Estabilidade temporal de medidas do teor e do potencial mátrico da água no solo em uma transeção

O elevado nível de variabilidade espacial de observações experimentais de campo da condutividade hidráulica do solo dificulta o planejamento de amostragem e a utilização e extrapolação de valores médios, em estudos de campo de dinâmica da água no solo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a estabilidade temporal de medidas do teor e do potencial mátrico da água no solo e sua aplicação como ferramenta para racionalizar a estratégia de amostragem para avaliação da condutividade hidráulica do solo em condições de campo. O experimento de drenagem foi desenvolvido num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo em Piracicaba (SP), numa parcela experimental com 50 pontos de observação distanciados de 1 m entre si, nos quais foram medidos o teor de água (com TDR) e o potencial mátrico (com tensiômetros) durante três semanas de redistribuição da água no solo. Os resultados mostraram que o método da estabilidade temporal permite identificar, com exatidão, os locais mais adequados para as amostragens, possibilitando a redução do número de amostras necessárias e do custo de execução do esforço amostral para o planejamento de sistemas de uso e manejo de água na agricultura.

Variação temporal do intervalo hídrico ótimo de um latossolo vermelho distroférrico sob sistemas de plantio direto

O plantio direto é eficiente no controle das perdas de solo e água, mas o tráfego de máquinas e a ausência de revolvimento podem induzir a compactação superficial dos solos de textura argilosa. O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) traduz os efeitos de sistemas de manejo na melhoria ou na degradação da qualidade física do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o IHO para discriminar os efeitos de sistemas de manejo em plantio direto na qualidade física do solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: plantio direto com sucessão de culturas, plantio direto com rotação de culturas e plantio direto com rotação de culturas e escarificação do solo. Em duas épocas distintas - em outubro de 2002, após a cultura de inverno (trigo), e em abril de 2003, após a cultura de verão (soja) - foram retiradas 44 amostras indeformadas em cada tratamento. Essas amostras foram utilizadas para determinar a curva de retenção de água, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração, a densidade do solo, o IHO e a densidade crítica do solo. A resistência do solo à penetração determinou o limite inferior do IHO em todos os tratamentos e reduziu os seus valores com o aumento da densidade do solo. A densidade crítica do solo não dependeu do sistema de manejo em plantio direto. A variação temporal do IHO nos tratamentos foi dependente da variação da densidade do solo. No plantio direto com rotação, a maior retenção de água em elevados potenciais proporcionou, temporalmente, maiores valores do IHO.

Variação temporal e vertical de atributos químicos de um gleissolo do Rio Guamá cultivado com Canaranas

Os sedimentos transportados pelas águas barrentas do rio Guamá e a heterogeneidade dessas substâncias são responsáveis pela formação do solo e pela diversidade de características químicas na área inundável. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os atributos físicos e químicos de um solo de várzea baixa do rio Guamá, em diferentes épocas, cultivado com canarana de Paramaribo (Echinochloa polystachya H.B.K) e canarana erecta lisa (Echinochloa pyramidales Lam). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (quatro profundidades e quatro épocas de amostragem), com seis repetições. Amostras compostas de solo foram coletadas em seis pontos eqüidistantes, a partir de uma transecção, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm, nos meses de maio, agosto e novembro/2002 e fevereiro/2003. Foram determinados a granulometria, matéria orgânica, pH em H2O, pH em KCl, P extraível, K trocável, Al trocável, Ca e Mg trocáveis e os micronutrientes: Cu, Mn, Zn e Fe. Os solos da área estudada estão inseridos na unidade dos Gleissolos e caracterizam-se por serem pouco desenvolvidos, mal drenados, normalmente ácidos, ocorrendo no perfil horizonte franco-argilo-siltoso. Houve influência da sazonalidade na composição química do solo; na época mais chuvosa e de inundação mais intensa da várzea, correspondente ao mês de fevereiro, observou-se aumento do pH nos teores de Cu e de Fe e decréscimos nos de Mg e de Al trocável; no período de menor umidade do solo, a saturação por bases e a CTC foram mais elevadas. O Fe foi o nutriente que apresentou maior variação nos seus teores com a inundação do solo, cujo aumento foi superior a 1.000 % no período de maior inundação do solo (fevereiro).

Geographic and temporal variation in the consumption of bats by European barn owls

Capsule We report a review of the occurrence of bats in the Barn Owl diet Tyto alba in Europe. Based on 802 studies reporting 4.02 million prey items identified in pellets, 4949 were bats (0.12%). We found that bat predation decreased during the last 150 years, is more frequent on islands than mainland, and is higher in eastern than western Europe and in southern than northern Europe. Although Barn Owls usually capture bats opportunistically, they can sometimes specialize on them.

Spatio-temporal Brain Dynamics Mediating Post-error Behavioral Adjustments.

Optimal behavior relies on flexible adaptation to environmental requirements, notably based on the detection of errors. The impact of error detection on subsequent behavior typically manifests as a slowing down of RTs following errors. Precisely how errors impact the processing of subsequent stimuli and in turn shape behavior remains unresolved. To address these questions, we used an auditory spatial go/no-go task where continual feedback informed participants of whether they were too slow. We contrasted auditory-evoked potentials to left-lateralized go and right no-go stimuli as a function of performance on the preceding go stimuli, generating a 2 × 2 design with "preceding performance" (fast hit [FH], slow hit [SH]) and stimulus type (go, no-go) as within-subject factors. SH trials yielded SH trials on the following trials more often than did FHs, supporting our assumption that SHs engaged effects similar to errors. Electrophysiologically, auditory-evoked potentials modulated topographically as a function of preceding performance 80-110 msec poststimulus onset and then as a function of stimulus type at 110-140 msec, indicative of changes in the underlying brain networks. Source estimations revealed a stronger activity of prefrontal regions to stimuli after successful than error trials, followed by a stronger response of parietal areas to the no-go than go stimuli. We interpret these results in terms of a shift from a fast automatic to a slow controlled form of inhibitory control induced by the detection of errors, manifesting during low-level integration of task-relevant features of subsequent stimuli, which in turn influences response speed.

Avaliação espaço-temporal das armazenagens gravimétrica e volumétrica da água num Latossolo com citros

A estabilidade temporal é descrita como a persistência temporal de um padrão espacial e é avaliada pela análise de correlação de medidas em datas sucessivas. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a armazenagem de água no solo em duas transeções de 76 m cada, contendo 20 pontos em cada uma. em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo argissólico cultivado com citros com 11 anos em Piracicaba/SP. A umidade do solo para determinação da armazenagem, na camada de 0,00-1,10 m, ao longo do tempo, foi obtida com uma sonda de nêutrons, calibrada para o solo em estudo, realizando leituras semanais às profundidades de 0,20, 0,40, 0,60, 0,80, 1,0 e 1,10 m. A armazenagem de água no solo foi determinada utilizando-se o método de Simpson. Os dados da armazenagem média de água no solo nos três anos de estudo mostraram que sua distribuição, ao longo do tempo, apresentou comportamento semelhante e que os coeficientes de correlação linear e de posição de Spearman foram altos entre o ano 1 e o ano 2, o ano 2 e o ano 3 e o ano 1 e o ano 3, indicando existência de estabilidade temporal e persistência temporal significativa do padrão espacial observado. Foi verificada dependência espacial moderada de 17,10 m pelo semivariograma exponencial. Pela técnica da diferença relativa, os pontos que apresentaram comportamento estável no tempo foram o ponto 29, para os anos 1 e 2, e os pontos 16, 29 e 39, para o ano 3, que podem ser usados para estimar com segurança a armazenagem média de água no solo. O ponto 29 foi o que se apresentou estável para os três anos de estudo, sendo, portanto, o mais recomendável tanto para a armazenagem gravimétrica como para a volumétrica.

Spatial and temporal variation of natural toxicity in cnidarians, bryozoans and tunicates in Mediterranean caves

The natural toxicity of cnidarians, bryozoans and tunicates in two caves was assessed using the Microtox® technique in spring and autumn. One cave was located in the Cabrera Archipelago (Balearic Islands) and the other in the Medes Islands (Catalan littoral). The organisms analysed were good representatives of the coverage of each Phylum in the communities; however, these Phyla are less abundant than sponges which are the dominant group in these caves. Seventy-one percent of the species of cnidarians and bryozoans analysed were toxic in one of the caves, communities or seasons, which indicates the relevance of bioactive species in these groups. The tunicate Lissoclinum perforatum was the most toxic species. Although all three Phyla had some highly toxic species, a common pattern that related the caves, communities and seasons was not found. Seasonal variation of toxicity in cnidarians and bryozoans was higher in the Cabrera than in the Medes cave. Moreover, variation in toxicity either between communities or between seasons was a common trait for most cnidarians and bryozoans, whereas tunicates remained toxic throughout communities and seasons.

Temporal changes in the expression and distribution of adhesion molecules during liver development and regeneration

We have compared by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting the expression and distribution of adhesion molecules participating in cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions during embryonic development and regeneration of rat liver. Fibronectin and the fibronectin receptor, integrin alpha 5 beta 1, were distributed pericellularly and expressed at a steady level during development from the 16th day of gestation and in neonate and adult liver. AGp110, a nonintegrin fibronectin receptor was first detected on the 17th day of gestation in a similar, nonpolarized distribution on parenchymal cell surfaces. At that stage of development haemopoiesis is at a peak in rat liver and fibronectin and receptors alpha 5 beta 1 and AGp110 were prominent on the surface of blood cell precursors. During the last 2 d of gestation (20th and 21st day) hepatocytes assembled around lumina. AGp110 was initially depolarized on the surface of these acinar cells but then confined to the lumen and to newly-formed bile canaliculi. At birth, a marked increase occurred in the canalicular expression of AGp110 and in the branching of the canalicular network. Simultaneously, there was enhanced expression of ZO-1, a protein component of tight junctions. On the second day postpartum, presence of AGp110 and of protein constituents of desmosomes and intermediate junctions, DGI and E-cadherin, respectively, was notably enhanced in cellular fractions insoluble in nonionic detergents, presumably signifying linkage of AGp110 with the cytoskeleton and assembly of desmosomal and intermediate junctions. During liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, AGp110 remained confined to apical surfaces, indicating a preservation of basic polarity in parenchymal cells. A decrease in the extent and continuity of the canalicular network occurred in proliferating parenchyma, starting 24 h after resection in areas close to the terminal afferent blood supply of portal veins and spreading to the rest of the liver within the next 24 h. Distinct acinar structures, similar to the ones in prenatal liver, appeared at 72 h after hepatectomy. Restoration of the normal branching of the biliary tree commenced at 72 h. At 7 d postoperatively acinar formation declined and one-cell-thick hepatic plates, as in normal liver, were observed.

Musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis.

To evaluate the incidence and characteristics of musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and temporal arteritis (TA). METHODS The records of 163 cases of PMR or TA diagnosed over a 15 year period in one area of Spain were reviewed for the presence and type of musculoskeletal manifestations. RESULTS Of 163 patients, 90 had isolated PMR and 73 had TA. Eighteen of the 90 patients (20%) with isolated PMR developed distal peripheral arthritis either at diagnosis or during the course of the disease. When it occurred, synovitis was mild, monoarticular or pauci-articular, asymmetrical, transient, and not destructive. Other distal manifestations observed in these patients were carpal tunnel syndrome and distal extremity swelling with pitting oedema. In all cases these manifestations occurred in conjunction with active PMR. As expected, PMR was the most frequent musculoskeletal manifestation in patients with TA, occurring in 56% of cases. On the contrary, only 11% of patients with TA developed peripheral arthritis. An important finding was that peripheral arthritis in these patients appears to be linked only temporally to the presence of simultaneous PMR and is not observed in its absence. Distal extremity swelling or defined polyarthritis were not observed. CONCLUSION The spectrum of distal musculoskeletal manifestations of PMR in our series is similar to that reported in other populations. By contrast, distal musculoskeletal symptoms are uncommon in TA. The almost complete absence of distal musculoskeletal manifestations in patients with pure TA suggests different mechanisms of disease in PMR and TA, supporting the view of two separate conditions or one common disease in which host susceptibility influences the clinical expression.

Fractal temporal organisation of motricity is altered in major depression.

OBJECTIVE: Motor changes in major depression (MD) may represent potential markers of treatment response. Physiological rhythms (heart rate/gait cycle/hand movements) have been recently shown to be neither random nor regular but to display a fractal temporal organisation, possibly reflecting a unique central "internal clock" control. Sleep and mood circadian rhythm modifications observed in MD also suggest a role for this "internal clock". We set out to examine the fractal pattern of motor activity in MD. METHODS: Ten depressed patients (46±20 years) and ten age- and gender-matched healthy controls (48±21 years) underwent a 6-h ambulatory monitoring of spontaneous hand activity with a validated wireless device. Fractal scaling exponent (α) was analysed. An α value close to 1 means the pattern is fractal. RESULTS: Healthy controls displayed a fractal pattern of spontaneous motor hand activity (α: 1.0±0.1), whereas depressed patients showed an alteration of that pattern (α:1.2±0.15, p<0.01), towards a smoother organisation. CONCLUSION: The alteration of fractal pattern of hand activity by depression further supports the role of a central internal clock in the temporal organisation of movements. This novel way of studying motor changes in depression might have an important role in the detection of endophenotypes and potential predictors of treatment response.

Ispol'zovanie metodov teorii vosstanovleniia v modeliakh optimal'nogo dobyvaniia pishchi [Restoration theory in models of optimal feeding behavior]

The method of stochastic dynamic programming is widely used in ecology of behavior, but has some imperfections because of use of temporal limits. The authors presented an alternative approach based on the methods of the theory of restoration. Suggested method uses cumulative energy reserves per time unit as a criterium, that leads to stationary cycles in the area of states. This approach allows to study the optimal feeding by analytic methods.

Report to the Governor and General Assembly on the Status of Out-of School Arts Programming for Youth, December 2006

In the 2006 Iowa General Assembly, House File 2797 called for a study on the status of afterschool arts programs and appropriated $5,000 for the study. In accordance with the legislation, the Iowa Arts Council, who received the charge, contracted with the Iowa Afterschool Alliance to form a Resource Group of out-of-school arts providers and experts to develop and oversee the study, review its results, and make recommendations for the expansion of arts programs that operate outside the normal school day. As a part of its charge in HF 2797, the Iowa Arts Council also documented a sampling of out-of-school arts programs statewide. Five are featured in this report.

Non-constant discounting in finite horizon: The free terminal time case

This paper derives the HJB (Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman) equation for sophisticated agents in a finite horizon dynamic optimization problem with non-constant discounting in a continuous setting, by using a dynamic programming approach. A simple example is used in order to illustrate the applicability of this HJB equation, by suggesting a method for constructing the subgame perfect equilibrium solution to the problem.Conditions for the observational equivalence with an associated problem with constantdiscounting are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the case of free terminal time. Strotz¿s model (an eating cake problem of a nonrenewable resource with non-constant discounting) is revisited.

Heterogeneous discounting in consumption-investment problems. Time consistent solutions

[cat] En aquest treball s'analitza un model estocàstic en temps continu en el que l'agent decisor descompta les utilitats instantànies i la funció final amb taxes de preferència temporal constants però diferents. En aquest context es poden modelitzar problemes en els quals, quan el temps s'acosta al moment final, la valoració de la funció final incrementa en comparació amb les utilitats instantànies. Aquest tipus d'asimetria no es pot descriure ni amb un descompte estàndard ni amb un variable. Per tal d'obtenir solucions consistents temporalment es deriva l'equació de programació dinàmica estocàstica, les solucions de la qual són equilibris Markovians. Per a aquest tipus de preferències temporals, s'estudia el model clàssic de consum i inversió (Merton, 1971) per a les funcions d'utilitat del tipus CRRA i CARA, comparant els equilibris Markovians amb les solucions inconsistents temporalment. Finalment es discuteix la introducció del temps final aleatori.

Spatial and temporal variability of crop yield and some Rhodic Hapludox properties under no-tillage

Soil properties are closely related with crop production and spite of the measures implemented, spatial variation has been repeatedly observed and described. Identifying and describing spatial variations of soil properties and their effects on crop yield can be a powerful decision-making tool in specific land management systems. The objective of this research was to characterize the spatial and temporal variations in crop yield and chemical and physical properties of a Rhodic Hapludox soil under no-tillage. The studied area of 3.42 ha had been cultivated since 1985 under no-tillage crop rotation in summer and winter. Yield and soil property were sampled in a regular 10 x 10 m grid, with 302 sample points. Yields of several crops were analyzed (soybean, maize, triticale, hyacinth bean and castor bean) as well as soil chemical (pH, Soil Organic Matter (SOM), P, Ca2+, Mg2+, H + Al, B, Fe, Mn, Zn, CEC, sum of bases (SB), and base saturation (V %)) and soil physical properties (saturated hydraulic conductivity, texture, density, total porosity, and mechanical penetration resistance). Data were analyzed using geostatistical analysis procedures and maps based on interpolation by kriging. Great variation in crop yields was observed in the years evaluated. The yield values in the Northern region of the study area were high in some years. Crop yields and some physical and soil chemical properties were spatially correlated.