Aspects of mineral composition of male and female Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults exposed to different concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil

Studies were carried out to assess some macro and trace elements of mineral composition of the male and female Heterobranchus bidorsalis adults exposed to graded concentrations (1.00-8.00m/L-1) of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO). The experiment was monitored for 4 days (toxicity) and 42days (recovery) periods. Significant decreases (P < 0.05)in the sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), vanadium (Va), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) contents of the male H. bidorsalis corresponded with the increasing concentrations of BLCO. In contrast, the female fishes recorded significant increases (P < 0.05) in the values of the above elements in their tissues as the concentrations of BLCO increased. Furthermore, the values of Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Zn, Fe, Va, Pb and Mn recorded in the male fishes where generally lower than those of their female counterparts and the control fish. Increased values of these elements were also recorded during the recovery periods (days 14, 28 and 42) of this study in the magnitudes of 15% at day 14, 20% at day 28 and 20% at day 42. This implied that the removal of crude oil stress during this period improved the quantity of these minerals deposited in the fish tissues. The highest percent proportion of Zn and the lowest proportion of Pb recorded in both male and female H. bidorsalis adults agreed with the report of other workers for other fish species. KEYWORDS: Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Mineral composition, Bonny-light crude oil, Toxicity, Recovery.

Disfunção mitocondrial e cardíaca em camundongos induzida por dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados

Indivíduos obesos apresentam maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade atribuída às doenças cardiovasculares. A composição da dieta é um fator que prediz o fenótipo cardíaco em resposta a obesidade e, o tipo de ácido graxo pode afetar de forma diferencial a estrutura e a função do miocárdio. Estudos têm mostrado que a disfunção mitocondrial exerce um papel chave na patogênese da insuficiência e hipertrofia cardíaca, e as alterações mitocondriais observadas em falhas cardíacas apontam para defeitos em sítios específicos da cadeia transportadora de elétrons. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a função contrátil ventricular em camundongos, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, buscando elucidações através da bioenergética mitocondrial. Após desmame, camundongos machos C57Bl/6 passaram a receber dieta manipulada contendo 7% (C) ou 19% (HF) de óleo de soja, até os 135 dias de idade. A ingestão alimentar e a massa corporal foram monitoradas e foi realizado teste de tolerância à glicose. No final do período experimental, os animais foram anestesiados e submetidos à avaliação da composição corporal por Absortimetria de Raios X de Dupla Energia (DXA), e em seguida, sacrificados por exsanguinação. No plasma foram determinados o perfil lipídico e a insulina. O coração, o tecido adiposo intra-abdominal e o subcutâneo foram coletados, pesados, processados para análise histomorfológica. Fibras cardíacas do ventrículo esquerdo foram utilizadas para análise da respiração mitocondrial através de oxígrafo. O coração também foi utilizado para a técnica de perfusão de coração isolado de Langendorff, e para análise da expressão de proteínas relacionadas à bioenergética de cardiomiócitos, através de Western Blotting. O índice de HOMA e de adiposidade foram calculados. O grupo HF apresentou maior adiposidade, sem alteração na ingestão alimentar. Foi observada intolerância a glicose, hiperinsulinemia e resistência à insulina, além de alterações desfavoráveis no perfil lipídico. Foi observado alteração na morfologia cardíaca e quadro de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, refletindo em alteração hemodinâmica, determinando maior contratilidade, maior pressão ventricular e função diastólica prejudicada. Em relação à atividade mitocondrial dos cardiomiócitos foi observada menor oxidação de carboidratos (-47%) e de ácidos graxos (-60%). Porém, sem alteração na expressão de proteínas relacionadas à bioenergética de cardiomiócitos, CPT1, UCP2, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK e pAMPK. A partir desses resultados, concluímos que o tipo e a quantidade de ácidos graxos predizem o fenótipo cardíaco na obesidade, promovendo alteração na capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial, na morfologia e na hemodinâmica cardíaca

Efeitos da associação entre dieta hiperlipídica e ovariectomia sobre aspectos comportamentais, lipídeos séricos e o desenvolvimento corporal de ratas adultas

O aumento da longevidade evidenciou nas mulheres os efeitos deletérios da deficiência ovariana como, a obesidade central e as doenças neurodegenerativas. Os hábitos alimentares modernos favorecem o consumo excessivo de gorduras, que contribuem para efeitos adversos sobre a saúde, incluindo alteração da composição corporal e da função nervosa. Assim, objetivamos estudar como a dieta hiperlipídica (DH), contendo óleo de soja, associada à perda da função gonadal influenciam o comportamento e o desenvolvimento corporal de ratas adultas. Ratas Wistar adultas foram ovariectomizadas (OVX) ou pseudo-operadas (C) e após 7d passaram a receber dieta contendo 4%(normo) ou 19%(hiperlípidica) de óleo de soja: C4 (n=29), OVX4 (n=30), C19 (n=30), OVX19 (n=30). Foram avaliados a massa e o comprimento corporais e a ingestão alimentar, e aspectos comportamentais de ansiedade, através de teste no Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE); de busca pela novidade, por testes no Campo Vazado (CV); e aprendizagem/memória avaliada no labirinto aquático radial de 8 braços (LAROB). Ao final dos testes, os animais foram anestesiados, exsanguinados e o tecido adiposo intra-abdominal foi coletado e pesado. O soro foi utilizado para dosagens de triglicerídeo (TG), VLDL-c, colesterol (COL), HDL-c e estradiol. A ingestão alimentar média e o comprimento corporal não diferiram entre os grupos, mas o grupo OVX19 mostrou ganho significativo (13,6%) de massa corporal mais precocemente que os demais. O mesmo padrão foi observado quanto à massa de tecido adiposo, que foi 86% maior no OVX19. Os TG, VLDL e COL aumentaram cerca de 28% no OVX19, porém sem alteração de HDL-c (33,762,2 mg/dl). A DH e a ovariectomia se mostraram ansiogênicos e quando associados, a DH parece reverter o efeito ansiogênico da castração. Padrão similar de resposta foi observado na resposta ao teste de busca por novidade. No teste de aprendizagem/memória o OVX4 apresentou maior tempo de latência no primeiro dia, e todos responderam de forma semelhante nos demais dias. Conclui-se que a deficiência de estradiol acompanhada da ingestão de dieta hiperlipídica mantém o desempenho cognitivo, o comportamento emocional e a motivação, embora prejudique a adiposidade e o metabolismo lipídico.

Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for RNAi against Viral Infections: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The efforts made to develop RNAi-based therapies have led to productive research in the field of infections in humans, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpetic keratitis, human papillomavirus, or influenza virus. Naked RNAi molecules are rapidly digested by nucleases in the serum, and due to their negative surface charge, entry into the cell cytoplasm is also hampered, which makes necessary the use of delivery systems to exploit the full potential of RNAi therapeutics. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) represent one of the most widely used delivery systems for in vivo application of RNAi due to their relative safety and simplicity of production, joint with the enhanced payload and protection of encapsulated RNAs. Moreover, LNP may be functionalized to reach target cells, and they may be used to combine RNAi molecules with conventional drug substances to reduce resistance or improve efficiency. This review features the current application of LNP in RNAi mediated therapy against viral infections and aims to explore possible future lines of action in this field.

Seasonal variability in ichthyoplankton abundance and assemblage composition in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Alabama

Multiyear ichthyoplankton surveys used to monitor larval fish seasonality, abundance, and assemblage structure can provide early indicators of regional ecosystem changes. Numerous ichthyoplankton surveys have been conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico, but few have had high levels of temporal resolution and sample replication. In this study, ichthyoplankton samples were collected monthly (October 2004–October 2006) at a single station off the coast of Alabama as part of a long-term biological survey. Four seasonal periods were identified from observed and historic water temperatures, including a relatively long (June–October) “summer” period (water temperature >26°C). Fish egg abundance, total larval abundance, and larval taxonomic diversity were significantly related to water temperature (but not salinity), with peaks in the spring, spring–summer, and summer periods, respectively. Larvae collected during the survey represented 58 different families, of which engraulids, sciaenids, carangids, and clupeids were the most prominent. The most abundant taxa collected were unidentified engraulids (50%), sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius, 7.5%), Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus chrysurus, 5.4%), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus, 4.4%), Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus, 3.8%), and unidentified gobiids (3.6%). Larval concentrations for dominant taxa were highly variable between years, but the timing of seasonal occurrence for these taxa was relatively consistent. Documented increases in sea surface temperature on the Alabama shelf may have various implications for larval fish dynamics, as indicated by the presence of tropical larval forms (e.g., fistularids, labrids, scarids, and acanthurids) in our ichthyoplankton collections and in recent juvenile surveys of Alabama and northern Gulf of Mexico seagrass habitats.

Diet composition and prey selection of the introduced grouper species peacock hind (Cephalopholis argus) in Hawaii

The introduced grouper species peacock hind (Cephalopholis argus), was the dominant large-body piscivore on the Main Hawaiian Island (MHI) reefs assessed by underwater visual surveys in this study. However, published data on C. argus feeding ecology are scarce, and the role of this species in Hawaiian reef ecosystems is presently not well understood. Here we provide the first comprehensive assessment of the diet composition, prey electivity (dietary importance of prey taxa compared to their availability on reefs), and size selectivity (prey sizes in the diet compared to sizes on reefs) of this important predator in the MHI. Diet consisted 97.7% of fishes and was characterized by a wide taxonomic breadth. Surprisingly, feeding was not opportunistic, as indicated by a strongly divergent electivity for different prey fishes. In addition, whereas some families of large-body species were represented in the diet exclusively by recruit-size individuals (e.g., Aulostomidae), several families of smaller-body species were also represented by juveniles or adults (e.g., Chaetodontidae). Both the strength and mechanisms of the effects of C. argus predation are therefore likely to differ among prey families. This study provides the basis for a quantitative estimate of prey consumption by C. argus, which would further increase understanding of impacts of this species on native fishes in Hawaii.

Determination of population structure and stock composition of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Russia determined with microsatellites

Variation at 14 microsatellite loci was examined in 34 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) populations from Russia and evaluated for its use in the determination of population structure and stock composition in simulated mixed-stock fishery samples. The genetic differentiation index (Fst) over all populations and loci was 0.017, and individual locus values ranged from 0.003 to 0.054. Regional population structure was observed, and populations from Primorye, Sakhalin Island, and northeast Russia were the most distinct. Microsatellite variation provided evidence of a more fine-scale population structure than those that had previously been demonstrated with other genetic-based markers. Analysis of simulated mixed-stock samples indicated that accurate and precise regional estimates of stock composition were produced when the microsatellites were used to estimate stock compositions. Microsatellites can be used to determine stock composition in geographically separate Russian coastal chum salmon fisheries and provide a greater resolution of stock composition and population structure than that previously provided with other techniques.

Development of nucleic acid vaccines: use of self-amplifying RNA in lipid nanoparticles

Self-amplifying RNA or RNA replicon is a form of nucleic acid-based vaccine derived from either positive-strand or negative-strand RNA viruses. The gene sequences encoding structural proteins in these RNA viruses are replaced by mRNA encoding antigens of interest as well as by RNA polymerase for replication and transcription. This kind of vaccine has been successfully assayed with many different antigens as vaccines candidates, and has been shown to be potent in several animal species, including mice, nonhuman primates, and humans. A key challenge to realizing the broad potential of self-amplifying vaccines is the need for safe and effective delivery methods. Ideally, an RNA nanocarrier should provide protection from blood nucleases and extended blood circulation, which ultimately would increase the possibility of reaching the target tissue. The delivery system must then be internalized by the target cell and, upon receptor-mediated endocytosis, must be able to escape from the endosomal compartment into the cell cytoplasm, where the RNA machinery is located, while avoiding degradation by lysosomal enzymes. Further, delivery systems for systemic administration ought to be well tolerated upon administration. They should be safe, enabling the multiadministration treatment modalities required for improved clinical outcomes and, from a developmental point of view, production of large batches with reproducible specifications is also desirable. In this review, the concept of self-amplifying RNA vaccines and the most promising lipid-based delivery systems are discussed.

Age composition and distribution of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in offshore waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico: an evaluation of a stock under a federal harvest moratorium

Because of a lack of fishery-dependent data, assessment of the recovery of fish stocks that undergo the most aggressive form of management, namely harvest moratoriums, remains a challenge. Large schools of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) were common along the northern Gulf of Mexico until the late 1980s when increased fishing effort quickly depleted the stock. After 24 years of harvest moratorium on red drum in federal waters, the stock is in need of reassessment; however, fisherydependent data are not available in federal waters and fishery-independent data are limited. We document the distribution, age composition, growth, and condition of red drum in coastal waters of the north central Gulf of Mexico, using data collected from a nearshore, randomized, bottom longline survey. Age composition of the fishery-independent catch indicates low mortality of fish age 6 and above and confirms the effectiveness of the federal fishing moratorium. Bottom longline surveys may be a cost-effective method for developing fishery-independent indices for red drum provided additional effort can be added to nearshore waters (<20 m depth). As with most stocks under harvest bans, effective monitoring of the recovery of red drum will require the development of fishery-independent indices. With limited economic incentive to evaluate non-exploited stocks, the most cost-effective approach to developing such monitoring is expansion of existing fishery independent surveys. We examine this possibility for red drum in the Gulf of Mexico and recommend the bottom longline survey conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service expand effort in nearshore areas to allow for the development of long-term abundance indices for red drum.

Estimating species and size composition of rockfishes to verify targets in acoustic surveys of untrawlable areas

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) biomass is difficult to assess with standard bottom trawl or acoustic surveys because of their propensity to aggregate near the seafloor in highrelief areas that are inaccessible to sampling by trawling. We compared the ability of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), a modified bottom trawl, and a stereo drop camera system (SDC) to identify rockfish species and estimate their size composition. The ability to discriminate species was highest for the bottom trawl and lowest for the SDC. Mean lengths and size distributions varied among the gear types, although a larger number of length measurements could be collected with the bottom trawl and SDC than with the ROV. Dusky (S. variabilis), harlequin (S. variegatus), and northern rockfish (S. polyspinis), and Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus) were the species observed in greatest abundance. Only dusky and northern rockfish regularly occurred in trawlable areas, whereas these two species and many more occurred in untrawlable areas. The SDC was able to resolve the height of fish off the seafloor, and some of the rockfish species were observed only near the seafloor in the acoustic dead zone. This finding is important, in that fish found exclusively in the acoustic dead zone cannot be assessed acoustically. For these species, methods such as bottom trawls, long-lines, or optical surveys using line transect or area swept methods will be the only adequate means to estimate the abundance of these fishes. Our results suggest that the selection of appropriate methods for verifying targets will depend on the habitat types and species complexes to be examined.

Parameterizing probabilities for estimating age-composition distributions for mixture models

When estimating parameters that constitute a discrete probability distribution {pj}, it is difficult to determine how constraints should be made to guarantee that the estimated parameters { pˆj} constitute a probability distribution (i.e., pˆj>0, Σ pˆj =1). For age distributions estimated from mixtures of length-at-age distributions, the EM (expectationmaximization) algorithm (Hasselblad, 1966; Hoenig and Heisey, 1987; Kimura and Chikuni, 1987), restricted least squares (Clark, 1981), and weak quasisolutions (Troynikov, 2004) have all been used. Each of these methods appears to guarantee that the estimated distribution will be a true probability distribution with all categories greater than or equal to zero and with individual probabilities that sum to one. In addition, all these methods appear to provide a theoretical basis for solutions that will be either maximum-likelihood estimates or at least convergent to a probability distribut

Diet composition and food habits of demersal and pelagic marine fishes from Terengganu waters, east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Fish stomachs from 18 demersal and pelagic fishes from the coast of Terengganu in Malaysia were examined. The components of the fishes’ diets varied in number, weight, and their frequency of occurrence. The major food items in the stomachs of each species were determined using an Index of Relative Importance. A conceptual food web structure indicates that fish species in the study area can be classified into three predatory groups: (1) predators on largely planktivorous or pelagic species; (2) predators on largely benthophagous or demersal species; and (3) mixed feeders that consume both pelagic and demersal species.