935 resultados para plantios florestais


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A Mata Atlântica é um dos ecossistemas mais devastados e mais seriamente ameaçados do planeta. Neste contexto, habitats secundários ganham enorme importância uma vez que contribuem para o aumento da área florestal disponível. Estudos apontam que estes ambientes podem ser importantes para diversas espécies de aves, pois permitem a coexistência de espécies características de diferentes estágios sucessionais. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar a diversidade de aves de sub-bosque em antigos plantios abandonados de espécies nativas (com mais de 70 anos) e de Eucalyptus tereticornis (com mais de 90 anos). Foi utilizado o método de captura, marcação e recaptura através de redes de neblina colocadas em três réplicas de cada ambiente. Adicionalmente foram medidas características estruturais dos ambientes para que correlações entre a abundância das aves e características dos habitats fossem realizadas. Durante 1.890 horas.rede foram capturados 252 indivíduos de 45 espécies. Dentre estas, duas se encontram na categoria em perigo de extinção no estado de São Paulo, uma está quase ameaçada no estado, seis são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e duas endêmicas do Cerrado. Os Eucaliptais apresentaram maior riqueza e diversidade de espécies de aves, porém não houve diferenças significativas na composição da comunidade de aves entre os dois ambientes. Locais onde a vegetação do sub-bosque era mais densa apresentaram maior equitabilidade. Estes resultados demonstram que desde que manejados corretamente, plantios de Eucalyptus tereticornis podem ser realizados próximos a fragmentos de mata, atuando como zonas-tampão, ou mesmo serem plantados em baixas densidades junto às espécies nativas auxiliando no processo de regeneração da vegetação. Também podemos concluir que a regeneração da vegetação nativa ao longo dos anos permitiu a recolonização... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

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The interventions in the environment performed by humans in recent decades have changed the landscape and the natural ecosystems were reduced to fragments, which are now considered to be a shelter for the biodiversity that still exists. The present work behind the data obtained from a study conducted in four corridors located in the municipality of Paulista, SP, which connect different forest fragments amidst an eucalyptus matrix. These corridors are linear strips of land that were part of the eucalyptus plantation, where since 2002, a natural regeneration process is in course. We conducted a rapid ecological survey in the central corridors, and individuals exhibiting height ≥ 1.30 m were sampled in 268 plots of 20 x 25 m, covering an area of 13.4 ha. In total 11,111 individuals were recorded, distributed in 154 species, 100 genera and 47 families. Fabaceae and Myrtaceae were the richest families. The proximity of forest remnants affected the composition, density and richness of the natural regenerated areas. There was mostly greater similarity inside each corridor, and the observed variations in similarity were gradual among contiguous plots

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The growing concern over deforestation of native forests from Brazil to the marketing of wood in various sectors had made greater attention from lawmakers. In this context, did the reforestation, which came into existence to meet the demand for forest raw material. This paper attempts to make a survey, focusing on the interplay between small and medium producers, consumers of forest products and reforestation associations. For this, we conducted a survey of legislation at the federal and state since the emergence, evolution and current context for understanding the legal basis on the subject. In addition, literature reviews have been made seeking to direct the concepts and importance of reforestation, reforestation, forest plantations and productive use of the species Eucalyptus sp for the supply of forest raw material. Approach was also sought on the structure of the system of reforestation of the state of Sao Paulo and their assignments. We also present an in loco study of Chairman Wenceslas municipality in order to analyze the participation of the municipality in the reforest the region of Pontal Paranapanema and actions of regulatory agencies. As a result presents a survey of consumers of timber enterprises in the municipality of President Wenceslas based on the resolution SMA No. 082/2008, which describes the characteristics of these companies and their fields of activity

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The Atlantic Forest biome, reduced to 12% of its original coverage, holds a significant portion of brazilian biodiversity, with high levels of endemism. Among the few remaining areas of the Atlantic, there is the region between the Complex of Cantareira and the municipality of Nazaré Paulista, which will be the object of study of this work. Using the concepts of Landscape Ecology, and analysis of thematic maps, this study aims to characterize the region in a ecologically scaled perspective, identifying two types of hotspots: i) for conservation and ii) for maintain habitat connectivity. Concepts of Landscape Ecology as landscape structure, patches, matrix, corridors (structural and functional) and connectivity, as well as their effects on local biodiversity was adopted and applied in the study region. We also analyzed the effects of roads, hydrographic system, Permanent Protection Areas (PPAs), and Conservation Units for flora and fauna maintenance at regional scale. This allowed us to define strategies and priority areas for the conservation and restoration of forest fragments of Atlantic Forest remnants within the study region. This study generated relevant knowledge for a better planning the region in order to create best conditions for the maintenance of regional biodiversity, and consequently, allowing to improve the quality of life for local population

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Os recursos genéticos existentes, atualmente, são de suma importância para garantir a preservação de espécies florestais, uma vez que parte delas vem sofrendo excessiva exploração por se tratar de espécies economicamente importantes ou simplesmente devido à ação antrópica. Tendo em vista este panorama, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios genéticos para a conservação da espécie ipê-roxo. Analisou-se 31 progênies de Tabebuia heptaphylla da região da Bacia do Médio Tiête. Utilizaram-se três locos, sendo um dos primers desenvolvido para o gênero Tabebuia e os outros para outros gêneros. O parâmetro Fst analisado mostrou haver uma menor diversidade entre progênies (21,47%) que dentro delas (78,53%). O coeficiente médio de endogamia, Fis, para a espécie, apresentou um valor relativamente alto (0,276) quando comparado com a literatura para espécies florestais. A taxa de cruzamento foi de 0,808, revelou que a espécie tem sistema reprodutivo misto, com tendência para a alogamia. As autofecundações foram de 19,2%, a percentagem de irmãos completos foi de 11,23%, de meios-irmãos foi igual a 69,57% e o coeficiente de coancestria ( xy) foi de 0,1776

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a estrutura de população de O. maculata, através de sua distribuição espacial e estrutura de habitat, comparando características físicas e biológicas em diferentes fisionomias de Pinus spp. e Eucalyptus spp.. Foram montadas 86 parcelas de 5m por 10m, distribuídas uniformemente entre 4 áreas pré-estabelecidas de fisionomias distintas. Os indivíduos levantados foram separados em duas classes etárias, jovens e adultos, e contabilizou-se a taxa de predação, número de pseudobulbos e número de folhas. Os parâmetros ambientais avaliados foram cobertura herbácea, densidade de dossel, luminosidade e umidade de serrapilheira. A espécie apresentou densidades bastante elevadas nas áreas de plantios de eucalipto (1224 e 1733 indivíduos por hectare) e baixas nos plantios de pinus (88 e 26 individuos por hectare) o que levou as análises a se concentrarem nas fisionomias compostas por eucaliptos. O padrão de distribuição da espécie foi o agregado em todos os ambientes. Indivíduos adultos apresentaram significativamente um número médio de pseudobulbos maior que indivíduos jovens (Mann-Whitney; U = 24248.500; p<0,001), porém a diferença no número de folhas não foi significativa. A taxa de predação foliar em O. maculata entre as áreas de eucaliptos apresentou variação significativa. A variação do total de folhas predadas foi confirmada pelo teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (X²=115.487; gl=1; p<0.001). A comparação de médias, com base no teste de Kruskal-Wallis, para cobertura de dossel (H(3,N=102)=28,534 p<0,001) e cobertura herbácea H(3,N=94)=28,246, p<0,001, mostrou taxas menores nas áreas de eucalipto. A umidade da serrapilheira foi menor (36,5%) nos locais onde a espécie apresentou agrupamentos, quando comparada aos locais de ausência (47,5%). Oeceoclades maculata Lindl. possui grande capacidade para colonizar ambientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

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O cerrado é o segundo bioma mais representativo do Brasil, correspondendo a 23% do território brasileiro. É considerado um hotspot de biodiversidade, apresentando-se bastante ameaçado. Sua devastação é devido, principalmente, ao avanço das culturas agroindustriais de grande mercado. Sabe-se da importância da polinização para a reprodução de inúmeras espécies vegetais. Neste contexto, as abelhas desempenham um papel fundamental devido à sua dependência e especialização na coleta de recursos florais. Mas, estas também requerem locais propícios à nidificação. Além da destruição do hábitat através da fragmentação, a composição da paisagem que permeia fragmentos de vegetação nativa pode influenciar a diversidade apícola e afetar de forma diferente as espécies de acordo com seu hábito de nidificação e alimentação. É fato que as espécies mais especializadas tornam-se mais vulneráveis às alterações ambientais por apresentarem exigências particulares e pouca plasticidade na obtenção de recursos. A fim de analisar a interação entre diversidade de abelhas e Ecologia da Paisagem, foram selecionados dois levantamentos de fauna apícola (Itirapina – SP e Pirassununga – SP). Para isso foram elaborados mapas de uso e ocupação do solo através do SPRING 5.1.7 e, posteriormente, gerados os índices de Ecologia de Paisagens selecionados para o estudo com o auxilio do aplicativo FRAGSTATS 2.0. As espécies coletadas em ambas as áreas foram separadas em guildas funcionais de forrageamento e nidificação. A área de estudo de Itirapina foi sub-dividida em 13 classes de uso e ocupação da paisagem e a área de estudo de Pirassununga foi sub-dividida em 7 classes, conforme as características presentes em cada área. Entretanto, foi dado destaque às três principais classes de estudo: remanescentes florestais, uso antrópico e água para Itirapina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

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The cultivation of grapes is one of the most traditional cultures and the world's oldest one. In Brazil, cultivars occupy an area of approximately 90 thousand hectares, covering the south, southeast and northeast, in latitudes ranging from 30 º 56 '15''S up to 5 º 11' 15''S. The culture of the vine may be the target of the attack of some diseases and pests, and currently the main concern for growers is the subterranean mealybug, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), known as pearl-ground. This arthropod infests the roots causing a progressive languish of the vine, even causes its death. In southern Brazil it is known that some species of ants can disperse pearl-ground for short distances, however, there is no information about that in the State of Sao Paulo. Thus, it is extremely important to perform studies with this focus on wine regions in this State. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the species of underground ant community in different grape varieties found in vineyards in the town of São Roque – SP, Brazil. With that purpose, samples were collected within one year. We used underground pitfalls spread across twelve points. In each of the points were placed two traps, one containing honey and the other containing sardine as attractive. The results revealed the presence of three morphospecies of ants in Niágara Rosada and four in other grape varieties, there was no significant difference in the species richness among the cultivars (Kruskal-Wallis - 0.33, p = 0.5). In both trials, the most frequent species was Brachymyrmex sp.4, suggesting that there is no dominance of distinct species of Niágara Rosada and the other grape varieties. There was no dissimilarity in species richness of the ones visiting honey or sardines (Kruskal-Wallis - 0.08, p = 0.7) and the analysis of variance indicated a great similarity in species richness between the rainy and dry seasons (Kruskal-Wallis - 0.09, p = 0.7)

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The current concern with environmental issues by the scientific community, governmental and civil society also brings out the need to recover, preserve and conserve the environment. With this understanding, this work was prepared, which had as one of the main objectives of the historical process of land use and occupancy of the Pontal, since the nineteenth century to the present day. From this, the changes were evident in the types of land use, which rose from native forest to plant crops (permanent and temporary crops) and later as pasture. Through this process of occupation, exploitation of forests and replacement even three, Reserves being brought from the Far West Paulista, through the state government of Sao Paulo, they were almost decimated. Such areas decreed by law to be preserved and conserved, with the rampant occupations, were suffocated by the fakes and illegal occupation of land tenure contracts, leaving the region currently only a few forest fragments and protected areas of State Park Morro do Diabo, PRNP Boa Vista and Ecological Station Black Lion Tamarin. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the main legislation being developed by federal and state levels aimed at protecting natural resources and the effectiveness they had with the passage of time, demonstrating that the conservation of the environment, has several contributions in the law, however, and they are so vast that hinder its application.

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The medium to large-sized mammals make population control of invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as seed dispersers are also important. Are losing territory and living area because of deforestation and fragmentation of natural areas, mainly in the Atlantic Forest. The RPPN Amadeu Botelho, in the municipality of Jaú, São Paulo State, is one of the last forest remnants of interior paulista. It is isolated from other forest fragments and thus is a wildlife refuge in the region of Jaú, Midwest of the State. Animals as Pumas (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), cat-Moorish (Puma yagouaroundi), have already been sighted in the reserve by officials and residents. The buffer property of the farm Santo Antônio dos Ipês, is surrounded by several plantations, and is very close to the Centre of the city of Jaú. In addition to the lifting of the reservation, it sized mammal species diagnosed the influences that the activities of the farm and the proximity to the Centre of the municipality of Jaú exert to fauna studied

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The study of physical and mechanical properties of wood is essential for its structural use and it is of great importance to the construction industry. Thus, this study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the wood Amaru - a hybrid of Eucalyptus, developed by Plantar Projects and Forest Products Ltda. In order to determine the properties of Amaru, round samples were used, which were provided to the Laboratory of Wood and Wooden Structures of the School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo - LaMEM / EESC / USP. For the characterization of the physical properties, the apparent specific gravity and moisture content of the samples were determined. To the mechanical characterization, the following properties were evaluated: strength and stiffness in compression, strength and stiffness in bending, shear and tension. The procedures of the tests performed in this study were done according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Wood Standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997. The specimen used were confectioned in actual dimensions, according to as those used in the construction system proposed by Plantar. The results obtained from the tests performed showed that the mechanical properties approached the values proposed by the Wood Standard NBR 7190. The visual grading was important to provide a primary idea about the failure modes to be obtained from the tests performed. The bending test showed the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR), which resulted in 15822 MPa and 101,7 MPa, respectively. The compression test resulted in values Ec0,m and fc0, 15698 MPa and 50,7 MPa. The tensile strength (ft0) of this hybrid was calculated and its value obtained was 60,8 MPa. The shear strength (fv0) was 8,2 MPa. The results obtained from the tests are the basis for engineers and architects to design structures using wood species Amaru

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a plant of the Cucurbitaceae family of great commercial importance and their culture is widespread throughout the country. The production of vegetables, high-quality care begins with training ranging from seedlings and shading techniques have an important role in creating environments more conducive to the production of seedlings and many researchers and producers of seedlings have opted for the use of color shading screens, making this way, the wavelength and the amount of incident energy are changed in favor of the plants. Work will be performed at the Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu campus. The statistical design will be in three blocks, each containing 100 plots of each treatment (seedlings covered with blue screen, red and black). Evaluations of dry mass and height will be made at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after emergence, and 5 will be selected seedlings of each treatment. At 14 and 28 DAE was measured, and SPAD chlorophyll content at 30 DAE, was evaluated by measuring gas exchange in the second pair of leaves, fully expanded for each plant, which was put in a chamber controlled with infrared gas analyzer (IRGA LI 6400, Licor) to perform measurements of photosynthesis. Treatment with black shading showed statistically better results for total dry matter, plant height, SPAD chlorophyll content and net assimilation of CO2, showing a better quality seedlings and its use is recommended in the cultivation of cucumber Taiko

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Habitat loss and fragmentation of landscapes endanger the planet’s biodiversity. Strategies for identify priority areas for conservation and restoration of biodiversity rich areas becomes essential for the planning of the management of these landscape become successful. This study aims to propose a novel, transparent and replicable method for choosing priority areas for restoration, and includes the following steps: (a) identification of regional biodiversity hotspots for conservation; (b) identification of priority areas for restoration with the greatest potential to increase the connectivity of the fragments already existing; (c) estimate the potential richness of understory birds before and after restoration, analyzing the gain of species for the future scenario. In order to identify the corridors to be restored in a future scenario we considered the approach of multiple corridors, which aimed to connect the main fragments within the region through analysis of multi-paths. Already existing regression models were applied to estimate the richness of the landscape considering three models: a) species richness as a function of patch area of the fragment selected as hotspots; b) richness as a function of areas connected by structural corridors and c) connected area for species which are able to access nearby fragments within 20m. The gain of species for future scenario which consider the potential restoration of selected areas was estimated. Based on our results we observed that species that use corridors showed the highest increment of species richness of understory birds. As a result it had to restore corridors to model species with the ability to use forest corridors was the highest gain potential species richness of understory birds. The methods proposed method in this study appears provide new ways to ensures a better cost / benefit relationship for restoration projects by increasing the chances of better reach high levels of...

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As florestas tropicais são naturalmente amplos reservatórios de carbono devido à alta produtividade e extensão (Malhi et al. 2000). Em termos do ciclo do carbono, o papel das florestas tropicais como fonte ou sumidouro de CO2 tem sido amplamente debatido (Saleska et al. 2003), portanto, estudos sobre a capacidade de estoque de carbono destes ecossistemas são particularmente relevantes para compreendermos a dinâmica do CO2 para o atual ciclo global do carbono e para compreender o potencial desses ecossistemas atuarem como sumidouro ou fontes de CO2. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se a biomassa de madeira morta acima do solo varia com a altitude (5-50m e 50-500m) em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa (Mata Atlântica) para entender como o estoque de carbono dessa necromassa varia entre os locais, estoque esse que é matéria prima para liberação de CO2 para atmosfera pelo processo de decomposição. Para estimar a necromassa em pé foram consideradas todas as árvores mortas em pé com diâmetro na altura do peito (DAP = 1,3 metros de altura) maior que 4,8 cm (ou PAP > ou igual a 15 cm), de acordo com protocolo proposto pelo RAINFOR (Rede Amazônica de Inventários Florestais). Todas as árvores mortas em pé foram quantificadas e classificadas a partir da verificação do estado de decomposição da casca de cada indivíduo em quatro classes de decomposição, que possuem diferentes densidades de madeira relacionadas ao estágio de decomposição. A biomassa de madeira morta acima do solo variou com a altitude (figura 2). Essa variação foi de 1,14 Mg ha-1 (parcela B, Terras Baixas) a 7,57 Mg ha-1 (parcela J, F.O.D. Submontana). Em relação às fitofisionomias, houve uma variação de 8,40 Mg ha-1 (Terras Baixas) a 18,38 Mg ha-1 (F.O.D. Submontana)