A Quantitative method for the characterization of lytic metastases of the bone from radiographic images

The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic usefulness of the gray level parameters to distinguish osteolytic lesions using radiological images. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out. A total of 76 skeletal radiographs of osteolytic metastases and 67 radiographs of multiple myeloma were used. The cases were classified into nonflat (MM1 and OL1) and flat bones (MM2 and OL2). These radiological images were analyzed by using a computerized method. The parameters calculated were mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (MGL, SDGL, and CVGL) based on gray level histogram analysis of a region-of-interest.Diagnostic utility was quantified bymeasurement of parameters on osteolyticmetastases andmultiplemyeloma, yielding quantification of area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Results: Flat bone groups (MM2 and OL2) showed significant differences in mean values of MGL ( = 0.048) and SDGL ( = 0.003). Their corresponding values of AUC were 0.758 for MGL and 0.883 for SDGL in flat bones. In nonflat bones these gray level parameters do not show diagnostic ability. Conclusion: The gray level parametersMGL and SDGL show a good discriminatory diagnostic ability to distinguish between multiple myeloma and lytic metastases in flat bones.

Surgically-treated Hip Fracture in older People. With Special Emphasis on Mortality Analysis

Hip fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Cervical and trochanteric fractures have a different morphometry, surgical treatment, and outcome. Polypharmacy, common in older people, is associated with increased mortality. The risk factors for mortality can be identified based on cause-of-death analysis. In this population-based study, 461 older, surgically in 1999-2000 treated hip fracture patients were enrolled. Incidence, morphometry, medication, mortality, and cause-of-death were analysed. Hip fractures were most commonly sustained by women, occurred mostly indoors, and often in institutions. One in four patients had sustained a previous fracture. Routine clinical radiographs revealed no differences in the hip geometry between hip fracture types. Age-adjusted mortality was higher in men than in women during the follow-up. Chronic lung disease and male sex were predictors of mortality after cervical fracture. In men, potent anticholinergics were associated with excess age-adjusted mortality. Men were more likely to die from circulatory disease and dementia after hip fracture than women. Mortality after hip fracture was 3-fold higher than that of the general population, including every cause-of-death class. Fracture prevention in institutions and homes, indoor safety measures, and treatment of chronic lung diseases should be encouraged. Hip morphometry analyses require more accurate measures than that provided by routine radiographs. Careful use of potent anticholinergics may reduce mortality. Compared to the general population, excess mortality after hip fracture was evident up to 9 years after hip fracture. Cause-of-death analysis indicates that all major comorbidities require optimal treatment after hip fracture surgery.

Fractures in older people - incidence, predictors and consequences

In older populations, fractures are common and the consequences of fractures may be serious both for an individual and for society. However, information is scarce about the incidence, predictors and consequences of fractures in population-based unselected cohorts including both men and women and a long follow-up. The objective of this study was to analyse the incidence and predictors of fractures as well as functional decline and excess mortality due to fractures, among 482 men and 695 women aged 65 or older in the municipality of Lieto, Finland from 1991 until 2002. In analyses, Poisson’s, Cox proportional Hazards and Cumulative Logistic regression models were used for the control of several confounding variables. During the 12-year follow-up with a total of 10 040 person-years (PY), 307 (26%) persons sustained altogether 425 fractures of which 77% were sustained by women. The total incidence of fractures was 53.4 per 1000 PY (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 47.9 - 59.5) in women and 24.9 per 1000 PY (95% CI: 20.4 - 30.4) in men. The incidence rates of fractures at any sites and hip fractures were associated with increasing age. No significant changes in the ageadjusted incidence rates of fractures were found in either gender during the 12-year follow-up. The predictors of fractures varied by gender. In multivariate analyses, reduced handgrip strength and body mass index (BMI) lower than 30 in women and a large number of depressive symptoms in men were independent predictors of fractures. A compression fracture in one or more thoracic or upper lumbar vertebras on chest radiography at baseline was associated with subsequent fractures in both genders. Lower body fractures independently predicted both short- (0-2 years) and long-term (up to 8 years) functional decline in mobility and activities of daily living (ADL) performance during the 8-year follow-up. Upper body fractures predicted decline in ADL performance during longterm follow-up. In the 12-year follow-up, hip fractures in men (Hazard Ratio [HR] 8.1, 95% CI: 4.4-14.9) and in women (HR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.9-4.9), and fractures at the proximal humerus in men (HR 5.4, 95% CI: 1.6-17.7) were independently associated with excess mortality. In addition, leisure time inactivity in physical exercise predicted independently both functional decline and excess mortality. Fractures are common among older people posing serious individual consequences. Further studies about the effectiveness of preventing falls and fractures as well as improving care and rehabilitation after fractures are needed.

Tuberculose hepática pseudotumoral

Tuberculous involvement of the liver is usually a diffuse process, associated with miliary tuberculosis. However localized tuberculosis of the liver producing a macronodular tuberculoma or an abscess is rare. The authors present a case of pseudotumoral hepatic tuberculosis in a 34-year old woman. This patient presented a 2 month history of fever weight loss of 4Kg and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. She denied jaundice, choluria, or acholia. Laboratory investigation, including renal and liver function tests. revealed normal levels. Chest X-ray was normal. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated a hypoechoic nodule in the right hepatic lobe. CT scan showed hypodense areas in the same place and no retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Due to the inespecificity of the signs, symptoms and image findings, a diagnostic laparoscopy was performed, it was however inconclusive. Then, the patient was submitted to a laparotomy with ressection of the lesion. Histological examination revealed a tuberculoid granulomatous lesion with caseous necrosis. Postoperatively, the patient was placed on antituberculous chemotherapy with rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Eight months later the patient is asymptomatic.

Timolipoma simulando cardiomegalia

Thymolipoma is a rare benign tumor of the thymus. Because of its large size and pliability the mass usually drapes itself around the heart, conforming to its borders and producing a large radiographic shadow easily mistaken as cardiomegaly. This report describes a 48-year-old man with a chest radiograph strongly suggestive of cardiomegaly. Careful radiological study showed the existence of a large mass in the anterior mediastinum, simulating cardiomegaly. A thymolipoma weighing 2500g was resected through an esternotomy.

Hérnia diafragmática traumática

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is an uncommon but important problem in the patient with multiple injuries. Since diaphragmatic injuries are difficult to diagnose, those that are missed may present with latent symptoms of bowel obstruction and strangulation. The same may occur in the patients with stab wounds to the lower chest. Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia should be suspected on the basis of an abnormal chest radiograph in the trauma victim with multiple injuries. This article discuss about history, epidemiology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic modalities, treatment and complications.

Pneumopericárdio após traumatismo penetrante: relato de três casos

Pneumopericardium after penetrating wound represents a high suspicion for cardiac wound. Some authors recommend thoracotomy to discharge a cardiac lesion. We present three cases of post-traumatic pneumopericardium one following a gunshot wound and two following a stab wound and discuss about diagnosis and treatment. None showed clinical signs of cardiac tamponade. Diagnosis was made by chest x-ray. Pneumopericardium was identified at the initial evaluation in two patients, who had concomitant hemothorax and underwent chest drainage. The patient with penetrating thoracic wound by gunshot pneumopericardium developed 24h after trauma. Treatment was directed to the associated lesions without specific measurements for pneumopericardium. This aproach was safe in these patients.

Hemobilia pós-trauma

Our objective is to report a case of a patient, with a thoraco-abdominal gunshot wound with right hemothorax and liver lesion in the right lobe. The liver and the diafragm were sutured and the chest was drained. On the 9th post operative day the patient had hematemesis, jaundice and pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The abdominal ultrasound image with Doppler, revealed arteriobiliary fistulae. The diagnosis of hemobilia was made and the patient underwent embolization of the fistulae by liver arteriography.

Hemoptise maciça 14 anos após ferimento por projétil de arma de fogo

A 54 - year-old male returned 14 years after a gunshot wound to the chest with intermitent hemoptysis that progressed to frank pulmonary hemorrhage. The complications of retained intrapulmonary foreign body are briefly reviewed.

Doença de castleman simulando neoplasia pancreática

A 33-year-old man presented to our department with a 4-month history of right quadrant abdominal pain. Physical examination was normal. A chest X-ray showed no remarkable findings. Ultrasonography demonstrated a hypoechoic mass measuring 6 cm in the head of the pancreas. Computed tomography confirmed a solid mass in the pancreas without Wirsung or bile duct dilatation. At laparotomy, excision a 6 cm egg-shaped and hypervascular mass in the head of the pancreas was performed. Histologically, the features were consistent with Castleman disease. Castleman's disease is a rare, usually benign lymphoid condition described by Castleman (1954) and characterized by giant lymph nodes. Surgical resection is diagnostic and curative.

Pectus excavatum: abordagem terapêutica

The pectus excavatum treatment has two different approaches: non-surgical techniques (modified dynamic thoracic compressor, exercises and the vacuum bell) or surgical techniques (silastic or solid silicone implant, open surgical repair like sternochondroplasty and minimally invasive repair). The introduction of Nuss procedure improved the pectus excavatum treatment, but its low acceptance was due to the high complication rate (e.g. cardiac perfuration). The thoracoscopy use for bar mediastinal passage reduced the complication rate. In comparison with sternochondroplasty, the Nuss procedure has smaller incision, less blood loss and less operative time. However, it has more reoperations, complications, longer hospital stay and more readmission rates, more time of thoracic epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia and more need for analgesic after being discharged. Although Nuss procedure has been used in children, patients under ten years must be only observed. The Nuss procedure is applicable to moderate or light symmetrical pectus excavatum, without costal protrusion, in young and adolescents patients. Furthermore, the sternochondroplasty is applicable to severe or asymmetric pectus excavatum, with or without inferior costal protrusion. Therefore, Nuss procedure and sternocondroplasty are not antagonistic procedures, and they must be used in accordance with a treatment organogram and the technique choice must be by functional and aesthetic outcome.

Hérnia de bochdalek em adulto

Bochdalek´s hernia is a congenital malformation of the posterolateral diaphragm region. It is more common on the left and more frequently seen in newborns and rare in adults, with over a few 100 reported cases. We present a case of Bochdalek´s hernia in a 49-year-old patient with long term dyspeptic symptoms. The upper endoscopy showed a gastric fundus herniation sliding into the chest through the diaphragmatic defect. The patient also presented with a rare pulmonary malformation diagnosed during surgery. It was corrected through thoracic approach with no other complications.

Reconstrução da parede torácica nos defeitos adquiridos

Acquired chest wall defects present a challenging problem for thoracic surgeons. Many of such defects can be repaired with the use of local and regional musculocutaneous flaps, but larger defects compromising skeletal structure require increasingly sophisticated reconstructive techniques. The following discussion will review the options for repair acquired chest wall defects based in literature. The authors searched the Pubmed (www.pubmed.com) and found citations from January 1996 to February 2008. By reading the titles and the abstracts most of the citations were discharged because they focused in congenital chest wall defects or were cases report. However, many papers were found describing the outcome of large series of patients with acquired chest wall deformities. A review of recent literature shows that the repair of chest wall defects with soft tissues, if possible, remains the treatment of choice. Large chest wall defects require skeletal reconstruction to prevent paradoxical respiration. The selection of the most appropriate flap is primary dictated by the location and the size of the defect. It is important to transfer tissue with good vitality, so understanding the vascular supply is imperative. Autogenous grafts have been used in the past for skeletal reconstruction but a combination of synthetic materials with musculocutaneous flaps has been used lately. Based in the literature, the use of prosthetic material in chest wall reconstruction does not significantly increases the risk of wound infection.

Avaliação da profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso em hospital de grande porte

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a adequação da tromboprofilaxia em um hospital de grande porte em Vitória-ES, analisando possíveis preditores de aplicação de conduta inadequada. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal realizado através de análise de prontuários. Os pacientes analisados estiveram internados no hospital durante o ano de 2007, e tiveram seu risco de tromboembolismo venoso estratificado segundo a 8ª Diretriz para Profilaxia do TEV do American College of Chest Physicians (8º ACCP). A adequação da tromboprofilaxia foi determinada de acordo com a concordância entre a conduta instituída e a conduta preconizada nas diretrizes. Foram utilizados os softwares EpiInfo 3.4.3 e SPSS 13.0. RESULTADOS: Em 47% dos pacientes a tromboprofilaxia foi inadequada, sendo a não prescrição da medicação indicada o principal motivo (33%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparadas as taxas de inadequação da tromboprofilaxia entre pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos, ou, entre pacientes internados em enfermaria e UTI. O número de fatores de risco para TEV foi inversamente proporcional à taxa de inadequação (p<0,05), assim como a faixa etária do paciente e a duração da internação (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos apontam para níveis alarmantes de inadequação da tromboprofilaxia, o que evidencia a necessidade de programas de educação continuada no assunto para toda a equipe assistente.

Hérnia traumática do pulmão

Traumatic lung herniation is an unusual clinical problem. We present a case of a large left post-traumatic lung hernia on the left, anterior, second intercostal space following blunt chest trauma. An important factor in the etiology of these lesions is the relative lack of muscular support of the anterior part of the chest. This report describes the diagnosis and management of a post-traumatic lung hernia.