Iowa Byways: The Official Guide to Iowa Byways, 2013

Browse through this guide and you’ll find the distinct flavor of what is available along each byway. Discover recreational, historic, cultural and scenic attractions using the maps and lists provided in the guide. You’ll find numbered attractions for each byway in or near the town listed. For a comprehensive list of byway features, visit www.iowabyways.org. Friendly local contacts are provided to help you along the way. Iowa Transportation Maps clearly tracking all the Iowa byways with red dotted lines are available at Iowa’s official welcome centers. Traveling Iowa’s byways you will experience small town America, while enjoying diverse landscapes and unique landforms that have been shaped over thousands of years. Iowa’s cultural heritage also plays a major role across all 11 byways, boasting hundreds of historic sites, national landmarks and interpretive centers, each telling Iowa’s stories from the first Native Americans through European immigrants to modern times. Glaciers once covered much of Iowa, shaping the broad flat plains of the prairie. These massive sheets of ice missed the northeast corner of the state, leaving the land along the Driftless Area Byway rugged and hilly with rock outcroppings, springs and cold water trout streams. Rivers coursed their way through the land, carving deep furrows in some places and leaving gently rolling hills in others. In western Iowa, wind has shaped fine sand into the impressive Loess Hills, a rare land form found in only one other place on earth. Iowa’s two national scenic byways and nine state byways offer unique varieties of scenic features, and more for you to see and do. View three states from atop a Mississippi River bluff, stop at a modern art museum and then tour a working farm. Explore a historic mill, visit a national aquarium, take a boat ride in a cave, purchase locally crafted pottery and wares from local artisans or trace the footsteps of Lewis and Clark. Experience the actual wagon ruts of the Mormon Trail, ride your bike 13 stories high, canoe a water trail, star gaze under Iowa’s darkest sky, and marvel at mounds built by prehistoric cultures. Agriculture wraps Iowa’s byways with an abundance of farmland vistas and fills Iowa lands with ever-changing crops and activities for you to “harvest.” You’ll see croplands on the vast flat plains and farmsteads sprinkled across rolling hills reminiscent of a Grant Wood painting. Along the way, you might wander in a corn maze, rest at a bed and breakfast, study farming in museums, discover the Iowa barn quilt collection or visit a working Amish farm. When you are ready to step outside your vehicle, you’ll find much more to do and see. Prairie, forests, rivers and public lands are abundant along Iowa’s byways; providing opportunities for you to stop and play in the outdoors with hiking, biking, kayaking and trout fishing. Classic hometowns with pride for their unique lore and offerings are found all along the byways. They invite you to taste local food, enjoy their architecture, and immerse yourself in the rich history and culture that defines them. Why not plan your next journey off the beaten path? No matter how you choose to make the most of every moment, we know that time spent along Iowa’s byways is sure to grow your love for Iowa’s diverse, beautiful vistas and authentic communities. Happy driving!

Tarinateatteri : taidetta ja terapiaa kuunnellen

Tämä työ käsittelee tarinateatteria teatterin ja taiteen tekemisen muotona. Pohdin työssä näyttelemistä sekä tarina- että perinteisessä teatterissa ja käsittelen tarinateatterin taiteellisia ja terapeuttisia ulottuvuuksia. Kerron työssäni, mistä tarinateatterissa on kyse ja käyn läpi miten tarinateatterin tekeminen on vaikuttanut minuun teatterintekijänä. Tarkastelen myös, mitä kyseinen teatterin tekemisen muoto on antanut minulle näyttelijänä. Pohdin millä tavoin se on kehittänyt muun muassa kuuntelu- ja improvisaatiokykyäni ja rohkaissut minua menemään teatterin tekemisessä kohti ihmistä ja ihmisyyttä. Lisäksi pohdin nykypäivää ja aikamme ihmisten suurta tarvetta tulla kuulluksi, kun tiiviitä yhteisöjä ei enää ympärillämme aina ole. Aluksi käyn läpi tarinateatterin historiaa ja valotan suomalaisen tarinateatterin vaiheita. Tämän jälkeen pohdin roolinkäyttöä ja näyttelijäntyötä sekä tarina- että perinteisessä teatterissa ja vertailen niitä keskenään. Kuvailen ja pohdin myös tarinateatterin eri tasoja sekä kerron, kuinka joskus tarinateatteria tehtäessä saa huomata jonkin ihmisissä ja maailmassa näkymättömissä olevan tulevan näkyväksi lavalle. Sen jälkeen esittelen ja kuvailen kaksi tarinateatteriesitystä, joista toinen toteutettiin Hämeenlinnan Kaupunginteatteriin ja toinen Lammille kehitysvammaisten hoitajille. Mietin, mitä nämä toisistaan monella tavalla poikkeavat tarinateatteriesitykset antoivat minulle teatterintekijänä, ihmisenä ja näyttelijänä ja minkälaisia ajatuksia ja näkymiä ne avasivat minulle tarinateatterin tekijänä. Pohdin myös, mitä nämä kaksi esitystä antoivat kokijoilleen ja mitä tarinateatterin olennaisimmista ytimistä näissä esityksissä toteutui.

Pavement Texturing by Milling, HR-283, 1987

Experience has shown that milling machines with carbide tipped teeth have the capability of profiling most asphalt concrete (ac) and portland cement concrete (pcc) pavements. Most standard milling operations today leave a very coarse, generally objectionable surface texture. This research utilized a Cedarapids Wirtgen 1900C mill modified by adding additional teeth. There were 411 teeth at a 5 millimeter transverse spacing (standard spacing is 15 mm) on a 6 ft. 4 in. long drum. The mill was used to profile and texture the surface of one ac and two pcc pavements. One year after the milling operation there is still some noticeable change in tire noise but the general appearance is good. The milling operation with the additional teeth provides an acceptable surface texture with improved Friction Numbers when compared to a nonmilled surface.

Use of GPS for Photogrammetry, HR-342, 1993

Five test flights were conducted to study the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in Photogrammetry, three in Iowa, one each in California and Texas. These tests show that GPS can be used to establish ground control by the static method and to determine camera location by the kinematic method. In block triangulation, six GPS controls are required and additional elevation control along the centerline is also required in strip triangulation. The camera location determined by aerial triangulation depends on the scale of the photography. The 1:3000 scale photography showed that the absolute accuracy of the camera location by GPS is better than five centimeters. The 1:40000 scale photography showed that the relative accuracy of the camera location by GPS is about one millimeter. In a strip triangulation elevation control is required in addition to the camera location by GPS. However, for block triangulation camera location by GPS is sufficient. Pre-targeting of pass and tie points gives the best results in both block and strip triangulation. In normal mapping for earth work computations the use of 1:6000 scale photography with GPS control instead of 1:3000 scale is recommended. It is recommended that research be done in the use of GPS for navigation in aerial photographic missions. It is highly recommended that research be done in the use of GPS to determine tip and tilt of the aerial camera, that is required in stereoplotting.

Field Evaluation of Compaction Monitoring Technology: Phase II Volumes 1 and 2, TR-495, 2006

This report documents an extensive field program carried out to identify the relationships between soil engineering properties, as measured by various in situ devices, and the results of machine compaction monitoring using prototype compaction monitoring technology developed by Caterpillar Inc. Primary research tasks for this study include the following: (1) experimental testing and statistical analyses to evaluate machine power in terms of the engineering properties of the compacted soil (e.g., density, strength, stiffness) and (2) recommendations for using the compaction monitoring technology in practice. The compaction monitoring technology includes sensors that monitor the power consumption used to move the compaction machine, an on-board computer and display screen, and a GPS system to map the spatial location of the machine. In situ soil density, strength, and stiffness data characterized the soil at various stages of compaction. For each test strip or test area, in situ soil properties were compared directly to machine power values to establish statistical relationships. Statistical models were developed to predict soil density, strength, and stiffness from the machine power values. Field data for multiple test strips were evaluated. The R2 correlation coefficient was generally used to assess the quality of the regressions. Strong correlations were observed between averaged machine power and field measurement data. The relationships are based on the compaction model derived from laboratory data. Correlation coefficients (R2) were consistently higher for thicker lifts than for thin lifts, indicating that the depth influencing machine power response exceeds the representative lift thickness encountered under field conditions. Caterpillar Inc. compaction monitoring technology also identified localized areas of an earthwork project with weak or poorly compacted soil. The soil properties at these locations were verified using in situ test devices. This report also documents the steps required to implement the compaction monitoring technology evaluated.

Data Acquisition and Computer Plotting of Delamtect Data, HR-269, 1985

The overall system is designed to permit automatic collection of delamination field data for bridge decks. In addition to measuring and recording the data in the field, the system provides for transferring the recorded data to a personal computer for processing and plotting. This permits rapid turnaround from data collection to a finished plot of the results in a fraction of the time previously required for manual analysis of the analog data captured on a strip chart recorder. In normal operation the Delamtect provides an analog voltage for each of two channels which is proportional to the extent of any delamination. These voltages are recorded on a strip chart for later visual analysis. An event marker voltage, produced by a momentary push button on the handle, is also provided by the Delamtect and recorded on a third channel of the analog recorder.

Iowa Motorcycle Ride Meter, HR-1019, 1980

The Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) through the Highway Division is responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of roadways that will provide a high level of serviceability to the motorist. First, the motorist expects to be able to get where he wants to go, but now he also demands a minimum level of comfort. In the construction of new roadways, the public is quick to express dissatisfaction with rough pavements. The Highway Division of the Iowa DOT (formerly Iowa State Highway Commission) has a specification which requires a "smooth-riding surface". For over 40 years, new portland cement concrete (pcc) pavement has been checked with a 10-foot rolling straightedge. The contractor is required to grind, saw or mill off all high spots that deviate more than 1/8" from the 10-foot straight line. Unfortunately, there are instances where a roadway that will meet the above criteria does not provide a "smooth-riding surface". The roadway may have monger undulations (swales) that result in an undesirable ride. The objective of this project was to develop a repeatable, reliable time stable, lightweight test unit to measure the riding quality of pcc pavement at normal highway speed the day after construction.

Manejo de colheita e espaçamento da palma-forrageira, em consórcio com sorgo granífero, no Agreste de Pernambuco

Este trabalho foi realizado na zona semi-árida de Pernambuco e teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de espaçamento, e a freqüência e intensidade de colheitas da palma-forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.) consorciada com sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os espaçamentos alocados nas parcelas principais, e as freqüências e intensidades de colheitas, nas subparcelas. Os resultados são de um período de 12 anos, e as produções de matéria seca de palma, de grãos e restolhos de sorgo foram: 5,23, 1,65 e 2,07; 4,51, 1,30 e 2,10; 2,75, 1,97 e 3,51 t/ha/ano, em espaçamentos de 2,0 m x 1,0 m; 3,0 m x 1,0 m x 0,50 m e 7,0 m x 1,0 m x 0,50 m, respectivamente. A produção de matéria seca foi diferente entre as freqüências de corte, quando foram conservados os artículos primários: 4,08 t/ha/ano na freqüência de quatro anos, e de 3,43 t/ha/ano na freqüência de dois anos. A produção de palma aumentou com o período de crescimento da planta, nas duas intensidades de corte estudadas. A composição química dos artículos de palma e dos restolhos de sorgo foi pouco afetada pelos tratamentos.

Tomato yield and potassium concentrations in soil and in plant petioles as affected by potassium fertirrigation

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Santa Clara was grown on a silt clay soil with 46 mg dm-3 Mehlich 1 extractable K, to evaluate the effects of trickle-applied K rates on fruit yield and to establish K critical concentrations in soil and in plant petioles. Six potassium rates (0, 48, 119, 189, 259 and 400 kg ha-1 K) were applied in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Soil and plant K critical levels were determined at two plant growth stages (at the beginning of the second and fourth cluster flowering). Total, marketable and weighted yields increased with K rates, reaching their maximum of 86.4, 73.4, and 54.9 ton ha-1 at 198, 194, and 125 kg ha-1 K , respectively. At the first soil sampling date K critical concentrations in the soil associated with K rates for maximum marketable and weighted yields were 92 and 68 mg dm-3, respectively. Potassium critical concentrations in the dry matter of the petioles sampled by the beginning of the second and fourth cluster flowering time, associated with maximum weighted yield, were 10.30 and 7.30 dag kg-1, respectively.

Avaliação da capacidade de regeneração in vitro em tomateiro industrial

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de regeneração das cultivares de tomateiro industrial (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) IPA-5 e IPA-6, utilizando quatro composições de meio de cultura descritos na literatura e cinco variações de inoculação. Foi testada uma nova variação de inoculação, denominada cotilédone fendido. A maior freqüência de formação de gemas vegetativas foi 100% no caso de IPA-5, e 65% no caso de IPA-6. Para induzir o alongamento de brotos, foram necessários três subcultivos dos explantes apresentando gemas. No caso de IPA-5, o número de brotos obtidos foi maior quando a indução de gemas foi realizada em meio contendo BAP (2,5 mg L-1) e AIA (0,2 mg L-1) seguido de três subcultivos, em meio como zeatina (0,5 mg L-1). Usando esse protocolo, a cultivar IPA-5 produziu uma média de 5,45 brotos alongados a partir do cotilédone fendido. Essa capacidade excedeu significativamente o cotilédone aparado, que produziu 4,4 brotos alongados por explante. No caso de IPA-6, a melhor combinação de meios e método de inoculação produziu 0,87 broto alongado por explante. Os brotos alongados foram enraizados e transferidos para casa de vegetação.

Field Evaluation of Engineering Fabrics for Asphalt Concrete Resurfacing - Audubon County, HR-360, Construction Report, 1994

An asphalt concrete (ACC) overlay is most often the rehabilitative effort used to maintain the serviceability of either an ACC or PCC pavement. The major problem in durability of this ACC overlay comes from reflective cracking. These cracks usually open, allowing water to enter the unsealed crack and strip the ACC in the overlay. The stripping of the ACC allows accelerated deterioration at the crack. Two engineering fabrics were evaluated in this project in order to determine their effectiveness in reducing reflective cracking. These two materials are: PavePrep, Contech Construction Products, Inc., and Pro-Guard, Phillips Fiber Corporation. A 4.2 km (2.6 mi) roadway in Audubon County was selected for the research project. The roadway was divided into eight test sections. Four of the test sections are conventional resurfacing. The other four sections are split between the two engineering fabrics (two Pro-Guard and two PavePrep). A 75 mm (3 in.) thick overlay was placed over the entire project.

Efeito do cloreto de cálcio e do tratamento hidrotérmico na atividade enzimática e no teor de fenólicos do abacaxi

O abacaxi (Ananas comosus Mill.) está sujeito a danos causados pelo frio durante o armazenamento refrigerado. A aplicação, pós-colheita, de Ca pode contribuir para reduzir vários tipos de desordens fisiológicas. Neste trabalho, verificou-se a influência da aplicação, pós-colheita, de CaCl2 a 2%, associada ao tratamento hidrotérmico (38ºC e 40ºC) por 10 e 20 minutos de imersão, na composição química (fenólicos e enzimas), e na suscetibilidade ao escurecimento interno do abacaxi (Ananas comosus Mill.) cultivar Smooth Cayenne. Os frutos foram armazenados a 9ºC e umidade relativa de 90% por um período de 15 dias. As avaliações foram efetuadas sete dias após a retirada dos frutos das condições de refrigeração. O tratamento dos frutos com CaCl2 reduziu o índice de escurecimento interno, conferindo menor atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase, peroxidase e fenilalanina amônio liase e reduzindo o teor de compostos fenólicos na polpa quando associado ao tratamento hidrotérmico, independentemente do tempo de imersão.

Variabilidad genética para la vida postcosecha y el peso de los frutos en tomate para familias F3 de un híbrido interespecífico

Se evaluó la variabilidad genética para la vida postcosecha y el peso de los frutos en veintiséis familias F3 de un híbrido interespecífico entre la cv. Caimanta de Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. y la línea LA722 de L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. con el objeto de obtener genotipos divergentes para ambos caracteres. Los promedios de días de vida postcosecha fueron 8, 15, 18 y 13 y de peso en gramos fueron 52,17, 0,94, 4,45 y 6,41 para cv. Caimanta, LA722, la F1 y la generación F3, respectivamente. Ninguna familia fue similar al progenitor `Caimanta' para el carácter días de vida postcosecha y sólo una familia tuvo una vida postcosecha como la F1. Para el peso de los frutos, cuatro familias fueron similares a la F1 y ninguna fue como los progenitores. La familia con peso de los frutos con 20,15 g y vida postcosecha de 21,5 días fue la que presentó mayores valores. El menor peso de los frutos fue en una familia con 2,81 g y el de menor vida postcosecha en una con 9,98 días. La amplia variabilidad genética encontrada para ambos caracteres entre las familias permitirá obtener genotipos divergentes.

Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Measurements by Fast Scanning, HR-111

Two goals were pursued in this research: first, to evaluate statistically some effects of sample preparation and instrument geometry on reproducibility of X-ray diffraction intensity data; and second, to develop a procedure for finding minimum peak and background counting times for a desired level of accuracy. The ratio of calcite to dolomite in limestones was determined in trials. Ultra-fine wet grinding of the limestone in porcelain impact type ball mill gave most consistent X-ray results, but caused considerable line broadening, and peaks were best measured on an area count basis. Sample spinning reduced variance about one third, and a coarse beam-medium detector slit arrangement was found to be best. An equation is developed relating coefficient of variation of a count ratio to peak and background counts. By use of the equation or graphs the minimum coefficient of variation is predicted from one fast scan, and the number and optimum arrangement of additional counting periods to reduce variation to a desired limit may be obtained. The calculated coefficient is the maximum which may be attributed to the counting statistic but does not include experimental deviations.

Warrants for Rumble Strips on Rural Highways, HR-235, 1982

Research was undertaken, sponsored by the Iowa Department of Transportation, to identify specific locations where rumble strips could be expected to improve highway safety. The objective of the research was to recommend warrants for their use on rural highways. An inventory of rumble strip installations on the rural highway systems in the state was conducted in 1981. A total of 685 installations was reported on secondary roads and 147 on primary highways. Over 97 percent of these were in advance of stop signs at. intersections. Most of the other installations were in advance of railroad grade crossings. The accident experience with and without rumble strips was compared in two ways. A before-and-after comparison was made for the same location if accident records were available for at least one full year both preceding and following the installation of rumble strips. Accident records for this purpose were available from a statewide computerized record system covering the period from 1977 through 1980. The accident experience at locations having rumble strips installed before 1978 was compared with a sample of comparable locations not having rumble strips.