Drosophila 5-HT2 serotonin receptor: coexpression with fushi-tarazu during segmentation.

Serotonin, first described as a neurotransmitter in invertebrates, has been investigated mostly for its functions in the mature central nervous system of higher vertebrates. Serotonin receptor diversity has been described in the mammalian brain and in insects. We report the isolation of a cDNA coding for a Drosophila melanogaster serotonin receptor that displays a sequence, a gene organization, and pharmacological properties typical of the mammalian 5-HT2 serotonin receptor subtype. Its mRNA can be detected in the adult fly; moreover, a high level of expression occurs at 3 hr of Drosophila embryogenesis. This early embryonic expression is surprisingly organized in a seven-stripe pattern that appears at the cellular blastoderm stage. In addition, this pattern is in phase with that of the even-parasegment-expressed pair-rule gene fushi-tarazu and is similarly modified by mutations affecting segmentation genes. Simultaneously with this pair-rule expression, the complete machinery of serotonin synthesis is present and leads to a peak of ligand concomitant with a peak of 5-HT2-specific receptor sites in blastoderm embryos.

Extraordinary divergence and positive Darwinian selection in a fusagenic protein coating the acrosomal process of abalone spermatozoa.

During fertilization in marine invertebrates, fusion between sperm and egg cell membranes occurs at the tip of the sperm acrosomal process. In abalone sperm the acrosomal process is coated with an 18-kDa protein. In situ, this protein has no effect on the egg vitelline envelope, but in vitro it is a potent fusagen of liposomes. Thus, the 18-kDa protein may mediate membrane fusion between the gametes, a step in gamete recognition known to restrict heterospecific fertilization in other species. The cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of the 18-kDa protein were determined for five species of California abalone. The deduced amino acid sequences exhibit extraordinary divergence; the percent identity varies from 27% to 87%. Analysis of nucleotide substitution shows extremely high frequencies of amino acid-altering substitution compared to silent substitution, demonstrating that positive Darwinian selection promotes the divergence of this protein. However, amino acid replacement is conservative with respect to size and polarity of residue. The data support the developing idea that in free-spawning marine invertebrates, the proteins mediating fertilization may be subjected to intense, and as yet unknown, selective forces. The extraordinary divergence of fertilization proteins may be related to the establishment of barriers to heterospecific fertilization.

Habituation of an invertebrate escape reflex due to modulation by higher centers rather than local events.

Learning is widely thought to result from altered potency of synapses within the neural pathways that mediate the learned behavior. Support for this belief, which pervades current physiological and computational thinking, comes especially from the analysis of cases of simple learning in invertebrates. Here, evidence is presented that in one such case, habituation of crayfish escape, the learning is more due to onset of tonic descending inhibition than to the intrinsic depression of circuit synapses to which it was previously attributed. Thus, the altered performance seems to depend at least as much on events in higher centers as on local plasticity.

Trabajos de seguimiento de la lapa ferruginosa Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 en Andalucía en el marco de la Estrategia Nacional de Conservación de la especie

El gasterópodo marino Patella ferruginea se encuentra incluido en los Catálogos Español y Andaluz de Especies Amenazadas en la categoría “En peligro de extinción”. En 2008 fue aprobada la Estrategia de Conservación Nacional de la especie que establece la realización de un seguimiento de la población cada cuatro años. En Andalucía se ha realizado en 2010 el seguimiento de la especie empleando dos tipos de metodología: los “Controles de crecimiento”, mediante marcaje de ejemplares, y los “Censos exhaustivos” en “Tramos” de costa, para intentar detectar todos los individuos presentes. En el censo de 2010 se han muestreado unos 21 km de costa en 34 localidades, un 5% del litoral andaluz con presencia de la especie, lo que constituye un esfuerzo considerable, pero asumible para el control periódico de la misma. La densidad media detectada es muy baja, de 0,048 ind./m. El mayor número de individuos se encuentra en Cádiz y la población mejor estructurada en la isla de Alborán. Se estima que el tamaño actual de la población en Andalucía ronda los 1.800 ejemplares, lo que constituye un aumento con respecto a inventarios anteriores. Sin embargo, el contingente es muy reducido para garantizar la supervivencia de la especie. La categoría de protección propuesta por el Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía, “En peligro crítico” (MORENO y ARROYO, 2008), debe considerarse, por lo tanto, la más adecuada para la lapa ferruginosa siguiendo los criterios de valoración de la UICN (2001).

Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia

Pochonia chlamydosporia is a worldwide-distributed soil fungus with a great capacity to infect and destroy the eggs and kill females of plant-parasitic nematodes. Additionally, it has the ability to colonize endophytically roots of economically-important crop plants, thereby promoting their growth and eliciting plant defenses. This multitrophic behavior makes P. chlamydosporia a potentially useful tool for sustainable agriculture approaches. We sequenced and assembled ∼41 Mb of P. chlamydosporia genomic DNA and predicted 12,122 gene models, of which many were homologous to genes of fungal pathogens of invertebrates and fungal plant pathogens. Predicted genes (65%) were functionally annotated according to Gene Ontology, and 16% of them found to share homology with genes in the Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI) database. The genome of this fungus is highly enriched in genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. We used RNA-Seq technology in order to identify the genes expressed during endophytic behavior of P. chlamydosporia when colonizing barley roots. Functional annotation of these genes showed that hydrolytic enzymes and transporters are expressed during endophytism. This structural and functional analysis of the P. chlamydosporia genome provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the multitrophic lifestyle of this fungus. The genomic information provided here should also prove useful for enhancing the capabilities of this fungus as a biocontrol agent of plant-parasitic nematodes and as a plant growth-promoting organism.

Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Tiere : Allgemeiner Theil / von E. Korschelt und K. Heider.

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Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres ... précédée d'une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie.

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Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres ... précédée d'une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie.

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Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres ... précédée d'une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie.

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Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Tiere : Allgemeiner Theil / von E. Korschelt und K. Heider.

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Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Tiere : Allgemeiner Theil / von E. Korschelt und K. Heider.

lief 1