The electrical and magnetic properties of amorphous Pd-Cu-P alloys

The amorphous phases of the Pd-Cu-P system has been obtained using the technique of rapidly quenching from the liquid state. Broad maxima in the diffraction pattern were obtained in the X-ray diffraction studies which are indicative of a glass-like structure. The composition range over which the amorphous solid phase is retained for the Pd-Cu-P system is (Pd_100-xCu_x)₈₀P₂₀ with 10 ≤ x ≤ 50 and (Pd₆₅Cu₃₅)_100-yP_y with 15 ≤ y ≤ 24 and (Pd₆₀Cu₄₀)_100-yP_y with 15 ≤ y ≤ 24.

The electrical resistivity for the Pd-Cu-P alloys decreases with temperature as T² at low temperatures and as T at high temperatures up to the crystallization temperature. The structural scattering model of the resistivity proposed by Sinha and the spin-fluctuation resistivity model proposed by Hasegawa are re-examined in the light of the similarity of this result to the Pt-Ni-P and Pd-Ni-P systems. Objections are raised to these interpretations of the resistivity results and an alternate model is proposed consistent with the new results on Pd-Cu-P and the observation of similar effects in crystalline transition metal alloys. The observed negative temperature coefficients of resistivity in these amorphous alloys are thus interpreted as being due to the modification of the density of states with temperature through the electron-phonon interaction. The weak Pauli paramagnetism of the Pd-Cu-P, Pt-Ni-P and Pd-Ni-P alloys is interpreted as being modifications of the transition d-states as a result of the formation of strong transition metal-metalloid bonds rather than a large transfer of electrons from the glass former atoms (P in this case) to the d-band of the transition metal in a rigid band picture.

Surface effects on spinwave resonance in thin magnetic films

Over the past few decades, ferromagnetic spinwave resonance in magnetic thin films has been used as a tool for studying the properties of magnetic materials. A full understanding of the boundary conditions at the surface of the magnetic material is extremely important. Such an understanding has been the general objective of this thesis. The approach has been to investigate various hypotheses of the surface condition and to compare the results of these models with experimental data. The conclusion is that the boundary conditions are largely due to thin surface regions with magnetic properties different from the bulk. In the calculations these regions were usually approximated by uniform surface layers; the spins were otherwise unconstrained except by the same mechanisms that exist in the bulk (i.e., no special "pinning" at the surface atomic layer is assumed). The variation of the ferromagnetic spinwave resonance spectra in YIG films with frequency, temperature, annealing, and orientation of applied field provided an excellent experimental basis for the study.

This thesis can be divided into two parts. The first part is ferromagnetic resonance theory; the second part is the comparison of calculated with experimental data in YIG films. Both are essential in understanding the conclusion that surface regions with properties different from the bulk are responsible for the resonance phenomena associated with boundary conditions.

The theoretical calculations have been made by finding the wave vectors characteristic of the magnetic fields inside the magnetic medium, and then combining the fields associated with these wave vectors in superposition to match the specified boundary conditions. In addition to magnetic boundary conditions required for the surface layer model, two phenomenological magnetic boundary conditions are discussed in detail. The wave vectors are easily found by combining the Landau-Lifshitz equations with Maxwell's equations. Mode positions are most easily predicted from the magnetic wave vectors obtained by neglecting damping, conductivity, and the displacement current. For an insulator where the driving field is nearly uniform throughout the sample, these approximations permit a simple yet accurate calculation of the mode intensities. For metal films this calculation may be inaccurate but the mode positions are still accurately described. The techniques necessary for calculating the power absorbed by the film under a specific excitation including the effects of conductivity, displacement current and damping are also presented.

In the second part of the thesis the properties of magnetic garnet materials are summarized and the properties believed associated with the two surface regions of a YIG film are presented. Finally, the experimental data and calculated data for the surface layer model and other proposed models are compared. The conclusion of this study is that the remarkable variety of spinwave spectra that arises from various preparation techniques and subsequent treatments can be explained by surface regions with magnetic properties different from the bulk.

Spin dynamics of pulsed nuclear magnetic double resonance in solids

In the first part of this thesis, experiments utilizing an NMR phase interferometric concept are presented. The spinor character of two-level systems is explicitly demonstrated by using this concept. Following this is the presentation of an experiment which uses this same idea to measure relaxation times of off-diagonal density matrix elements corresponding to magnetic-dipole-forbidden transitions in a ^(13)C-^1H, AX spin system. The theoretical background for these experiments and the spin dynamics of the interferometry are discussed also.

The second part of this thesis deals with NMR dipolar modulated chemical shift spectroscopy, with which internuclear bond lengths and bond angles with respect to the chemical shift principal axis frame are determined from polycrystalline samples. Experiments using benzene and calcium formate verify the validity of the technique in heteronuclear (^(13)C-^1H) systems. Similar experiments on powdered trichloroacetic acid confirm the validity in homonuclear (^1H- ^1H) systems. The theory and spin dynamics are explored in detail, and the effects of a number of multiple pulse sequences are discussed.

The last part deals with an experiment measuring the ^(13)C chemical shift tensor in K_2Pt(CN)_4Br_(0.3) • 3H_2O, a one-dimensional conductor. The ^(13)C spectra are strongly affected by ^(14)N quadrupolar interactions via the ^(13)C - ^(14)N dipolar interaction. Single crystal rotation spectra are shown.

An appendix discussing the design, construction, and performance of a single-coil double resonance NMR sample probe is included.

Magnetic moments in amorpous palladium-cobalt-silicon alloys

The magnetic moments of amorphous ternary alloys containing Pd, Co and Si in atomic concentrations corresponding to Pd_(80-x)Co_xSi_(20) in which x is 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11, have been measured between 1.8 and 300°K and in magnetic fields up to 8.35 kOe. The alloys were obtained by rapid quenching of a liquid droplet and their structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The measurements were made in a null-coil pendulum magnetometer in which the temperature could be varied continuously without immersing the sample in a cryogenic liquid. The alloys containing 9 at.% Co or less obeyed Curie's Law over certain temperature ranges, and had negligible permanent moments at room temperature. Those containing 10 and 11 at.% Co followed Curie's Law only above approximately 200°K and had significant permanent moments at room temperature. For all alloys, the moments calculated from Curie's Law were too high to be accounted for by the moments of individual Co atoms. To explain these findings, a model based on the existence of superparamagnetic clustering is proposed. The cluster sizes calculated from the model are consistent with the rapid onset of ferromagnetism in the alloys containing 10 and 11 at.% Co and with the magnetic moments in an alloy containing 7 at.% Co heat treated in such a manner as to contain a small amount of a crystalline phase. In alloys containing 7 at.% Co or less, a maximum in the magnetization vs temperature curve was observed around 10°K. This maximum was eliminated by cooling the alloy in a magnetic field, and an explanation for this observation is suggested.

Influence of composition on the structure, electric and magnetic properties of Pd-Mn-P and Pd-Co-P amorphous alloys

The influence of composition on the structure and on the electric and magnetic properties of amorphous Pd-Mn-P and Pd-Co-P prepared by rapid quenching techniques were investigated in terms of (1) the 3d band filling of the first transition metal group, (2) the phosphorus concentration effect which acts as an electron donor and (3) the transition metal concentration.

The structure is essentially characterized by a set of polyhedra subunits essentially inverse to the packing of hard spheres in real space. Examination of computer generated distribution functions using Monte Carlo random statistical distribution of these polyhedra entities demonstrated tile reproducibility of the experimentally calculated atomic distribution function. As a result, several possible "structural parameters" are proposed such as: the number of nearest neighbors, the metal-to-metal distance, the degree of short-range order and the affinity between metal-metal and metal-metalloid. It is shown that the degree of disorder increases from Ni to Mn. Similar behavior is observed with increase in the phosphorus concentration.

The magnetic properties of Pd-Co-P alloys show that they are ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature between 272 and 399°K as the cobalt concentration increases from 15 to 50 at.%. Below 20 at.% Co the short-range exchange interactions which produce the ferromagnetism are unable to establish a long-range magnetic order and a peak in the magnetization shows up at the lowest temperature range . The electric resistivity measurements were performed from liquid helium temperatures up to the vicinity of the melting point (900°K). The thermomagnetic analysis was carried out under an applied field of 6.0 kOe. The electrical resistivity of Pd-Co-P shows the coexistence of a Kondo-like minimum with ferromagnetism. The minimum becomes less important as the transition metal concentration increases and the coefficients of ℓn T and T^2 become smaller and strongly temperature dependent. The negative magnetoresistivity is a strong indication of the existence of localized moment.

The temperature coefficient of resistivity which is positive for Pd- Fe-P, Pd-Ni-P, and Pd-Co-P becomes negative for Pd-Mn-P. It is possible to account for the negative temperature dependence by the localized spin fluctuation model and the high density of states at the Fermi energy which becomes maximum between Mn and Cr. The magnetization curves for Pd-Mn-P are typical of those resulting from the interplay of different exchange forces. The established relationship between susceptibility and resistivity confirms the localized spin fluctuation model. The magnetoresistivity of Pd-Mn-P could be interpreted in tenns of a short-range magnetic ordering that could arise from the Rudennan-Kittel type interactions.

Theory of s-d exchange scattering in dilute magnetic alloys

The problem of s-d exchange scattering of conduction electrons off localized magnetic moments in dilute magnetic alloys is considered employing formal methods of quantum field theoretical scattering. It is shown that such a treatment not only allows for the first time, the inclusion of multiparticle intermediate states in single particle scattering equations but also results in extremely simple and straight forward mathematical analysis. These equations are proved to be exact in the thermodynamic limit. A self-consistent integral equation for electron self energy is derived and approximately solved. The ground state and physical parameters of dilute magnetic alloys are discussed in terms of the theoretical results. Within the approximation of single particle intermediate states our results reduce to earlier versions. The following additional features are found as a consequence of the inclusion of multiparticle intermediate states;

(i) A non analytic binding energy is pre sent for both, antiferromagnetic (J < o) and ferromagnetic (J > o) couplings of the electron plus impurity system.

(ii) The correct behavior of the energy difference of the conduction electron plus impurity system and the free electron system is found which is free of unphysical singularities present in earlier versions of the theories.

(iii) The ground state of the conduction electron plus impurity system is shown to be a many-body condensate state for J < o and J > o, both. However, a distinction is made between the usual terminology of "Singlet" and "Triplet" ground states and nature of our ground state.

(iv) It is shown that a long range ordering, leading to an ordering of the magnetic moments can result from a contact interaction such as the s-d exchange interaction.

(v) The explicit dependence of the excess specific heat of the Kondo systems is obtained and found to be linear in temperatures as T→ o and T ℓnT for 0.3 T_K ≤ T ≤ 0.6 T_K. A rise in (ΔC/T) for temperatures in the region 0 < T ≤ 0.1 T_K is predicted. These results are found to be in excellent agreement with experiments.

(vi) The existence of a critical temperature for Ferromagnetic coupling (J > o) is shown. On the basis of this the apparent contradiction of the simultaneous existence of giant moments and Kondo effect is resolved.

Magnetic trapping of atomic tritium for neutrino mass measurement

Improved measurement of the neutrino mass via β decay spectroscopy requires the development of new energy measurement techniques and a new β decay source. A promising proposal is to measure the β energy by the frequency of the cyclotron radiation emitted in a magnetic field and to use a high purity atomic tritium source. This thesis examines the feasibility of using a magnetic trap to create and maintain such a source. We demonstrate that the loss rate due to β decay heating is not a limiting factor for the design. We also calculate the loss rate due to evaporative cooling and propose that the tritium can be cooled sufficiently during trap loading as to render this negligible. We further demonstrate a design for the magnetic field which produces a highly uniform field over a large fraction of the trap volume as needed for cyclotron frequency spectroscopy while still providing effective trapping.

Radio frequency studies of surface resistance and critical magnetic field of type I and type II superconductors

The surface resistance and the critical magnetic field of lead electroplated on copper were studied at 205 MHz in a half-wave coaxial resonator. The observed surface resistance at a low field level below 4.2°K could be well described by the BCS surface resistance with the addition of a temperature independent residual resistance. The available experimental data suggest that the major fraction of the residual resistance in the present experiment was due to the presence of an oxide layer on the surface. At higher magnetic field levels the surface resistance was found to be enhanced due to surface imperfections.

The attainable rf critical magnetic field between 2.2°K and T_c of lead was found to be limited not by the thermodynamic critical field but rather by the superheating field predicted by the one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau theory. The observed rf critical field was very close to the expected superheating field, particularly in the higher reduced temperature range, but showed somewhat stronger temperature dependence than the expected superheating field in the lower reduced temperature range.

The rf critical magnetic field was also studied at 90 MHz for pure tin and indium, and for a series of SnIn and InBi alloys spanning both type I and type II superconductivity. The samples were spherical with typical diameters of 1-2 mm and a helical resonator was used to generate the rf magnetic field in the measurement. The results of pure samples of tin and indium showed that a vortex-like nucleation of the normal phase was responsible for the superconducting-to-normal phase transition in the rf field at temperatures up to about 0.98-0.99 T_c' where the ideal superheating limit was being reached. The results of the alloy samples showed that the attainable rf critical fields near T_c were well described by the superheating field predicted by the one-dimensional GL theory in both the type I and type II regimes. The measurement was also made at 300 MHz resulting in no significant change in the rf critical field. Thus it was inferred that the nucleation time of the normal phase, once the critical field was reached, was small compared with the rf period in this frequency range.

A single-layer magnetic atom chip for trapping an array of Bose-Einstein condensate

We propose a simple single-layer magnetic microtrap configuration which can trap an array of magnetically-trapped Bose-Einstein condensate. The configuration consists of two series of parallel wires perpendicular to each other and all of the crossing points are cut off for maintaining the uniformity of the current. We analyse the trapping potential, the position of trapping centres and the uniformity of the array of the traps. The trapping depth and trapping frequency with different parameters are also calculated. Lastly, the effect of the cut-off crossing points, dissipate power, chip production are introduced concisely.

Magnetic behavior of basic iron(III) compounds. I. Magnetic behavior of the basic iron sulphates and basic iron chromate. II. Magnetic behavior of delta ferric oxide hydroxide

I. The thermomagnetic behavior and infrared spectroscopic features of KFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆ (jarosite), (H₃O)Fe₃(SO₄)₂ (OH)₆ (hydronium jarosite), KFe₃(CrO₄)₂ (OH)₆, Fe(OH)SO₄ (basic iron sulfate), and Fe(OH)CrO₄ (basic iron chromate) are reported. Fe(OH)CrO₄ and KFe₃(CrO₄)₂ (OH)₆ are shown to be weak ferro magnets with Curie temperatures of 73 and 71 °K, respectively. This unusual magnetic behavior is rationalized in terms of the ionic spin configurations of the phases. Exchange coupling through chromate bridging groups is shown to be weak.

II. The magnetic behavior and the influence of preparative history on the magnetic behavior of δFeO(OH) is reported. δFeO(OH) is shown to be a fine-particulate, uniaxial, magnetic species. Magnetization data for this species are shown to be consistent with the existence of magnetically inactive layers surrounding magnetic particles.

Magnetic field and pressure effects in a saturated gas laser amplifier

Theoretical and experimental studies of a gas laser amplifier are presented, assuming the amplifier is operating with a saturating optical frequency signal. The analysis is primarily concerned with the effects of the gas pressure and the presence of an axial magnetic field on the characteristics of the amplifying medium. Semiclassical radiation theory is used, along with a density matrix description of the atomic medium which relates the motion of single atoms to the macroscopic observables. A two-level description of the atom, using phenomenological source rates and decay rates, forms the basis of our analysis of the gas laser medium. Pressure effects are taken into account to a large extent through suitable choices of decay rate parameters.

Two methods for calculating the induced polarization of the atomic medium are used. The first method utilizes a perturbation expansion which is valid for signal intensities which barely reach saturation strength, and it is quite general in applicability. The second method is valid for arbitrarily strong signals, but it yields tractable solutions only for zero magnetic field or for axial magnetic fields large enough such that the Zeeman splitting is much larger than the power broadened homogeneous linewidth of the laser transition. The effects of pressure broadening of the homogeneous spectral linewidth are included in both the weak-signal and strong-signal theories; however the effects of Zeeman sublevel-mixing collisions are taken into account only in the weak-signal theory.

The behavior of a He-Ne gas laser amplifier in the presence of an axial magnetic field has been studied experimentally by measuring gain and Faraday rotation of linearly polarized resonant laser signals for various values of input signal intensity, and by measuring nonlinearity - induced anisotropy for elliptically polarized resonant laser signals of various input intensities. Two high-gain transitions in the 3.39-μ region were used for study: a J = 1 to J = 2 (3s₂ → 3p₄) transition and a J = 1 to J = 1 (3s₂ → 3p₂) transition. The input signals were tuned to the centers of their respective resonant gain lines.

The experimental results agree quite well with corresponding theoretical expressions which have been developed to include the nonlinear effects of saturation strength signals. The experimental results clearly show saturation of Faraday rotation, and for the J = 1 t o J = 1 transition a Faraday rotation reversal and a traveling wave gain dip are seen for small values of axial magnetic field. The nonlinearity induced anisotropy shows a marked dependence on the gas pressure in the amplifier tube for the J = 1 to J = 2 transition; this dependence agrees with the predictions of the general perturbational or weak signal theory when allowances are made for the effects of Zeeman sublevel-mixing collisions. The results provide a method for measuring the upper (neon 3s₂) level quadrupole moment decay rate, the dipole moment decay rates for the 3s₂ → 3p₄ and 3s₂ → 3p₂ transitions, and the effects of various types of collision processes on these decay rates.

A generalized treatment of the order-disorder transformation in alloys and its effects on their magnetic properties

A theory of the order-disorder transformation is developed in complete generality. The general theory is used to calculate long range order parameters, short range order parameters, energy, and phase diagrams for a face centered cubic binary alloy. The theoretical results are compared to the experimental determination of the copper-gold system, Values for the two adjustable parameters are obtained.

An explanation for the behavior of magnetic alloys is developed, Curie temperatures and magnetic moments of the first transition series elements and their alloys in both the ordered and disordered states are predicted. Experimental agreement is excellent in most cases. It is predicted that the state of order can effect the magnetic properties of an alloy to a considerable extent in alloys such as Ni₃Mn. The values of the adjustable parameter used to fix the level of the Curie temperature, and the adjustable parameter that expresses the effect of ordering on the Curie temperature are obtained.