Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829 / sous le commandement de J. Dumont d'Urville.

Histoire t.5:pt.2 (1833)

Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829 / sous le commandement de J. Dumont d'Urville.

Histoire t.3:pt.1 (1831)

Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829 / sous le commandement de J. Dumont d'Urville.

Histoire t.1:pt.2 (1830)

Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829 / sous le commandement de J. Dumont d'Urville.

Botanique pt.1 (1832)

Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829 / sous le commandement de J. Dumont d'Urville.

Philologie pt.1 (1833)

Os pigmentos amarelo-laranja do grão de milho como precursores da vitamina a na alimentação dos pintos

A presente experiência foi realizada afim de se constatar a influência de dois tipos de milho comerciais, com grãos coloridos de amarelo-laranja, como precursores de vitamina A no crescimento de pintos. Um deles, denominado "Cateto", duro, de côr laranja muito forte e outro, chamado "Armour", dente, de coloração amarelo-laranja. Para testemunha foi empregado o milho "Cristal", duro e branco. Uma análise dos pigmentos dos dois tipos de milho com gráos coloridos mostrou que o milho Cateto, com grãos de coloração laranja forte, tem aproximadamente o dobro de pigmentos, tanto total como quanto a parte ativa em relação à vitamina A, quando comparado com o milho dente amarelo-laranja. Três lotes de pintos de 3 semanas foram utilizados, cada um recebendo a mesma ração onde variava somente o tipo de milho. Nas três primeiras semanas os três lotes reagiram bem, sem quaisquer diferenças apreciáveis. Após a terceira semana, o lote que recebeu milho branco apresentou uma queda sensível de peso dos pintos, os quais apresentaram todos os sinais de avitaminose A. Os outros dois lotes que receberam ração contendo milho de grãos coloridos não apresentaram sinal de avitaminose A. Os resultados obtidos indicam assim que a) o milho "Armour", dente, de grãos amarelo-laranja, embora possua, em relação ao milho "Cateto", duro, de grãos coloridos de laranja forte, cerca da metade da quantidade de pigmentos ativos em relação a formação de vitamina A no organismo animal, é capaz de prevenir a avitaminose, quando empregado em cerca de 70% da ração, b) que a ração contendo o milho "Cristal", duro, de grãos brancos, é deficiente, produzindo uma acentuada avitaminose A, que deverá ser corrigida, na falta de milho de grãos amarelo-laranja, por alimento verde ou outro alimento fornecedor dessa vitamina e c) que sendo o milho "Cateto", mais caro de Cr.$2,00 a 8,00 por saco de 60 quilos, há vantagem econômica no emprego do milho tipo "Armour" na constituição das misturas para aves.

O tratamento de pré-emergência com o 2, 4-D no milho

In order to study the action of herbicides - sodium salt, amine salt and ester of 2,4-D, TCA and 2,4,5-T a preliminary experiment for pre-emergence weed control was corried out, and the corresponding results are given in table I and II. The corn used in the experiments was of the flint type 1A 3531. The loam soil on which the experiment has been carried out is called "terra roxa". All treatments were highly significant when compared with the check plots, except the 2B one in the control of broad leaf weeds, and 4B in the control of grass weeds. Among these treatments there are no significant differences. But we note the following: (table I). a) treatments of higher concentrations were superior to lower ones. b) the treatments which gave the best control for broad leaf weeds were in the following decreasing order: 1A, 5A and 3A. For grass weeds, they were 5A, 1A and 3A. c) the amine 2,4-D (600 grs. per hectare) supplied very good control when we get into consideration that on the acid basis, it was in very low concentration. d) TCA in high concentration affected the germination, growth and yield, in the lower one it did not show good control of weeds, especially of grasses. It is not suitable for pre-emergence control in corn. e) 2,4,5-T was not better than the 2,4-D products. As it is much more expensive than the others, economically its use in pre-emergence weed control in corn is not praticable. f) all the products used controled grass weeds as well as broad leaf ones; this show the superiority of the pre-emergence treatment method over that of post-emergence. g) Even a dose as strong as the treatment 1A (3.400g. of 2,4-D acid per hectare) did not damage corn production (table II). h) the superiority noted in the production of all the treatments with the exception of 2A, which damaged the plants, we atribute to the lack of competion between corn and weeds; all chek-plots suffered this competition, because they were not Probably, there was, also, hormonial effect of 2,4-D on the corn plant. Not withstanding the fact that the present experiment has been successful, we think that new researches are necessary, especially with the purpose of studying factors as climate and soil which in other countries, interferred with the success of the pre-emergence weed control.

Fatôres que afetam a determinação da vitamina C na goiaba (Psidium guajava L.)

In the present paper the authors deal with the content of ascorbic acid in guavas (Psidium guajava L.) and the methods of sampling used. Ascorbic acid was determined directly in the photoeletric colorimeter (EEL), after extraction with a 4 per cent solution of oxalic acid. Guavas from various parts of State of S.Paulo were used and the general mean found was around 100 mgm of ascorbic acid per 100 gm fresh weight of the material used for extraction. It was found that there is great variation in the ascorbic acid content according to the condition of the fruit: Ascorbic acid Condition content in Mean mgm/100 gm Green and hard 93,36 - 119,54 102,43 Small green 57,34 - 92,30 83,40 Firm ripe 71,28 - 115,98 90,32 Overripe 63,22 - 85,98 77,36 Of the diferent parts of the fruit, the skin has the highest content; the pulp between the skin and the parts containing the seeds, the "inner pulp" contains little and finallw the central parts, formed by the pulp between seeds, the "inter pulp" a engligible amount. The proportion of ascorbic acid found in the skin, inner pulp and inter pulp may be as high as 1.6: 1: 0. Furthermore, the section near the peduncule and the sepals are richer than equatorial crossections. It was proved that the amount and intensity of sun-light is at least one important factant factor determining differences in the ascorbic acid content of the fruit, which is higer in the parts which have received more light. A sharp decrease was found in the vitamin C content of ripe fruite stored in a home refrigerator. The periods of the preservation were 12-24-48-96 hours and the decrease of the ascorbic acid content m per cent was 23.4 - 42.0 - 66.8 - 76.4 of the initial content of 144.28 mgm/100 gm. The following five different methods of sampling in the determination of the amount of vitamin C were tested, with extraction in a Waring blendor: 1) whole fruit; 2,) sample taken form fruits cut into many small pieces; 3) half of a fruit divided by a crossection at equal distance from both ends; 4) half of fruit divided lenghtwise; 5) a transversal slice of about 1 cm. It was found that the two first methods geve the most reliable results.

Experimentos com os nematicidas D. D., E. D. B. e brometo de metilo no combate aos nematódeos causadores de galhas em raízes de plantas (Meloidogyne spp.)

Tomato roots heavily disfigured by root-knot nematodes were throughly mixed with soil. At various time intervals, samples were taken from the mixture and treated in closed containers by each of the folio wing nematicides: D.D., E.D.B. and M.B. The efficacy of the treatment was tested by setting indicator plants in the treated soil and by examining their roots for the presence of galls two months later. In other words, the ability of the three nematicides to penetrate nematode galls after various periods of rotting, which varied from 5 to 30 days was studied. The main conclusions drawn are as follows: a) no nematicide among the three listed above showed the ability for complete destruction of the nematodes protected inside the roots, for a number of small galls developed on the root system of the indicator plant in all treatments; b) smaller and less numerous galls were present on the roots of the indicator plants grown in soil treated after a rotting period of 30 days; c) however, the control obtained seems to be quite satisfactory economically, since the check plants grew poorly and have developed a very unhealthy root system. This is in accordance with STARK & LEAR (1947), LEAR (1951) and CICCARONE's (1951) statements. The results of the present experiments show again that awaiting for the rotting of galls of the root-knot nematodes is not indispensable for an economically convenient soil fumigation. Fields in which many fleshy infected roots from previous crops have been buried can be economically fumigated immediately, without any loss of time. Notwithstanding, when thick woody roots are present in the soil, the above statements may not hold true. This should constitute a new problem calling for further experiments. Another essay dealing with methyl bromide alone, consisted in treating cotton roots heavily disfigured by Meloidogyne incognita in a container (diameter = 28cm, height = 32 cm), which remained closed for five days. After the treatment, the roots were mixed with soil, in which tomato seedlings were planted. After a growing period of two months, the roots of the tomato plants were washed in running water and examined for the presence of galls. As an early infeccion was present in the root system of all plants, the inefficacy of the treatment has been proved.

Experimentos com os nematieidas D. D, E.D.B., C.B.P. e Vapam no combate aos nematódeos que parasitam a batatinha em São Paulo

The writers report results on the application of four fumigants (D. D., E. D. B.-40, C. B. P. and Vapam) for control of root-knot and meadow nematodes attacking potato in beds filled with soil artificially inoculated. The data obtained were as follows: a) as reported by previous authors, potato is sensitive to C.B.P., the toxical effects of which disapearing only about 6 and half months after application. On the other hand, C.B.P. proved to have a significative residual nematicidal value, protecting the seeds from root-knot nematodes for a period of two years; b) D. D., E. D. B., and Vapam were effective for controling root-knot but with no residual value, having to be used prior to each planting; c) at the rates used, no nematicide was effective to control meadow nematodes; d) in the conditions of the experiments, all nematicides incited attacks bv Streptomyces scabies. Actually, in some cases scab did not affect any tuber from the check while the entire production from the treated beds was heavily desfigured. The writers assume that as the nematicides killed protozoa and too many bacteria-eating nematodes, they destroyed the biological equilibrium existing in the soil, thus allowing the S. scabies population to reach a high level.

Sobre a fórmula que dá o ângulo de duas faces em sistema cristalográfico retangular

Valendo-se das "fórmulas diretas" de Ansheles, o autor apresenta uma nova dedução da fórmula que permite calcular o ângulo de duas faces, de símbolos conhecidos, em sistema cristalográfico retangular.

Sôbre o grau de septicidade das águas naturais e seu teor em oxigênio dissolvido (D. O.)

Trabalhando com 20 amostras de água de superfície coletadas quase sempre dentro da área pertencente à ESALQ, usando a técnica usual e o método de Winkler e a modificação introduzida por Rideal-Stewart, o A. fêz 29 determinações, sendo 23 de oxigênio dissolvido (D. O.) e 6 de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (B. O. D.); zero e 7,6 p. p. m. foram os limites encontrados para o D. O. e zero e 1,4, os limites para o B. O. D. Quando a mesma amostra era usada para a determinação feita pelos dois métodos, observava-se que os valores eram sempre maiores com o método de Winkler, não modificado; isto foi atribuído à presença de nitritos, sais de ferro e matéria orgânica, em quantidade significativa, na água das amostras. Releva considerar que as amostras foram colhidas em região onde o solo é de natureza argilosa e rico de elementos ferrosos, conhecido localmente como terra roxa. Das 17 dosagens feitas pelo método de Winkler, 6 mostraram valores inferiores a 4 para o D. O., o que indica, considerado o Código Sanitário do Estado de São Paulo, cujo projeto foi apresentado por ANDRADE et al. (1957), que as águas onde as amostras foram retiradas, têm o seu uso vedado para fins potáveis, agrícolas ou recreacionais. Das 6 determinações de D. O. feitas pelo método de Winkler, modificado por Rideal-Stewart, apenas uma (água-filtrada, não clorada, da Estação de Tratamento), apresentou valor acima de 4 p. p. m., a qual poderia ser usada para o consumo, mas, assim mesmo, com desinfecção prévia e não após a filtração, como vem sendo realizado naquela estação. Os resultados obtidos para o B. O. D., aliás muito poucos, usando-se em 50% dos casos, água clorada que interfere no crescimento e multiplicação das bactérias porventura ali presentes, são já favoráveis ao uso das águas analisadas.

A relação K/Mg em plantas jovens de laranjeira (Citrus sinensis L., Var. D.A.C)

A análise das folhas das plantas revelaram que a absorção de Mg e de K aumentaram com a concentração do elemento respectivo na solução. O Mg não interferiu na absorção do K nos tratamentos correspondentes à omissão e dose 2 deste nutriente; nos tratamentos correspondentes à dose 1, 48 p.p.m. de Mg nas, soluções nutritivas estimularam a absorção de K. O K inibiu a absprção de Mg nos tratamentos correspondentes às doses 0 e 2 deste elemento: quanto na presença da dose 1, 234, p.p.m. de K nas soluções nutritivas determinaram maior concentração de Mg nas folhas. O K teve ação antagônica sobre o Ca; o Mg teve efeito semelhante só quando na presença da dose mais elevada de K. Na ausência desse elemento ou na presença de 234 p.p.m. dele o efeito do Mg foi quadrático.

Bulletin de la Société impériale zoologique d'acclimatation.

t. 6 (1859)