(Table 1) Quantitative mineralogy at DSDP Holes 59-447A and 59-450

The authigenic minerals contained in the altered basal intervals of volcaniclastic sediments from Sites 447 and 450 of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 59 are dioctahedral smectite (with variable crystallinity), phillipsite, and sanidine. Sanidine seems the most widespread and common product of basal alteration in the Philippine Sea marginal basins. The neomorphic mineral suites may have been produced by (1) halmyrolisis of the volcaniclastic sediments; (2) halmyrolisis of the underlying basalts; or (3) hydrothermalism associated with basaltic intrusions. At Site 450, other authigenic minerals occur (carbonates, analcime, clinoptilolite, Fe-Mn oxides), and the basal paragenesis is consistent with a hydro thermal origin. Such a process could have produced temperatures up to 200 °C in the tuffs lying as much as 2 meters above the contact with a basaltic intrusion. Products of low-temperature alteration, however, are also present in the altered interval of this site.

The number of plastic particles found in estuarine sediment and water samples of five estuaries, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Widespread disposal of plastics negatively affects biotic and abiotic components of marine systems. Monitoring plastics transitioning through estuaries is vital in assessing terrestrial inputs to oceanic environments. Data on microplastics (particles <= 5mm) in estuaries are scant. This study determined microplastic levels within five estuaries along the Durban coastline and on intervening beaches. Plastics were isolated from estuarine sediment, beach sediment and the surface water of each estuary and characterised. Sediment at the Bayhead area of Durban Harbour was found to contain the highest average plastic concentrations (745.40 ± 129.72 particles per 500ml). Overall an attenuating concentration trend away from the city center was found. Fragments composed the largest percent of plastics (59 %) found in Bayhead, whereas fibers dominated other estuaries (Mdloti - 66 %, uMgeni - 38 %, Isipingo - 45 % and iLovu - 53 %). Plastic particle concentration in estuarine sediment generally increased from larger to smaller size classes. If high input and high retention in the harbour is coupled with high organic and metal pollutant loads, this area can become (if not already) a major environmental hazard.

Changes in the foreign trade structure of the Russian Far East under the process of transition toward a market economy

Under the process of transition toward a market economy, the economic connections of the Russian Far East (RFE) with external regions changed from a division of labor among the regions of the USSR (Russia) to an international division of labor. This happened due to factors including the liberalization of the trade system away from a state monopoly, the presence of rich natural resources and of developed industries related to these resources, the advantage of geographically proximity to Asia-Pacific countries, and the political and economic division of the once unified national economic space during the process of transition. The economic connections of RFE with external economies changed radically under the transition toward the market economy. First, the value of foreign trade increased dramatically and the importance of foreign trade for the RFE economy increased enormously. Second, however, different territories of RFE traveled along different trajectories, due to factors involving their industrial structure and geographical conditions. Third, in recent years connections with China, in the areas of both exports and imports, have grown. Fourth, the share within exports of "fuel, mineral resources and metal" increased radically from the end of the 1990s, and the share of "machine, facilities and transportation means" increased from 2002 year within imports. Under this situation, especially since 2002, there has been a major change in the structure of foreign trade.

Is the Vietnamese garment industry at a turning point? : upgrading from the export to the domestic market

Vietnam’s garment industry has been loosely characterized by the duality based on market orientation: export and domestic. Export-oriented garment suppliers were typically SOEs and foreign invested firms, while those producing for the domestic market have been mostly small, private companies. With a booming economy, other industrial sectors have emerged, and the garment industry is no longer the sector most favored by workers. Wage rates have been increasing, and a supplier’s ability to cope with this through successful upgrading has been the key determinant of whether it can further grow and flourish. Those who fail to cope are finding themselves in an increasingly difficult position. This paper looks at both the export- and domestic-oriented garment suppliers, and attempts to highlight how the industry can further develop by examining the bottlenecks that vary depending on the type of supplier. It suggests that in the long run, upgrading and value addition in the domestic market will be the key strategy.

Skill sorting and production chains : evidence from India

This study proposes a new mechanism that explains skill-sorting patterns and skill wage differentials across industries based on the length of the industry's production chain. A simple simultaneous production model shows that when the quality of intermediate inputs deteriorates rapidly along the production chains, high-skilled individuals choose to work in industries with shorter production chains because of higher returns to skill. I empirically confirm this skill-sorting pattern and these inter-industry skill wage differentials in India, where the quality of intermediate inputs is likely to degrade rapidly because of the high number of unskilled laborers, poor infrastructure, and less-advantaged technology. The results remain robust even when considering selection bias, alternative reasons for inter-industry skill wage differentials, and a different period. The results of this study have important implications when considering countries' industrial development patterns.

Growth response of broilers to lysine levels and hydrolyzed porcine digestive mucosa (Palbio) inclusion in diet from 1 to 21 d of age

Palbio (PAL, Palbio 50 RD, Bioibérica, Spain) is a protein concentrate based on hydrolyzed porcine digestive mucosa dried under a fluid bed system over a soybean carrier, currently used in piglet feeds. The digestibility of PAL is very high and the product may be an excellent source of protein for young chicks. An experiment was conducted with 1,280 straight-run one-d-old Ross 308 chicks to evaluate the growth response of broilers to dietary inclusion of PAL.

Towards description and optimization of abstract machines in an extension of prolog

Competitive abstract machines for Prolog are usually large, intricate, and incorpórate sophisticated optimizations. This makes them difñcult to code, optimize, and, especially, maintain and extend. This is partly due to the fact that efñciency considerations make it necessary to use low-level languages in their implementation. Writing the abstract machine (and ancillary code) in a higher-level language can help harness this inherent complexity. In this paper we show how the semantics of basic components of an efficient virtual machine for Prolog can be described using (a variant of) Prolog which retains much of its semantics. These descriptions are then compiled to C and assembled to build a complete bytecode emulator. Thanks to the high level of the language used and its closeness to Prolog the abstract machine descriptions can be manipulated using standard Prolog compilation and optimization techniques with relative ease. We also show how, by applying program transformations selectively, we obtain abstract machine implementations whose performance can match and even exceed that of highly-tuned, hand-crafted emulators.

Balancing software engineering education and industrial needs

In the world of information and communications technologies the demand for professionals with software engineering skills grows at an exponential rate. On this ground, we have conducted a study to help both academia and the software industry form a picture of the relationship between the competences of recent graduates of undergraduate and graduate software engineering programmes and the tasks that these professionals are to perform as part of their jobs in industry. Thanks to this study, academia will be able to observe which skills demanded by industry the software engineering curricula do or do not cater for, and industry will be able to ascertain which tasks a recent software engineering programme graduate is well qualified to perform. The study focuses on the software engineering knowledge guidelines provided in SE2004 and GSwE2009, and the job profiles identified by Career Space.

Control of a solar dryer through using a fuzzy logic and low-cost model-based sensor

Solar drying is one of the important processes used for extending the shelf life of agricultural products. Regarding consumer requirements, solar drying should be more suitable in terms of curtailing total drying time and preserving product quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a fuzzy logic-based control system, which performs a ?human-operator-like? control approach through using the previously developed low-cost model-based sensors. Fuzzy logic toolbox of MatLab and Borland C++ Builder tool were utilized to develop a required control system. An experimental solar dryer, constructed by CONA SOLAR (Austria) was used during the development of the control system. Sensirion sensors were used to characterize the drying air at different positions in the dryer, and also the smart sensor SMART-1 was applied to be able to include the rate of wood water extraction into the control system (the difference of absolute humidity of the air between the outlet and the inlet of solar dryer is considered by SMART-1 to be the extracted water). A comprehensive test over a 3 week period for different fuzzy control models has been performed, and data, obtained from these experiments, were analyzed. Findings from this study would suggest that the developed fuzzy logic-based control system is able to tackle difficulties, related to the control of solar dryer process.

Problemática estructural y de funcionamiento de la cadena de valor del jamón ibérico de bellota: el caso de Guijuelo en España

El sector porcino ibérico es un sector típicamente español. La imagen que asocia el consumidor a los productos ibéricos es la correspondiente a los productos elaborados a partir de cerdos ibéricos en explotaciones extensivas, (dehesas), y cebados en montanera. Sin embargo, según los datos publicados por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, más de un 70 por ciento de los cerdos ibéricos que se producen en España son criados en granjas intensivas. El sector porcino ibérico está en pleno proceso de cambio, tanto por las variaciones que se derivan de la crisis que sufre el sector, como por las modificaciones que se esperan en la norma de calidad, recientemente acordadas. En este entorno en el que existe una reducción importante de los márgenes comerciales en todos los eslabones de la cadena de valor del jamón ibérico de bellota, adquiere importancia el estudio de su estructura y funcionamiento, la determinación de los aspectos que mejoran la eficiencia económica a lo largo de la misma y su concordancia a lo largo de ella. Así mismo, un sector de los consumidores comienza a buscar productos de calidad, se interesa por productos con determinados etiquetados que garantizan la calidad o unas determinadas prácticas de producción y elaboración, como sucede con los productos ecológicos. Existen numerosos estudios sobre distintos aspectos del sector porcino ibérico, realizados por distintas instituciones, como universidades, instituciones privadas y proyectos europeos. En general, se centran en la mejora de la producción de los cerdos ibéricos o en la mejora de la elaboración de los jamones. La novedad de la investigación realizada en la presente Tesis Doctoral reside en el estudio de los aspectos que determinan la mayor eficiencia económica de la cadena de valor del jamón ibérico de bellota de la denominación de origen de Guijuelo, y en las características que aporta al jamón ibérico de bellota la producción ecológica frente a la convencional. Resumen Los objetivos planteados en esta investigación son la mejora de la cadena de valor del jamón ibérico de bellota de la denominación de origen de Guijuelo, mediante el estudio de la problemática estructural y de funcionamiento de la misma. Como objetivos específicos se proponen la mejora de la eficiencia económica en las relaciones comerciales entre los distintos eslabones de la cadena de valor, y el impulso de la oferta de los productos ecológicos de ibérico, mediante el estudio comparativo de las producciones convencionales y ecológicas. Para alcanzar estos objetivos la metodología utilizada es la cadena de valor agroalimentaria, utilizando como herramientas de análisis el método Delphi y la realización de un análisis DAFO del sector porcino ibérico. Las fuentes de información primarias utilizadas proceden por una parte de la colaboración realizada en el proyecto europeo Q-Porkchains, coordinado por el Dr. Jacques H. Trienekens, y por otra parte de los cuestionarios especialmente diseñados para el análisis Delphi realizado. Las fuentes de información secundarias proceden de artículos académicos publicados, de artículos de revistas especializadas en el sector y de informes y estadísticas publicados por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Las conclusiones de la investigación son las siguientes. Las relaciones comerciales de la cadena de valor estudiada están gestionadas, ya que se otorga gran valor a las relaciones comerciales basadas en la confianza, tanto en el aprovisionamiento de productos como en la venta de los mismos en cada eslabón. Sin embargo, no se gestiona adecuadamente la gama de productos que se oferta a lo largo de la cadena de valor, puesto que los eslabones de la misma obtienen diferente eficiencia económica para el mismo producto. Por otra parte, aunque la denominación de origen de Guijuelo es una marca conocida por el consumidor, el esfuerzo por tener una marca colectiva de calidad no ha sido totalmente satisfactorio, en especial para el eslabón de la distribución. Por esta razón, es importante resaltar que es recomendable la creación de una marca propia que cuide la calidad con especial atención, modificando incluso las empresas integrantes de la cadena de valor si el objetivo de calidad no coincide. Es importante garantizar la calidad del producto al consumidor, mediante la trasmisión la información generada por los informes de inspección y certificación realizados por las entidades correspondientes en relación a la norma de calidad de los productos de cerdo ibérico y por el Consejo Regulador de Guijuelo. Se requiere un estudio detallado de los posibles nichos de mercado para llegar a los clientes que buscan un producto de calidad diferenciada como es el jamón ibérico de denominación de origen de Guijuelo. Dentro de los posibles clientes debe tenerse en consideración al colectivo de personas alérgicas, ya que no se encuentran con facilidad en el mercado productos cárnicos de cerdo libres de alérgenos. Por último, la innovación es muy importante en este sector, y pueden ofertarse nuevos productos que ayuden al acortamiento de la cadena de valor, como podría ser la carne fresca de cerdo ibérico de bellota. La producción ecológica de porcino ibérico, en la actualidad no es significativa. El manejo que se realiza de los cerdos ibéricos convencionales de bellota es muy similar al manejo que se realiza de los cerdos ecológicos, salvo en la alimentación que reciben los cerdos ibéricos antes del cebo en montanera y en los medicamentos permitidos en ambas producciones. La producción de porcino ecológico de bellota puede ser interesante para la exportación. Los jamones ibéricos de bellota dispondrían de un sello que garantiza un manejo tradicional –como se realiza en muchas explotaciones extensivas de cerdos ibéricos de bellota-, y que es apreciado por los consumidores de otros países, dispuestos a pagar por productos de calidad diferenciada. Este tipo de producción quizá podría solventar la limitación al ámbito nacional de la norma de calidad de los productos de cerdo ibérico. La falta de claridad y unanimidad en el sector sobre la calidad de los productos de ibéricos que se percibe en los cambios previstos en la legislación, y el interés del eslabón de la industria elaboradora de jamones en calidades no ligadas a producciones extensivas sino intensivas, por su mayor volumen de ventas y sus mejores rendimientos, mueven a los productores de “ibérico puro de bellota” a desmarcarse del sector “ibérico”, donde el peso del producto ibérico cruzado de pienso tiene mucho peso en las decisiones que se toman. The Iberian pork industry is a typically Spanish industry. The associated image by the consumer to these products corresponds to products made from Iberian pigs in extensive farms (meadows), and fattened in open range. However, according to data released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, more than 70 percent of the Iberian pigs produced in Spain are raised on factory farms. The Iberian pork industry is in process of change, both by modifications resulting from the crisis in the sector, and the expected ones in the quality standard, recently agreed. In this environment where there is a significant reduction in trade margins in all links of the value chain of Iberian ham, becomes important to study its structure and operation, identifying the aspects that improve economic efficiency along the value chain and their concordance along it. Likewise, part of the consumers begins searching for quality products, they are interested in certain products that guarantee some sort of quality or production and processing practices, like organic products. There are several studies on various aspects of the Iberian pork industry, made by different institutions, such as universities, private institutions and some European projects. In general, their goal is focused on improving the Iberian hog production or on improving the elaboration of hams. The novelty of the research conducted in this PhD thesis lies in the study of the aspects that determine the economic efficiency of the value chain of Iberian ham from Guijuelo designation of origin, and the comparison between the features that organic or conventional production of Iberian ham brings to it. The objectives propound in this research are the improvement of the value chain of Iberian ham from Guijuelo designation of origin, through the study of its structural and operational problematic. The proposed specific objectives are the improvement of the economic efficiency Resumen in trade relations between the different links in the value chain, and the promotion of the supply of Iberian organic pork products, through the comparative study of conventional and organic productions. In order to achieve these objectives, the used methodology is the agrifood value chain, using as analysis tools the Delphi method, and a SWOT analysis of the Iberian pork industry. The primary sources of information come partly from the collaboration in the European project Q-Porkchains, coordinated by Dr. Jacques Trienekens, and partly from the questionnaires specially designed for the Delphi analysis performed. The secondary sources come from published academic papers, specialized journal articles and reports published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment. The research conclusions are as follows. Trade relations in the studied value chain are managed, as it is granted a great value to business relationships based on trust, both in the supply of products and in the sale in each link. However, the portfolio that is offered throughout the value chain is not properly managed, since the economic efficiency obtained for the same product is different in each link. Moreover, although the designation of origin of Guijuelo is a well-known brand, the effort made to acquire a collective quality trademark has not been entirely satisfactory, especially in the distribution link. Due to it, it is important to highlight that it is recommended to create a brand focused on quality, and indeed to change the firms integrating the vale chain, if the goal is not shared by all the companies. It is essential to ensure the quality of the product to the consumer, through the transmission of the available information related to the quality standard of Iberian pork products and of the Guijuelo Regulating Council. A detailed study of potential niche markets is required, in order to reach customers looking for a differentiated quality product as Iberian ham of Guijuelo designation of origin. It should be taken into consideration the group of allergy sufferers as potential customers, as they do not easily find pork products in the market free of allergens. Innovation is very important in this industry, and new products could be commercialized that help to shorten the value chain, as fresh acorn Iberian pork. Nowadays, the organic production of Iberian pork products is not significant. The operation is very similar in both conventional and organic production of Iberian pork products, except in the food received by Iberian hogs and the sort of medicinal treatments allowed in each production. The organic acorn Iberian pork production could be interesting for export. Acorn Iberian hams would have a well-known hallmark, which guarantees a traditional production, -as it is done in many extensive holdings of Iberian acorn-pigs-, and that is appreciated by consumers in other countries This niche of consumers could pay for differentiated quality products. Perhaps, this sort of production could solve the limitation to national scope of the quality standard of Iberian pork products. The lack of clarity and unanimity in the industry on the quality of Iberian pork products has been perceived in the agreed changes of the legislation as well as the interest of the processing industry in hams of quality categories which are not linked to extensive but intensive productions, due to their higher sales volume and better yields. This situation pushed "acorn pure Iberian " pigs farmers to split from the Iberian industry, where the importance of cross Iberian pig from intensive farms is growing so high that they can influence the negotiations and decisions taken inside and outside the industry.

Protein isolate and inulin: chemical, rheological and structural basis

Soy protein isolate is typical vegetable protein with health-enhancing activities. Inulin, a prebiotic no digestible carbohydrate, has functional properties. A mashed potato serving of 200 g with added soy protein isolate and inulin concentrations of 15?60 g kg provides from 3 to 12 g of soy protein isolate and/or inulin, respectively. Currently, no information is available about the possible texture-modifying effect of this non-ionizable polar carbohydrate in different soy-based food systems. In this study, the effect of the addition of soy protein isolate and inulin blends at different soy protein isolate: inulin ratios on the degree of inulin polymerization and the rheological and structural properties of fresh mashed and frozen/thawed mashed potatoes were evaluated. The inulin chemical structure remained intact throughout the various treatments, and soy protein isolate did not affect inulin composition being a protein compatible with this fructan. Small-strain rheology showed that both ingredients behaved like soft fillers. In the frozen/thawed mashed potatoes samples,0 addition of 30 : 30 and 15 : 60 blend ratios significantly increased elasticity (G value) compared with 0 : 0 control, consequently reducing the freeze/thaw stability conferred by the cryoprotectants. Inulin crystallites caused a significant strengthening effect on soy protein isolate gel. Micrographs revealed that soy protein isolate supports the inulin structure by building up a second fine-stranded network. Thereby, possibility of using soy protein isolate and inulin in combination with mashed potatoes to provide a highly nutritious and healthy product is promising.

Properties and applications of high electron density structures based on InN and related compounds

El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es estudiar y explotar estructuras que presentan un gas bidimensional de electrones (2DEG) basadas en compuestos nitruros con alto contenido de indio. Existen muchas preguntas abiertas, relacionadas con el nitruro de indio y sus aleaciones, algunas de las cuales se han abordado en este estudio. En particular, se han investigado temas relacionados con el análisis y la tecnología del material, tanto para el InN y heteroestructuras de InAl(Ga)N/GaN como para sus aplicaciones a dispositivos avanzados. Después de un análisis de la dependencia de las propiedades del InN con respecto a tratamientos de procesado de dispositivos (plasma y térmicos), el problema relacionado con la formación de un contacto rectificador es considerado. Concretamente, su dificultad es debida a la presencia de acumulación de electrones superficiales en la forma de un gas bidimensional de electrones, debido al pinning del nivel de Fermi. El uso de métodos electroquímicos, comparados con técnicas propias de la microelectrónica, ha ayudado para la realización de esta tarea. En particular, se ha conseguido lamodulación de la acumulación de electrones con éxito. En heteroestructuras como InAl(Ga)N/GaN, el gas bidimensional está presente en la intercara entre GaN y InAl(Ga)N, aunque no haya polarización externa (estructuras modo on). La tecnología relacionada con la fabricación de transistores de alta movilidad en modo off (E-mode) es investigada. Se utiliza un método de ataque húmedo mediante una solución de contenido alcalino, estudiando las modificaciones estructurales que sufre la barrera. En este sentido, la necesidad de un control preciso sobre el material atacado es fundamental para obtener una estructura recessed para aplicaciones a transistores, con densidad de defectos e inhomogeneidad mínimos. La dependencia de la velocidad de ataque de las propiedades de las muestras antes del tratamiento es observada y comentada. Se presentan también investigaciones relacionadas con las propiedades básicas del InN. Gracias al uso de una puerta a través de un electrolito, el desplazamiento de los picos obtenidos por espectroscopia Raman es correlacionado con una variación de la densidad de electrones superficiales. En lo que concierne la aplicación a dispositivos, debido al estado de la tecnología actual y a la calidad del material InN, todavía no apto para dispositivos, la tesis se enfoca a la aplicación de heteroestructuras de InAl(Ga)N/GaN. Gracias a las ventajas de una barrera muy fina, comparada con la tecnología de AlGaN/GaN, el uso de esta estructura es adecuado para aplicaciones que requieren una elevada sensibilidad, estando el canal 2DEG más cerca de la superficie. De hecho, la sensibilidad obtenida en sensores de pH es comparable al estado del arte en términos de variaciones de potencial superficial, y, debido al poco espesor de la barrera, la variación de la corriente con el pH puede ser medida sin necesidad de un electrodo de referencia externo. Además, estructuras fotoconductivas basadas en un gas bidimensional presentan alta ganancia debida al elevado campo eléctrico en la intercara, que induce una elevada fuerza de separación entre hueco y electrón generados por absorción de luz. El uso de metalizaciones de tipo Schottky (fotodiodos Schottky y metal-semiconductormetal) reduce la corriente de oscuridad, en comparación con los fotoconductores. Además, la barrera delgada aumenta la eficiencia de extracción de los portadores. En consecuencia, se obtiene ganancia en todos los dispositivos analizados basados en heteroestructuras de InAl(Ga)N/GaN. Aunque presentando fotoconductividad persistente (PPC), los dispositivos resultan más rápidos con respeto a los valores que se dan en la literatura acerca de PPC en sistemas fotoconductivos. ABSTRACT The main objective of the present work is to study and exploit the two-dimensionalelectron- gas (2DEG) structures based on In-related nitride compounds. Many open questions are analyzed. In particular, technology and material-related topics are the focus of interest regarding both InNmaterial and InAl(Ga)N/GaNheterostructures (HSs) as well as their application to advanced devices. After the analysis of the dependence of InN properties on processing treatments (plasma-based and thermal), the problemof electrical blocking behaviour is taken into consideration. In particular its difficulty is due to the presence of a surface electron accumulation (SEA) in the form of a 2DEG, due to Fermi level pinning. The use of electrochemical methods, compared to standard microelectronic techniques, helped in the successful realization of this task. In particular, reversible modulation of SEA is accomplished. In heterostructures such as InAl(Ga)N/GaN, the 2DEGis present at the interface between GaN and InAl(Ga)N even without an external bias (normally-on structures). The technology related to the fabrication of normally off (E-mode) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) is investigated in heterostructures. An alkali-based wet-etching method is analysed, standing out the structural modifications the barrier underwent. The need of a precise control of the etched material is crucial, in this sense, to obtain a recessed structure for HEMT application with the lowest defect density and inhomogeneity. The dependence of the etch rate on the as-grown properties is observed and commented. Fundamental investigation related to InNis presented, related to the physics of this degeneratematerial. With the help of electrolyte gating (EG), the shift in Raman peaks is correlated to a variation in surface eletron density. As far as the application to device is concerned, due to the actual state of the technology and material quality of InN, not suitable for working devices yet, the focus is directed to the applications of InAl(Ga)N/GaN HSs. Due to the advantages of a very thin barrier layer, compared to standard AlGaN/GaN technology, the use of this structure is suitable for high sensitivity applications being the 2DEG channel closer to the surface. In fact, pH sensitivity obtained is comparable to the state-of-the-art in terms of surface potential variations, and, due to the ultrathin barrier, the current variation with pH can be recorded with no need of the external reference electrode. Moreover, 2DEG photoconductive structures present a high photoconductive gain duemostly to the high electric field at the interface,and hence a high separation strength of photogenerated electron and hole. The use of Schottky metallizations (Schottky photodiode and metal-semiconductor-metal) reduce the dark current, compared to photoconduction, and the thin barrier helps to increase the extraction efficiency. Gain is obtained in all the device structures investigated. The devices, even if they present persistent photoconductivity (PPC), resulted faster than the standard PPC related decay values.

Comparisson of hydrogen applications for storage and energy vector

For the decades to come can be foreseen that electricity and water will keep be playing a key role in the countries development, both can be considered the most important energy vectors and its control can be crucial for governments, companies and leaders in general. Energy is essential for all human activities and its availability is critical to economic and social development. In particular, electricity, a form of energy, is required to produce goods, to provide medical assistance and basic civic services in education, to assure availability of clean water, to create conducive environment for prosperity and improvement, and to keep an acceptable quality of life. The way in which electricity is generated from different resources varies through the different countries. Nuclear energy controlled within reactors to steam production, gas, fuel-oil and coal fired in power stations, water, solar and wind energy among others are employed, sometimes not very efficiently, to produce electricity. The so call energy mix of an individual country is formed up by the contribution of each resource or form of energy to the electricity generation market of the so country. During the last decade the establishment of proper energy mixes for countries has gained much importance, and energy drivers should enforce long term plans and policies. Hints, reports and guides giving tracks on energy resources contribution are been developed by noticeable organisations like the IEA (International Energy Agency) or the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and the WEC (World Energy Council). This paper evaluates energy issues the market and countries are facing today regarding energy mix scheduling and panorama. This paper revises and seeks to improve methodology available that are applicable on energy mix plan definition. Key Factors are identified, established and assessed through this paper for the common implementation, the themes driving the future energy mix methodology proposal. Those have a clear influence and are closely related to future environmental policies. Key Factors take into consideration sustainability, energy security, social and economic growth, climate change, air quality and social stability. The strength of the Key Factors application on energy system planning to different countries is contingent on country resources, location, electricity demand and electricity generation industry, technology available, economic situation and prospects, energy policy and regulation