Indoor air quality in Portuguese archives: a snapshot on exposure levels

Indoor air quality recently entered legislation in Portugal. Several parameters must be evaluated and kept within limits in order to obtain a certification for air quality and energy consumption. Certification parameters were analyzed in two Portuguese archives in order to assess indoor air quality both for people attending or working on these premises and for maintenance of a written heritage that must be retained for future generations. Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), formaldehyde, and fungal counts were kept within stipulated limits. Relative humidity (RH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM10), and ozone (O3) showed values above legislated levels and justified the implementation of corrective measures. In terms of conservation, studies on the limit values are still needed, but according to the available international guidelines, some of the analyzed parameters such as PM10, O3, and RH were also above desirable values. Corrective measures were proposed to these institutions. Although this study was only of a short duration, it proved valuable in assessing potential eventual problems and constitutes the first Portuguese indoor air quality assessment taking into consideration both aspects of an archive such as human health and heritage safekeeping.

Technical considerations concerning digital technologies

This chapter addresses technical issues concerning digital technologies. Radiological equipment and technique are briefly introduced together with a discussion about requirements and advantages of digital technologies. Digital technologies offer several advantages when compared to conventional analogical systems, or screen–film (SF) systems. While in clinical practice the practitioners should be aware of technical factors such as image acquisition, management of patient dose, and diagnostic image quality. Thus, digital technologies require an up-to-date scientific knowledge concerning their use in projection radiography. In this chapter, technical considerations concerning digital technologies are provided.

Environmental impact on the bacteriological quality of domestic water supplies in Lagos, Nigeria

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of town planning, infrastructure, sanitation and rainfall on the bacteriological quality of domestic water supplies. METHODS: Water samples obtained from deep and shallow wells, boreholes and public taps were cultured to determine the most probable number of Escherichia coli and total coliform using the multiple tube technique. Presence of enteric pathogens was detected using selective and differential media. Samples were collected during both periods of heavy and low rainfall and from municipalities that are unique with respect to infrastructure planning, town planning and sanitation. RESULTS: Contamination of treated and pipe distributed water was related with distance of the collection point from a utility station. Faults in pipelines increased the rate of contamination (p<0.5) and this occurred mostly in densely populated areas with dilapidated infrastructure. Wastewater from drains was the main source of contamination of pipe-borne water. Shallow wells were more contaminated than deep wells and boreholes and contamination was higher during period of heavy rainfall (p<0.05). E. coli and enteric pathogens were isolated from contaminated supplies. CONCLUSIONS: Poor town planning, dilapidated infrastructure and indiscriminate siting of wells and boreholes contributed to the low bacteriological quality of domestic water supplies. Rainfall accentuated the impact.

Image quality in diagnostic radiology

This chapter provides a theoretical background about image quality in diagnostic radiology. Digital image representation and also image quality evaluation methods are here discussed. An overview of methods for quality evaluation of diagnostic imaging procedures is provided. Digital image representation and primary physical image quality parameters are also discussed, including objective image quality measurements and observer performance methods.

Controlo de qualidade microbiológica na indústria farmacêutica

O presente Relatório de Estágio teve como objectivo analisar e discutir as competências adquiridas e desenvolvidas, durante o estágio, no controlo da qualidade microbiológica na indústria farmacêutica O estágio, foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia dos Laboratórios Atral, Grupo AtralCipan, localizado na Vala do Carregado, Castanheira do Ribatejo. Este teve a duração de aproximadamente dez meses e meio, com data de início a 21 de Setembro de 2011 e final de 10 de Agosto de 2012. Numa fase inicial, foram adquiridas as aptidões necessárias para a aplicação das metodologias realizadas no laboratório de microbiologia com o estudo das normas, procedimento e legislação aplicada, com foco na importância das farmacopeias na indústria farmacêutica e formação para a realização de ensaios em Áreas de Processamento Asséptico, conhecendo e compreendendo os procedimentos a ter nestas. Uma das principais metodologias realizadas, e desenvolvida neste relatório, compreendeu a análise de produtos farmacêuticos estéreis, com a aplicação de Testes de Esterilidade, pelo método de STERITEST e método Directo, com resultados que demonstraram a importância destas técnicas, da avaliação do ambiente em que são realizadas e do operador que as executa. Os Testes de Promoção de Crescimento, foram também explorados neste trabalho, realizados não só para avaliação dos meios de cultura, onde foi possível analisar os requisitos e resultados obtidos, como também para validação de metodologias, nomeadamente, na validação de meios e fluidos de marcas diferentes para utilização no método STERITEST e na validação do método de filtração de membrana para Enumeração Microbiana de um produto não estéril. Estas validações possibilitaram a redução de custos e melhoria das condições da análise e metodologias aplicadas. Com a realização do estágio foi possível adquirir aptidões práticas, que aliadas ao conhecimento teórico obtido no mestrado, proporcionaram um crescimento a nível pessoal, científico e profissional.

Microbiological quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microbiological quality of treated and untreated water samples came from urban and rural communities and to examine the relationship between coliforms occurrence and average water temperature, and a comparison of the rainfall levels. METHODS: A sample of 3,073 untreated and treated (chlorinated) water from taps (1,594), reservoir used to store treated water (1,033), spring water (96) and private well (350) collected for routine testing between 1996 and 1999 was analyzed by the multiple dilution tube methods used to detect the most probable number of total and fecal coliforms. These samples were obtained in the region of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. RESULTS: The highest numbers water samples contaminated by TC (83%) and FC (48%) were found in the untreated water. TC and FC in samples taken from reservoirs used to store treated water was higher than that from taps midway along distribution lines. Among the treated water samples examined, coliform bacteria were found in 171 of the 1,033 sampling reservoirs. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient treatment or regrowth is suggested by the observation that more than 17% of these treated potable water contained coliform. TC and FC positive samples appear to be similar and seasonally influenced in treated water. Two different periods must be considered for the occurrence of both TC and FC positive samples: (i) a warm-weather period (September-March) with high percentage of contaminated samples; and (ii) cold-weather period (April-August) were they are lower. Both TC and TF positive samples declined with the decreased of water temperature.

Comparative study of power converter topologies and control strategies for the harmonic performance of variable-speed wind turbine generator systems

Power converters play a vital role in the integration of wind power into the electrical grid. Variable-speed wind turbine generator systems have a considerable interest of application for grid connection at constant frequency. In this paper, comprehensive simulation studies are carried out with three power converter topologies: matrix, two-level and multilevel. A fractional-order control strategy is studied for the variable-speed operation of wind turbine generator systems. The studies are in order to compare power converter topologies and control strategies. The studies reveal that the multilevel converter and the proposed fractional-order control strategy enable an improvement in the power quality, in comparison with the other power converters using a classical integer-order control strategy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of relationship quality and culture in the relations between exporter and distributor : the case of portuguese exports to Angola

The objective of this research is to investigate the role of the relationship quality, cooperation and culture between Portuguese companies and their export market intermediaries in Angola. In particular, we aim to understand the importance that the quality of the relationship has in cooperation and the role of cultures in export activities. An important aspect of this study is precisely the fact that it includes an African country, where, in terms of the literature, there is a strong lack of studies. In terms of methodology we opted for qualitative analysis; we present the results of two case studies of Portuguese exporting companies and one case study of Angolan intermediate. In general, the results are that the business relationships are characterized by trust, commitment, cooperation, culture, similar values, as in the past, Angola belonged to Portugal there is easy communication because both countries share the same. Such factors will influence the trade relations between Portuguese exporters and their Angolan distributors.

Quality of life, life satisfaction and happiness in shift- and non-shiftworkers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the quality of life, life satisfaction, happiness and demands of work in workers with different work schedules. METHODS: The survey was carried out on professional workers in social care. Some were shiftworkers whose schedule included night shifts (N=311), some were shiftworkers without night shifts (N=207) and some were non-shiftworkers (N=1,210). Surveys were mailed and the response rate was 86%. For the purpose of this study several variables were selected from the Survey: The Quality of Life Profile, which measures importance, satisfaction, control and opportunities in nine domains of life plus measures of happiness, life satisfaction and demands of work. RESULTS: While both groups of shiftworkers, compared to non-shiftworkers, reported needing more physical effort to complete their work, and reported 'being' more physically tired, no differences were found in reports of overall happiness, life satisfaction or total quality of life. However, night-shiftworkers reported greater percentage of time unhappy than the other two groups of workers. In analyses of the quality of life, night-shiftworkers were less satisfied with domains of spiritual 'being' and physical and community 'belonging' than day-shiftworkers and non-shiftworkers. They also reported having fewer opportunities to improve their physical 'being', leisure, and personal growth than the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life in specific domains in night-shiftworkers was rated worse than in other groups of workers. Domain-based quality of life assessment gives more information regarding the particular needs of workers than overall or global measures of well-being.

Image quality of myocardial perfusion-gated studies: effect of ingestion of different fat content in the reduction of extra-myocardial abdominal signal

Myocardial perfusion-gated-SPECT (MP-gated-SPECT) imaging often shows radiotracer uptake in abdominal organs. This accumulation interferes frequently with qualitative and quantitative assessment of the infero-septal region of myocardium. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of ingestion of different fat content on the reduction of extra-myocardial uptake and to improve MP-gated-SPECT image quality. In this study, 150 patients (65 ^ 18 years) who were referred for MP-gated-SPECT underwent a 1-day-protocol including imaging after stress (physical or pharmacological) and resting conditions. All patients gave written informed consent. Patients were subdivided into five groups: GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV. In the first four groups, patients ate two chocolate bars with different fat content. Patients in GV – control group (CG) – had just water. Uptake indices (UI) of myocardium (M)/liver(L) and M/stomach–proximal bowel(S) revealed lower UI of M/S at rest in all groups. Both stress and rest studies using different food intake indicate that patients who ate chocolate with different fat content showed better UI of M/L than the CG. The UI of M/L and M/S of groups obtained under physical stress are clearly superior to that of groups obtained under pharmacological stress. These differences are only significant in patients who ate high-fat chocolate or drank water. The analysis of all stress studies together (GI, GII, GIII and GIV) in comparison with CG shows higher mean ranks of UI of M/L for those who ate high-fat chocolate. After pharmacological stress, the mean ranks of UI of M/L were higher for patients who ate high- and low-fat chocolate. In conclusion, eating food with fat content after radiotracer injection increases, respectively, the UI of M/L after stress and rest in MP-gated-SPECT studies. It is, therefore, recommended that patients eat a chocolate bar after radiotracer injection and before image acquisition.

Climacteric symptoms and quality of life: validity of women's health questionnaire

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the Women's Health Questionnaire. METHODS: In order to evaluate the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ), an analytical cross-sectional study was carried out at the women's menopause outpatient clinic of a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. There were studied 87 women in perimenopause or menopause, defined as experiencing at least one year's absence of menstrual flow. The following variables were collected: demographic data, clinical variables (Kupperman index and correlate numeric scale) and quality of life indexes (SF-36 and utility). RESULTS: The WHQ proved to be a questionnaire easily translated into Portuguese and well-adjusted to Brazilian women. The internal consistency of the overall WHQ was excellent (Cronbach alpha =0.83; 95% CI: 0.71-0.91). Test-retest reliability was also excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.92; 95% IC: 0.86-0.96) and had good absolute agreement (0.84; 95% CI: 0.71-0.92). A satisfactory clinical validity was observed. The construct validity was corroborated by clear associations with others scales. A good index of responsiveness after the intervention was reached. CONCLUSIONS: The Portuguese version of the WHQ is of easy and fast administration and understanding. Its measuring properties were related, allowing its use in the evaluation of Brazilian climacteric women's quality of life for various purposes.

Certificação de um troço de via alvo de ataque mecânico pesado

Qualidade é a palavra de ordem pelo qual se regem todos os processos e intervenções da REFER (Rede Ferroviária Nacional). Com a evolução de requisitos exigidos pelo transporte em caminho de ferro, há que procurar sempre as últimas inovações, para que a circulação se faça sempre com maior segurança e comodidade, dando aos utilizadores deste tipo transporte uma qualidade extrema. Nos últimos anos esses requisitos tornaram-se cada vez mais exigentes, pois as condições de circulação aumentam tais como a prática de maiores velocidades, tonelagem e frequência das composições, o que leva a um maior rigor nos processos construtivos e conservativos das vias. A REFER, depois de grandes investimentos em novas infraestruturas ferroviárias, detém agora um decisivo e importante papel na resolução das problemáticas que emergem, apostando sempre em tecnologia de ponta para que possa desenvolver um trabalho de conservação que satisfaça todas as necessidades exigidas. Este trabalho desenvolver-se-á nesta ótica de conservação e manutenção, acompanhando todo um processo específico de ataque mecânico pesado, até à sua certificação. A análise dos vários processos caracterizará a exigência referida na manutenção, principalmente da via moderna, onde a fasquia de requisitos é mais elevada.

Manutenção preventiva de um edifício hospitalar

Os Hospitais, equipamentos de interesse público, são edifícios cujos desempenho e disponibilidade das suas instalações e equipamentos podem comprometer a prestação de cuidados de saúde, pelo que nestes estabelecimentos, a Manutenção Preventiva assume um papel relevante. Nesse sentido, pretendeu-se nesta dissertação definir uma estratégia específica que permita efectuar o planeamento da manutenção preventiva de um edifício hospitalar, enquanto infraestrutura para desenvolvimento da actividade clínica. Para tal, foi efectuada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, com a qual se identificaram conceitos de manutenção e requisitos a serem tidos em conta na manutenção de edifícios hospitalares. Foi efectuada uma caracterização genérica do objecto de manutenção, limitada no âmbito desta dissertação às principais componentes dos sistemas de construção e das instalações de águas e esgotos, que podem integrar um edifício hospitalar actual, atendendo às especificações e recomendações técnicas vigentes para este tipo de edifícios. Foram identificados os objectivos e requisitos de manutenção nestes edifícios, estabelecidos pelas condições de funcionamento pretendidas, pelos critérios de durabilidade exigidos pelo Dono de Obra, pelo nível de desempenho funcional requerido para as suas componentes e pelo grau de operacionalidade imposto nas suas diferentes unidades funcionais. Tendo em consideração que a criticidade de uma componente não depende só do contexto operacional da área funcional em se insere mas também das consequências que o seu estado de funcionamento pode acarretar para a unidade funcional. Foi exemplificada a análise dos modos de falha, sua criticidade e seus efeitos para hierarquização do risco associado nas componentes estudadas. As fichas exemplificativas dos planos de manutenção preventiva, que se apresentam no âmbito desta dissertação para algumas componentes básicas, integram acções e procedimentos que derivam de uma análise aos seus modos de falha e seus efeitos, bem como de recomendações técnicas exigências da regulamentação em vigor.

Quality of life of the caregivers of people with aphasia. A systematic review.

Purpose: Systematic review to identify the factors associated to the quality of life (QOL) of the caregivers of people with aphasia (PWA). Methods: Studies were searched using Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases. Peer-reviewed papers that studied the QOL of PWA’s caregivers or the consequences of aphasia in caregivers’ life were included. Findings were extracted from the studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results: No data is available reporting particularly the QOL of PWA caregivers’ or their QOL predictors. Nevertheless, it was possible to extract aspects related to QOL from the studies that report the consequences of aphasia, and life changes in PWA’s caregivers. Nine (9) studies including PWA’s caregivers were found, but only 5 reported data separately on them. Methodological heterogeneity impedes cross-study comparisons, although some considerations can be made. PWA’s caregivers reported life changes such as: loss of freedom; social isolation; new responsibilities; anxiety; emotional loneliness; need for support and respite. Conclusions: Changes in social relationships, in emotional status, increased burden and need for support and respite were experienced by PWA’s caregivers. Stroke QOL studies need to include PWA caregivers’ and report separately on them. Further research is needed in this area in order to determine their QOL predictors and identify what interventions and referrals better suit their needs.

Compreender os atributos da qualidade percebida pelos clientes/utentes do Grupo CUF: o caso de três serviços de imagiologia da Região de Lisboa

Mestrado em Intervenção Sócio-Organizacional na Saúde - Área de especialização: Qualidade e Tecnologias da Saúde.