Naiskomiikka : huumorista stand upiin, naurusta valtaan

The final project deals with the question of female comedy and the comedy made by women. Comedy has traditionally been made by men and the woman has been the one who laughs. A funny woman has been a rare phenomenon. Although times have changed and gender roles have become more flexible, female comedians still remain in a minority compared to their male colleagues. The essay reviews the social and historical structures that influence the position of women in general and on the field of comedy in particular. The teoretical basis to this is feminist theory. Female comedy and humour have features of their own, that are being examined in the essay. It also makes a difference between feminine comedy and feminist comedy. Largely the project handles stand up comedy. The popularity of stand up comedy has changed the field of professional entertainment and brought a number of widely gifted comedians to a common knowledge. Stand up has an opportunity to be a political tool, which is essential for marginal comedians, which also includes female comedians. One of the fundamental subjects of the project is the political character of comedy. The essay also portrays the historical roots of stand up comedy in the Finnish and in the American tradition. It reflects on the fore mothers of the modern female comedian. The reasons that make a woman become a comedian are under consideration, as well as the strategies that help her to get her voice and message delivered. Since a woman is still held in the marginal, it gives female comedy a feature of its own. This way comedy can become a tool for a feminist battle.

Man Made Black Holes and Big Bangs: Diffusion and Integration of Scientific Information into Everyday Thinking

Drawing on Social Representations Theory, this study investigates focalisation and anchoring during the diffusion of information concerning the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the particle accelerator at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN). We hypothesised that people focus on striking elements of the message, abandoning others, that the nature of the initial information affects diffusion of information, and that information is anchored in prior attitudes toward CERN and science. A serial reproduction experiment with two generations and four chains of reproduction diffusing controversial versus descriptive information about the LHC shows a reduction of information through generations, the persistence of terminology regarding the controversy and a decrease of other elements for participants exposed to polemical information. Concerning anchoring, positive attitudes toward CERN and science increase the use of expert terminology unrelated to the controversy. This research highlights the relevance of a social representational approach in the public understanding of science.

Institutions, Public Debt and Foreign Finance

We study the role of domestic financial institutions in sustaining capital flows to the private and public sector of a country whose government can default on its debt. As in recent public debt crises, in our model public defaults weaken banks' balance sheets, disrupting domestic financial markets. This effect leads to a novel complementarity between private capital inflows and public borrowing, where the former sustain the latter by boosting the government's cost of default. Our key message is that, by shaping the direction of private capital flows, financial institutions determine whether financial integration improves or reduces government discipline. We explore the implications of this complementarity for financial liberalization and debt-financed bailouts of banks. We present some evidence consistent with complementarity.

Does Health Information Matter for Modifying Consumption?, October 2006

A field experiment was conducted in France to evaluate the impact of health information on fish consumption. A warning given to the treatment group revealed the risks of methylmercury contamination in fish and also gave consumption recommendations. Using difference-indifferences estimation, we show that this warning led to a significant but relatively weak decrease in fish consumption. However, consumption of the most contaminated fish did not decrease despite advice to avoid consumption of these types of fish. Accompanying questionnaires show that consumers imperfectly memorize the fish species quoted in the warning. The results point to the relatively poor efficacy of a complex health message, despite its use by health agencies around the world.

Motivação dos funcionários nas empresas

Este trabalho tem como objectivo analisar a motivação dos funcionários nas Empresas, com apresentação de um caso prático a ser decorrido na SUCLA – Sociedade Ultramarina de Conservas, LDA, sediada em Tarrafal de São Nicolau, de modo a analisar a motivação dos funcionários desta Empresa, referente ao período de Janeiro à Maio de 2011. A motivação é complexa, mas ao mesmo tempo necessária em todos os momentos da vida e que se fomentada, pode trazer resultados positivos para o ambiente de trabalho e para a empresa. A partir dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa do estudo de caso, levantamos uma serie de questões possíveis para compreender o nível de motivação dos funcionários. A pesquisa foi realizada num universo de 50 funcionários da SUCLA, situada no Concelho de Tarrafal de São Nicolau, sendo nesse momento a única empresa em Cabo Verde especializada na produção e conservas de atum. A técnica para a colecta de dados utilizada, foi um questionário com questões fechadas , enviada por e-mail, ao responsável dos serviços administrativos da SUCLA, que posteriormente foi aplicado junto dos funcionários da empresa, abrangendo todos os departamentos. Os dados foram analisados a luz das teorias da Motivação, com relevo à Teoria dos Dois Factores de Herzberg (1968) em que o primeiro, factores higiénicos em que defende que só afectam a motivação quando ausentes e o segundo, factores motivadores que levam à satisfação do trabalho.

MOTIVAÇÃO DOS FUNCIONÁRIOS NAS EMPRESAS: ESTUDO DE CASO: SUCLA – SOCIEDADE ULTRAMARINA DE CONSERVAS, LDA, SEDIADA EM TARRAFAL DE SÃO NICOLAU

Este trabalho tem como objectivo analisar a motivação dos funcionários nas Empresas, com apresentação de um caso prático a ser decorrido na SUCLA – Sociedade Ultramarina de Conservas, LDA, sediada em Tarrafal de São Nicolau, de modo a analisar a motivação dos funcionários desta Empresa, referente ao período de Janeiro à Maio de 2011. A motivação é complexa, mas ao mesmo tempo necessária em todos os momentos da vida e que se fomentada, pode trazer resultados positivos para o ambiente de trabalho e para a empresa. A partir dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa do estudo de caso, levantamos uma serie de questões possíveis para compreender o nível de motivação dos funcionários. A pesquisa foi realizada num universo de 50 funcionários da SUCLA, situada no Concelho de Tarrafal de São Nicolau, sendo nesse momento a única empresa em Cabo Verde especializada na produção e conservas de atum. A técnica para a colecta de dados utilizada, foi um questionário com questões fechadas , enviada por e-mail, ao responsável dos serviços administrativos da SUCLA, que posteriormente foi aplicado junto dos funcionários da empresa, abrangendo todos os departamentos. Os dados foram analisados a luz das teorias da Motivação, com relevo à Teoria dos Dois Factores de Herzberg (1968) em que o primeiro, factores higiénicos em que defende que só afectam a motivação quando ausentes e o segundo, factores motivadores que levam à satisfação do trabalho.

Proverbes, dictons et expressions imagées dans l’enseignement/apprentissage du FLE, dans le secondaire au Cap-Vert.

Pour bien maîtriser une langue, il faut sans doute en avoir une connaissance la plus large possible, ce qui demande alors l’enseignement/apprentissage de tous les éléments qui la composent. Dans ce cas, il est très important de savoir quels sont, parmi ces éléments, ceux qui sont amenés en classe et comment ils y sont présentés. Il y en a certains qui ne fi-gurent pas dans le programme destiné à l’enseignement/apprentissage de la langue fran-çaise. S’ils l’étaient, probablement ils seraient enseignés. Mais, d’après notre constat, non seulement ils ne figurent pas, comme ils ne sont pas ou presque pas traités en cours par l’initiative des professeurs, bien qu’ils soient parmi les éléments les plus importants dans l’apprentissage d’une langue. Très souvent, ce sont ces éléments qui sont à la base de la motivation pour l’apprentissage des langues puisqu’ils constituent, d’une certaine manière, le charme et la beauté d’une langue. Nous en avons pris trois (proverbe, dicton et expres-sion imagée), qui peuvent représenter la manière de vivre ; de penser ; la culture, les cou-tumes et les habitudes d’un peuple. Il faut préciser que ce constat nous l’avons fait depuis longtemps. Par conséquent, nous avons décidé de traduire l’inquiétude que cette problématique provoque chez nous en ce travail de recherche qui a été mené sous le thème de : Proverbes, dictons et expres-sions imagées dans l’enseignement/apprentissage du FLE, dans le secondaire au Cap- Vert. Dans l’ensemble, ce travail est composé de trois parties. Dans la première partie, après les consultations de documents, nous avons proposé une réflexion sur le proverbe, le dicton et l’expression imagée en ce qui concerne leur origine et leur contexte social, temporel, leur durée, et leur situation actuelle par rapport à leur utilisation ou leur étude. Nous en avons également présenté quelques définitions, en insistant sur la distinction entre les mêmes, vu que pendant les recherches, nous avons constaté qu’il y a parfois, une confusion entre eux. Puis, dans la deuxième partie, à travers des enquêtes qui ont été menées sur le terrain dans quelques lycées de Praia, nous avons présenté sous forme d’analyse, la situation ac-tuelle concernant le recours aux proverbes, dictons et expressions imagées par le professeur dans ses cours, bien comme l’intérêt et la motivation des élèves face aux mêmes. Finalement, dans la troisième et dernière partie, nous avons dressé une liste composée de proverbes, dictons et expressions imagées que nous avons fait accompagner de leur pays d’origine, quand cela a été possible. Ils ont été analysés et nous avons essayé de montrer également, l’utilité pratique de leur message, soit pour les élèves à l’école, soit d’une ma-nière plus générale, pour toute la vie dans la société. Pour donner un caractère pratique à notre travail, nous avons fait quelques proposi-tions de techniques d’exploitation de proverbes, dictons et expressions imagées, dans les classes. C’est-à-dire, nous avons essayé d’apporter des suggestions qui peuvent être appli-quées à un éventuel engagement de la part des professeurs ou d’autres intervenants concer-nés à la résolution de la problématique qui a légitimé notre recherche.

Expression of T cell receptor genes in the thymus: localization of transcripts in situ and comparison of mature and immature subsets.

We have analyzed the expression of T cell receptor (TcR) genes in the thymus using in situ RNA hybridizations with probes to the constant regions of the TcR alpha, beta, gamma and delta chains. Localization of transcripts revealed low TcR alpha mRNA levels in the thymus cortex and very low levels in the subcapsular region. In contrast, TcR beta message was very abundant in the cortex. TcR gamma or delta mRNA+ thymocytes showed a scattered, predominantly cortical localization. In contrast to gamma, TcR delta transcripts were abundant in the subcapsular region. Control experiments with sorted TcR alpha/beta or gamma/delta cells revealed a detection efficiency of 75%-85% for the respective TcR mRNA and data on TcR gene expression in mature, CD3+ thymocytes were consistent with previous reports. The analysis of immature, CD3- thymocyte subsets, however, revealed a virtual absence of TcR alpha transcripts and an unexpectedly high proportion of cells (14%-29%) expressing the gene for the TcR delta chain. The data are discussed in view of current models of lineage relationships in the thymus.

The association between body mass index and patients' experiences with inpatient care.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between patients' body mass index (BMI) and their experiences with inpatient care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. Mail survey. SETTING: University Hospital of Geneva. PARTICIPANTS: Questionnaires were mailed to 2385 eligible adult patients, 6 weeks after discharge (response rate = 69%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients' experiences with care were measured using the Picker inpatient survey questionnaire. BMI was calculated using self-reported height and weight. Main dependent variables were the global Picker patient experience (PPE-15) score and nine dimension-specific problem scores, scored from 0 (no reported problems) to 1 (all items coded as problems). We used linear regressions, adjusting for age, gender, education, subjective health, smoking and hospitalization, to assess the association between patients' BMI and their experiences with inpatient care. RESULTS: Of the patients, 4.8% were underweight, 50.8% had normal weight, 30.3% were overweight and 14.1% were obese. Adjusted analysis shows that compared with normal weight, obesity was significantly associated with fewer problematic items in the surgery-related information domain, and being underweight or overweight was associated with more problematic items in the involvement of family/friends domain. The global PPE-15 score was significantly higher (more problems) for underweight patients. CONCLUSIONS: Underweight patients, but not obese patients, reported more problems during hospitalization.

Comparison of Energy Minimization Methods for 3-D Brain Tissue Classification

This paper presents 3-D brain tissue classificationschemes using three recent promising energy minimizationmethods for Markov random fields: graph cuts, loopybelief propagation and tree-reweighted message passing.The classification is performed using the well knownfinite Gaussian mixture Markov Random Field model.Results from the above methods are compared with widelyused iterative conditional modes algorithm. Theevaluation is performed on a dataset containing simulatedT1-weighted MR brain volumes with varying noise andintensity non-uniformities. The comparisons are performedin terms of energies as well as based on ground truthsegmentations, using various quantitative metrics.

Honey, I shrunk the sample covariance matrix

The central message of this paper is that nobody should be using the samplecovariance matrix for the purpose of portfolio optimization. It containsestimation error of the kind most likely to perturb a mean-varianceoptimizer. In its place, we suggest using the matrix obtained from thesample covariance matrix through a transformation called shrinkage. Thistends to pull the most extreme coefficients towards more central values,thereby systematically reducing estimation error where it matters most.Statistically, the challenge is to know the optimal shrinkage intensity,and we give the formula for that. Without changing any other step in theportfolio optimization process, we show on actual stock market data thatshrinkage reduces tracking error relative to a benchmark index, andsubstantially increases the realized information ratio of the activeportfolio manager.

A Contabilidade de Gestão nas Empresas de Grande Dimensão de Cabo Verde

O presente estudo é uma abordagem das empresas cabo-verdianas para a compreensão da situação da contabilidade de gestão, evidenciando os sistemas de custeio utilizados, a adequação das informações obtidas e os benefícios da sua utilização. Deste modo, para atingirmos os objectivos foi formulada uma questão de investigação e respectivas hipóteses de investigação. Verificou-se pela literatura que no mundo a contabilidade de gestão tem sofrido várias alterações de forma a responder as mudanças do meio envolvente onde as empresas estão inseridas. No entanto, as técnicas contemporâneas têm sido adoptadas de uma forma muito lenta. A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa, onde aplicamos um questionário para a recolha de dados, enviado por correio electrónico e respondido presencialmente, à amostra constituida por 164 empresas consideradas de grande dimensão, pertencentes aos três grandes sectores de actividade, tendo recebido em tempo útil, 54 respostas (32,9%). Contudo, destas 54 empresas que responderam apenas 14 possuem contabilidade de gestão. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluímos que as técnicas tradicionais de contabilidade de gestão são as mais utilizadas nas empresas estudadas, como por exemplo, o orçamento e a análise de desvios. No entanto, algumas empresas já utilizam técnicas contemporâneas, mas em simultâneo com as tradicionais.The main objective of this study is to analyze the situation of management accounting in Capeverdean companies. To characterize the situation of management accounting we formulated a research question and hypothesis in order to: analyze the cost system used, the quality of the information and the benefits of adopting a management accounting system. The literature shows that management accounting has been through many modifications and has steadily evolved so that it fits the environment where companies are implanted. However, the adoption of contemporary management accounting techniques has proven to be a slow process. The methodology used to gather data was through a survey. Some questionnaires were answered at the companies and the others were sent through e-mail to the sample of 164 large companies, belonging to the three main sectors. The response rate was of 18, 94% (54 companies). However, from those 54 companies just 14 have management accounting. According to the results, we have concluded that the companies we study have a management accounting system that relies on the use of the traditional techniques, like budget and budget control. Yet, some of those already use contemporary techniques, alongside the traditional techniques.

Retribution in a cheap-talk experiment

We use a two-person 3-stage game to investigate whether people chooseto punish or reward another player by sacrificing money to increase or decrease the other person's payoff. One player sends a message indicating an intended play, which is either favorable or unfavorable to the other player in the game. After the message, the sender and the receiver play a simultaneous 2x2 game. A deceptive message may be made, in an effort to induce the receiver to make a play favorable to the sender. Our focus is on whether receivers' rates of monetary sacrifice depend on the process and the perceived sender's intention,as is suggested by the literature on deception and proceduralsatisfaction. Models such as Rabin (1993), Sen (1997), and Charnessand Rabin (1999) also permit rates of sacrifice to be sensitive to the sender's perceived intention, while outcome-based models such as Fehr and Schmidt (1999) and Bolton and Ockenfels (1997) predict otherwise. We find that deception substantially increases the punishment rate as a response to an action that is unfavorable to the receiver. We also find that a small but significant percentage of subjects choose to reward a favorable action choice made by the sender.

Available Building Catalog, Vol.1, 2009

IDED’s efforts to support the “Green” initiative includes reducing the number of communication pieces we print and mail. To support our efforts, register at http://www.iowalifechanging.com/subscriptions/login.asp to receive notice of future issues of the Available Building Catalog as they become available online.

Feasibility of a knowledge translation CME program: courriels Cochrane.

INTRODUCTION: Systematic literature reviews provide best evidence, but are underused by clinicians. Thus, integrating Cochrane reviews into continuing medical education (CME) is challenging. We designed a pilot CME program where summaries of Cochrane reviews (Courriels Cochrane) were disseminated by e-mail. Program participants automatically received CME credit for each Courriel Cochrane they rated. The feasibility of this program is reported (delivery, participation, and participant evaluation). METHOD: We recruited French-speaking physicians through the Canadian Medical Association. Program delivery and participation were documented. Participants rated the informational value of Courriels Cochrane using the Information Assessment Method (IAM), which documented their reflective learning (relevance, cognitive impact, use for a patient, expected health benefits). IAM responses were aggregated and analyzed. RESULTS: The program was delivered as planned. Thirty Courriels Cochrane were delivered to 985 physicians, and 127 (12.9%) completed at least one IAM questionnaire. Out of 1109 Courriels Cochrane ratings, 973 (87.7%) conta-ined 1 or more types of positive cognitive impact, while 835 (75.3%) were clinically relevant. Participants reported the use of information for a patient and expected health benefits in 595 (53.7%) and 569 (51.3%) ratings, respectively. DISCUSSION: Program delivery required partnering with 5 organizations. Participants valued Courriels Cochrane. IAM ratings documented their reflective learning. The aggregation of IAM ratings documented 3 levels of CME outcomes: participation, learning, and performance. This evaluation study demonstrates the feasibility of the Courriels Cochrane as an approach to further disseminate Cochrane systematic literature reviews to clinicians and document self-reported knowledge translation associated with Cochrane reviews.