence of chronic diarrhea with no evidence of primary infections. Confirmation of the associated APOB gene mutation is needed. Additionally, the heifer demonstrated primarily signs of neurologic disease providing an unexpected phenotype of CD.

Knock-out of Arabidopsis metal transporter gene IRT1 results in iron deficiency accompanied by cell differentiation defects

IRT1 and IRT2 are members of the Arabidopsis ZIP metal transporter family that are specifically induced by iron deprivation in roots and act as heterologous suppressors of yeast mutations inhibiting iron and zinc uptake. Although IRT1 and IRT2 are thought to perform redundant functions as root-specific metal transporters, insertional inactivation of the IRT1 gene alone results in typical symptoms of iron deficiency causing severe leaf chlorosis and lethality in soil. The irt1 mutation is characterized by specific developmental defects, including a drastic reduction of chloroplast thylakoid stacking into grana and lack of palisade parenchyma differentiation in leaves, reduced number of vascular bundles in stems, and irregular patterns of enlarged endodermal and cortex cells in roots. Pulse labeling with 59Fe through the root system shows that the irt1 mutation reduces iron accumulation in the shoots. Short-term labeling with 65Zn reveals no alteration in spatial distribution of zinc, but indicates a lower level of zinc accumulation. In comparison to wild-type, the irt1 mutant responds to iron and zinc deprivation by altered expression of certain zinc and iron transporter genes, which results in the activation of ZIP1 in shoots, reduction of ZIP2 transcript levels in roots, and enhanced expression of IRT2 in roots. These data support the conclusion that IRT1 is an essential metal transporter required for proper development and regulation of iron and zinc homeostasis in Arabidopsis.

Managing gonadotropin deficiency /

Shipping list no.: 86-609-P.

A guide to the Mental deficiency act, 1913 : containing a legal and general exposition of the act, with suggestions to local authorities, managers and others for the organization and administration of the work dealing with the mental defective /

Mode of access: Internet.

The 1990 Farm Act and the 1990 Budget Reconciliation Act : how U.S. farm policy mechanisms will work under the new legislation : includes description of target prices, loan rates, deficiency payments, and new planting flexibility provisions.

Mode of access: Internet.

American journal of mental deficiency.

Includes the association's conference proceedings and addresses.

Six books of Proclus : On the theology of Plato, trans. from the Greek; to which a seventh book is added, in order to supply the deficiency of another book on this subject, which was written by Proclus, but since lost.

"Also, a trans. of [his] Elements of theology ... Providence and fate ... extracts from ... Ten doubts concerning providence, and trans. of extracts from ... Subsistence of evil ; by Thomas Taylor."

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

"June 13, 1984."

Report of the committee, appointed to inquire into and report the amount of the deficiency in the account of the late treasurer Skinner ... June 11, 1812.

Mode of access: Internet.

"Construction bustbuster's notebook" : repetitive constructive deficiency checklist /

Mode of access: Internet.

Intelligence and social valuation, a practical method for the diagnosis of mental deficiency and other forms of social inefficiency,

Mode of access: Internet.

Mental deficiency (amentia)

Mode of access: Internet.

Prothrombin deficiency.

Includes bibliography.

Experimental studies in mental deficiency. Three cases of imbeciltiy (Mongolian) and six cases of feeble-mindedness,

"Appendix and bibliography": p. 52-56.

Urgent supplemental appropriations for 1935 : hearing before the subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations in charge of deficiency appropriations. Seventy-fourth Congress, first session. Federal Communications Commission, National Mediation Board, National Railroad Adjustment Board, Securities and Exchange Commission.

Mode of access: Internet.