Avaliação da trealose como crioprotetor natural de células-tronco hematopoiéticas de sangue de cordão umbilical e placentário

O sangue do cordão umbilical e placentário (SCUP) tem sido usado como fonte de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (CTH) para reconstituir a função medular (hematopoiese). A maioria das vezes, esta modalidade de transplante requer a criopreservação das CTH, que permanecem congeladas até uma possível utilização futura. Na criopreservação de CTH, o reagente químico dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) tem sido utilizado como um crioprotetor. No entanto, tem sido provado que DMSO tem efeitos tóxicos para o corpo humano. Muitos organismos na natureza possuem uma capacidade de sobreviver ao congelamento e à desidratação acumulando dissacarídeos, como a trealose e sacarose, por isso a trealose, tem sido investigada como um crioprotetor alternativo para diversos tipos celulares. Outro dano muito comum durante o congelamento é a formação de espécie reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que diminui a viabilidade celular, por isso a adição de bioantioxidantes na solução de criopreservação das células é passo muito importante. Este estudo foi dividido em duas fases na primeira foram avaliados os resultados obtidos com a adição de antioxidantes na solução de criopreservação das células de SCUP e na segunda fase avaliou-se a hipótese que a solução de criopreservação contendo trealose intracelular e extracelular melhora a recuperação e a viabilidade das células-tronco do SCUP, após a criopreservação. SCUP foi processado e submetido à criopreservação em soluções contendo na primeira fase: soluções com diferentes concentrações de DMSO (10%, 5% e 2,5%), assim como as combinações de DMSO (5%, 2,5%) com um dos dissacarídeos (60mmol/L) e ácido ascórbico e/ou catalase (10mg/mL); e na segunda fase: soluções contendo diferentes concentrações de DMSO (10% e 2,5%), assim como as combinações de DMSO (2,5%) com trealose intra (a trealose foi introduzida na célula por meio de lipossomas) e extracelular e soluções contendo trealose intra e extracelular sem DMSO, armazenados por duas semanas em N2L, e descongeladas. As células descongeladas foram avaliadas por citometria de fluxo, pelo ensaio metabólico pelo MTT e de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). Na primeira fase do estudo, a catalase, melhorou a preservação das células CD34+ e CD123+, a UFC e a viabilidade celular, em comparação com a solução padrão de criopreservação. Já na segunda fase do estudo, após as análises de todos os testes vimos que a solução que continha trealose intra/extracelular e DMSO mostrou uma capacidade de manutenção da viabilidade/integridade celular superior a todas as outras testadas. A solução que continha trealose intra e extracelular sem DMSO, obteve um resultado comparável com seu controle (2,5%DMSO), porém quando avaliamos a solução que continha apenas trealose intracelular não obtivemos resultados satisfatórios. A catalase pode atuar sobre a redução dos níveis ERO na solução de criopreservação das CTH de SCUP, diminuindo os danos por ele causados e a trealose deve estar presente em ambos os lados das células durante o processo de congelamento. Portanto, em testes clínicos futuros, ela poderá ser um potencial crioprotetor das células-tronco de SCUP, podendo substituir totalmente o DMSO da solução de criopreservação, minimizando com os efeitos colaterais provenientes da infusão de produtos criopreservados nos pacientes.

Otimização multi-objetivo de projetos de redes de transporte dutoviário de gás natural

Dutos de transmissão são tubulações especialmente desenvolvidas para transportar produtos diversos a longas distâncias e representam a forma mais segura e econômica de transporte para grandes quantidades de fluidos. Os dutos de gás natural, denominados gasodutos, são usados para transportar o gás desde os campos de produção até os centros consumidores, onde o gás é inserido em redes de distribuição para entrega aos consumidores finais. Os gasodutos de transporte apresentam diversas características de monopólio natural, que são o principal argumento econômico para sua regulação. A regulação visa garantir que esta atividade seja explorada de maneira eficiente, refletindo em tarifas de transporte justas para os consumidores e que proporcionem o retorno adequado aos investidores, levando-se em consideração a quantidade de gás transportado. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor metodologias de otimização multi-objetivo de projetos de redes de gasodutos de transporte, envolvendo métodos a posteriori. O problema de otimização formulado contempla restrições associadas ao escoamento do gás e o comportamento das estações de compressão. A solução do problema fornece um conjunto de projetos ótimos de redes de transporte em função da maximização da quantidade de gás natural transportado e da minimização da tarifa associada a esse serviço. A ferramenta foi aplicada a diversos estudos de caso com configurações típicas da indústria de transporte de gás natural. Os resultados mostraram que as metodologias propostas são capazes de fornecer subsídios que permitem ao tomador de decisão do ponto de vista regulatório realizar uma análise de trade-off entre a quantidade de gás transportado e a tarifa, buscando assim atender ao interesse da sociedade em relação à exploração do serviço de transporte

High-resolution natural recording systems: intercomparisons of the response to interannual climatic variability [abstract]

The goal of this work is to examine the properties of recording mechanisms which are common to continuously recording high-resolution natural systems in which climatic signals are imprinted and preserved as proxy records. These systems produce seasonal structures as an indirect response to climatic variability over the annual cycle. We compare the proxy records from four different high-resolution systems: the Quelccaya ice cap of the Peruvian Andes; composite tree ring growth from southern California and the southwestern United States; and the marine varve sedimentation systems in the Santa Barbara basin (off California, United States) and in the Gulf of California, Mexico. An important focus of this work is to indicate how the interannual climatic signal is recorded in a variety of different natural systems with vastly different recording mechanisms and widely separated in space. These high-resolution records are the products of natural processes which should be comparable, to some degree, to human-engineered systems developed to transmit and record physical quantities. We therefore present a simple analogy of a data recording system as a heuristic model to provide some unifying concepts with which we may better understand the formation of the records. This analogy assumes special significance when we consider that natural proxy records are the principal means to extend our knowledge of climatic variability into the past, beyond the limits of instrumentally recorded data.

Differential gene expression of protein kinases in oocytes between natural gynogenetic silver crucian carp and amphimictic crucian carp

A modified mRNA differential display method has been applied to studying differential expression of protein kinase genes in oocytes between natural gynogenetic silver crucian carp and amphimictic crucian carp. Total RNA was reverse transcribed using downstream 3' primers T(12)MA, T(12)MG and T12MC respectively. Then the reverse transcription products were amplified using upstream 5' kinase-specific primer designed according to protein kinase conserved sequence. The PCR products had different patterns and numbers of: cDNA bands on polyacrylamide:gel. Totally 21 cDNAs fragments were recovered and cloned. Two of them were confirmed to be particularly expressed in oocytes of amphimictic crucian carp, and another was specific for gynogenetic silver crucian carp.

Degradation products formed during UV-irradiation of humic waters

Natural humic lake water and aqueous solutions of humic substances were treated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation (λ = 254 nm). The effects on the dissolved organic carbon content (DOC) and the absorbance at 254 nm (Abs254) and 460 nm (Abs460) were monitored and the identity and concentrations of gas chromatographable organic degradation products were determined. The DOC content and the (Abs254) of the humic solutions decreased continuously with increasing UV-dose. Several aromatic and aliphatic degradation products were identified and roughly quantified The concentrations of aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids and hydroxy aldehydes increased when relatively low UV-doses were used, but declined following further irradiation. The concentrations of aliphatic dibasic acids increased over the full range of UV-doses

Modeling All-sky Global Solar Radiation Using MODIS Atmospheric Products: A Case Study in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The surface solar radiation (SSR) is of great importance to bio-chemical cycle and life activities. However, it is impossible to observe SSR directly over large areas especially for rugged surfaces such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This paper presented an improved parameterized model for predicting all-sky global solar radiation on rugged surfaces using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric products and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The global solar radiation was validated using 11 observations within the plateau. The correlation coefficients of daily data vary between 0.67-0.86, while those of the averages of 10-day data are between 0.79-0.97. The model indicates that the attenuation of SSR is mainly caused by cloud under cloudy sky, and terrain is an important factor influencing SSR over rugged surfaces under clear sky. A positive relationship can also be inferred between the SSR and slope. Compared with horizontal surfaces, the south-facing slope receives more radiation, followed by the west- and east-facing slopes with less SSR, and the SSR of the north-facing slope is the least.

Docking and molecular dynamics studies toward the binding of new natural phenolic marine inhibitors and aldose reductase

Phenolic marine natural product is a kind of new potential aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). In order to investigate the binding mode and inhibition mechanism, molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed to explore the interactions of six phenolic inhibitors with human aldose reductase (hALR2). Considering physiological environment, all the neutral and other two ionized states of each phenolic inhibitor were adopted in the simulation. The calculations indicate that all the inhibitors are able to form stable hydrogen bonds with the hALR2 active pocket which is mainly constructed by residues TYR48, HIS110 and TRP111, and they impose the inhibition effect by occupying the active space. In all inhibitors, only La and its two ionized derivatives La_ion1 and La_ion2, in which neither of the ortho-hydrogens of 3-hydroxyl is substituted by Br, bind with hALR2 active residues using the terminal 3-hydroxyl. While, all the other inhibitors, at least one of whose ortho-sites of 3- and 6-hydroxyls are substituted by Br substituent which take much electron-withdrawing effect and steric hindrance, bind with hALR2 through the lactone group. This means that the Br substituent can effectively regulate the binding modes of phenolic inhibitors. Although the lactone bound inhibitors have relatively high RMSD values, our dynamics study shows that both binding modes are of high stability. For each inhibitor molecule, the ionization does not change its original binding mode, but it does gradually increase the binding free energy, which reveals that besides hydrogen bonds, the electrostatic effect is also important to the inhibitor–hALR2 interaction.

Plasmid biology of natural Lactococcus lactis strains and molecular mechanisms of bacteriophage-host interaction

Lacticin 3147, enterocin AS-48, lacticin 481, variacin, and sakacin P are bacteriocins offering promising perspectives in terms of preservation and shelf-life extension of food products and should find commercial application in the near future. The studies detailing their characterization and bio-preservative applications are reviewed. Transcriptomic analyses showed a cell wall-targeted response of Lactococcus lactis IL1403 during the early stages of infection with the lytic bacteriophage c2, which is probably orchestrated by a number of membrane stress proteins and involves D-alanylation of membrane lipoteichoic acids, restoration of the physiological proton motive force disrupted following bacteriophage infection, and energy conservation. Sequencing of the eight plasmids of L. lactis subsp. cremoris DPC3758 from raw milk cheese revealed three anti-phage restriction/modification (R/M) systems, immunity/resistance to nisin, lacticin 481, cadmium and copper, and six conjugative/mobilization regions. A food-grade derivative strain with enhanced bacteriophage resistance was generated via stacking of R/M plasmids. Sequencing and functional analysis of the four plasmids of L. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis DPC3901 from raw milk cheese revealed genes novel to Lactococcus and typical of bacteria associated with plants, in addition to genes associated with plant-derived lactococcal strains. The functionality of a novel high-affinity regulated system for cobalt uptake was demonstrated. The bacteriophage resistant and bacteriocin-producing plasmid pMRC01 places a metabolic burden on lactococcal hosts resulting in lowered growth rates and increased cell permeability and autolysis. The magnitude of these effects is strain dependent but not related to bacteriocin production. Starters’ acidification capacity is not significantly affected. Transcriptomic analyses showed that pMRC01 abortive infection (Abi) system is probably subjected to a complex regulatory control by Rgg-like ORF51 and CopG-like ORF58 proteins. These regulators are suggested to modulate the activity of the putative Abi effectors ORF50 and ORF49 exhibiting topology and functional similarities to the Rex system aborting bacteriophage λ lytic growth.

Engineering design of a bioprocess for the production of natural red colourants by submerged fermentation of the thermophilic fungus Penicillium purpurogenum GH2

The development of a new bioprocess requires several steps from initial concept to a practical and feasible application. Industrial applications of fungal pigments will depend on: (i) safety of consumption, (ii) stability of the pigments to the food processing conditions required by the products where they will be incorporated and (iii) high production yields so that production costs are reasonable. Of these requirements the first involves the highest research costs and the practical application of this type of processes may face several hurdles until final regulatory approval as a new food ingredient. Therefore, before going through expensive research to have them accepted as new products, the process potential should be assessed early on, and this brings forward pigment stability studies and process optimisation goals. Only ingredients that are usable in economically feasible conditions should progress to regulatory approval. This thesis covers these two aspects, stability and process optimisation, for a potential new ingredient; natural red colour, produced by microbial fermentation. The main goal was to design, optimise and scale-up the production process of red pigments by Penicillium purpurogenum GH2. The approach followed to reach this objective was first to establish that pigments produced by Penicillium purpurogenum GH2 are sufficiently stable under different processing conditions (thermal and non-thermal) that can be found in food and textile industries. Once defined that pigments were stable enough, the work progressed towards process optimisation, aiming for the highest productivity using submerged fermentation as production culture. Optimum production conditions defined at flask scale were used to scale up the pigment production process to a pilot reactor scale. Finally, the potential applications of the pigments were assessed. Based on this sequence of specific targets, the thesis was structured in six parts, containing a total of nine chapters. Engineering design of a bioprocess for the production of natural red colourants by submerged fermentation of the thermophilic fungus Penicillium purpurogenum GH2.

La aplicación estratégica por escenarios en el medio natural. El caso del Nature Outlook 2050 del PBL.

La prospectiva es parte de la planificación estratégica. Es una herramienta habitual en la gestión y dirección de empresas. Algunos países europeos la incluyen dentro de sus trabajos de diseño de las políticas ambientales. La generación de escenarios es una técnica cualitativa de prospectiva apta para los entornos con alta variabilidad y complejidad. El artículo explica el modo de aplicar esta técnica poniendo en paralelo los pasos dados en el proyecto Nature Outlook 2050 que ha desarrollado la agencia de evaluación y prospectiva ambiental de los Países Bajos (PBL).

The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal ageing and disease

The retina is exposed to a lifetime of potentially damaging environmental and physiological factors that make the component cells exquisitely sensitive to age-related processes. Retinal ageing is complex and a raft of abnormalities can accumulate in all layers of the retina. Some of this pathology serves as a sinister preamble to serious conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which remains the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the Western world.

The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a natural function of ageing but accumulation of these adducts also represents a key pathophysiological event in a range of important human diseases. AGEs act as mediators of neurodegeneration, induce irreversible changes in the extracellular matrix, vascular dysfunction and pro-inflammatory signalling. Since many cells and tissues of the eye are profoundly influenced by such processes, it is fitting that advanced glycation is now receiving considerable attention as a possible pathogenic factor in visual disorders.

This review presents the current evidence for a pathogenic role for AGEs and activation of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) in initiation and progression of retinal disease. It draws upon the clinical and experimental literature and highlights the opportunities for further research that would definitively establish these adducts as important instigators of retinal disease. The therapeutic potential for novel agents that can ameliorate AGE formation of attenuate RAGE signalling in the retina is also discussed.

A ring-closing metathesis approach to the bicyclo[4.3.1]decane core of caryolanes

A synthesis of highly substituted and sterically congested bicyclo[4.3.1]decenes, a structure embedded in the core 4,7,6-tricyclic system of natural caryolanes, was successfully achieved via a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of syn-1,3-diene substituted cyclohexanols. The construction of the diene substrates, starting from 4-acetoxy-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, employed diastereoselective copper-mediated conjugate addition and Grignard reactions. An X-ray crystal structure determination of a key synthetic intermediate confirmed the relative stereochemistry of the RCM bicyclic product.

Evidence of natural occurrence of the banned antibiotic chloramphenicol in herbs and grass

Chloramphenicol (CAP), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was detected in several herb and grass samples from different geographic origins. Due to its suspected carcino-genicity and linkages with the development of aplastic anemia in humans, CAP is banned for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) and many other countries. However, products of animal origin originating from Asian countries entering the European market are still found noncompliant (containing CAP) on a regular basis, even when there is no history of chloramphenicol use in these countries. A possible explanation for the continued detection of these residues is the natural occurrence of CAP in plant material which is used as animal feed, with the consequent transfer of the substance to the animal tissues. Approximately 110 samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection. In 26 samples, the presence of CAP was confirmed using the criteria for banned substances defined by the EU. Among other plant materials, samples of the Artemisia family retrieved from Mongolia and from Utah, USA, and a therapeutic herb mixture obtained from local stores in the Netherlands proved to contain CAP at levels ranging from 0.1 to 450 mu g/kg. These findings may have a major impact in relation to international trade and safety to the consumer. The results of this study demonstrate that noncompliant findings in animal-derived food products may in part be due to the natural occurrence of chloramphenicol in plant material. This has implications for the application of current EU, USA, and other legislation and the interpretation of analytical results with respect to the consideration of CAP as a xenobiotic veterinary drug residue and the regulatory actions taken upon its detection in food.