Effect of different proportions of brea gum in the functional characteristics of wheat flour starch: impact on the physical quality of bread

The aim of this work was to study the changes induced by BG in the behaviour of wheat starch, and observe the influence of these variations on the quality of a basic white bread. The effect of four BG addition levels in the wheat flour functional characteristics (WAI, WSI, and pasting properties) and bread quality (physical parameters, crumb grain structure, moisture and hardness) was investigated. The highest levels of BG (1% and 2%) decreased the peak viscosity, and increased the stability and setback of the flour. This was due to a lower gelatinization of the starch granules, caused by a competition for water between the hydrocolloid and starch. These changes influenced the bread quality. The loaves added with 1% and 2% of BG presented smaller alveoli: this resulted in more compact, hard and less airy crumbs. Nevertheless, the moisture of the samples at 1% and 2% of added gum was higher than the control bread. However, the incorporation of BG at 0.5% did not affect the pasting parameters and bread quality, but increased moisture of crumb, so this concentration would be most recommended for baking, since higher humidity could favour the shelf- life of the product.

Effect of adding flours from marolo fruit (Annona crassiflora Mart) and jerivá fruit (Syagrus romanzoffiana Cham Glassm) on the physicals and sensory characteristics of food bars

Abstract The marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) and jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana Cham Glassm) fruits grow in the Cerrado biome, and have important sensory and nutritional characteristics. These fruits are eaten fresh or processed and embedded in ice cream, candy, juices, and liquors. However, their use is very limited and is localized exclusively to their native region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of these fruits in food consumer products to improve the nutritional patterns of consumers and extend knowledge thereof. To do this, different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of flour derived from the marolo and jerivá fruits were incorporated into food bars, which were then characterized in terms of their physical of the texture (TPA), porosity, color and sensorial properties. The food bars enriched with marolo and jerivá flours had an intense yellow color and increased hardness relative to the control bars; the porosity of the bars progressively decreased as the amount of flour added increased. The sensorial analysis in the snack bars developed added with the fruits flour no was influence by incorporation this component, showed good averages for the scores evaluated.

Effects of oil-water mixed frying and pure-oil frying on the quality characteristics of soybean oil and chicken chop

Abstract The effects of oil-water mixed frying (OWF) and pure-oil frying (POF) on changes in quality characteristics of soybean oil and chicken chop during six days of frying were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the changes in specific extinction coefficients, p-anisidine value, carbonyl value, viscosity and color of soybean oil were more pronounced in the case of POF, indicating that oil oxidative and polymeric degradation was retarded by OWF. Concerning fat content of chicken chop, lower (p<0.05) values were observed in the last three days in the case of OWF than POF. Meanwhile, OWF led to lower acrylamide formation in chops during the six days. Sensory evaluation showed that OWF provided chops with five attributes similar to those of chops fried by POF on the first day. As frying days increased, the decreases in scores for color, odor, flavor and overall acceptability were less in the case of OWF. In conclusion, OWF could be a worthwhile alternative for retarding oil deterioration and producing healthier and higher quality fried meat products.

Effect of incorporation of nutraceutical capsule waste of safflower oil in the mechanical characteristics of corn starch films

Abstract Biodegradable films blends made of safflower oil nutraceutical capsules waste corn starch (20:4, 30:4, 40:4 and 50:4) were prepared. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of addition of different concentrations of safflower oil nutraceutical capsule waste in the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus) and thickness of corn starch films. A decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus and an increase in elongation at break were observed with the increase in the content of the nutraceutical capsule waste. The results showed that the blends of safflower oil capsules waste-corn starch films demonstrated promising characteristics to form biodegradable films with different mechanical characteristics.

An investigation of geological and geochemical characteristics of late-Quaternay sediments in the Georgian Bay Region, Southern Ontario

Core samples of postglacial sediments and sediment surface samples from Shepherd Lake on the Bruce Peninsula, Harts Lake on the Canadian Shield, and two cores from Georgian Bay (core P-l in the western deep part and core P-7 in the eastern shallow part) have been analyzed for pH, grain size distribution, water content, bulk density, loss on ignition at 4500C and 11000 C, major oxides (Si02 ,A1203,!FeO,MgO,CaO, Na20,K20,Ti02 ,MnO and P205) and trace elements (Ba,Zr,Sr,y,S, Zn,Cu,Ni,Ce and Rb). The sediment in Georgian Bay are generally fine grained (fine silt to very fine silty clay) and the grain size decreases from the Canadian Shield (core p-7) towards the Bruce Peninsula (core P-l) along the assumed direction of sediment transport. This trend coincides with a decrease in sorting coefficient and an increase in roundness. Other physical characteristics, such as water content, bulk density and loss on ignition are positively correlated with the composition of sediments and their compaction, as well as with the energy of the depositional environment. Analyses of sediment surface samples from Shepherd Lake and Harts Lake indicate the influence of bedrock and surficial deposits in the watershed on pH condition that is also influenced by the organic matter content and probably I ! I man's activities. Organic matter content increases significantly in the surface sediment in these small lakes as a result of either natural eutrophication or anthropogenic organic loading. The extremely high organic matter content in Shepherd Lake sediment indicates rapid natural eutrophication in this closed basin and high biological productivity during postglacial time, probably due to high nutrient levels and shallow depth. The chemical composition of the Canadian Shield bedrock is positively correlated with the chemical characteristics of predominantly inorganic lake sediments that were derived from the Shield rocks by glacial abrasion and by postglacial weathering and erosion of both bedrock and surficial deposits. High correlation coefficients were found between organic matter in lake sediments and major oxides (Si02,AI203,.~FeO, MgO,CaO,K20 and MnO) , as well as some trace elements (Ba,Y, S,Zn,Cu,Ni and Rb). The chemical composition of sediments in Harts Lake and core P-7 in Georgian Bay on the Canadian Shield differs from the chemistry of sediments in Shepherd Lake and core P-l in Georgian Bay on the Bruce Peninsula. The difference between cores P-l and P-7 is indicated by values of Si02 , AI203 ,:LFeo,Mgo,CaO,Ba,Zr,Sr,y and S, and also by the organic matter content. This study indicates that the processes of sediment transport, depositional environment, weathering of the rocks and surficial deposits in the watershed, as well as chemical composition of source rocks all affect the chemical characteristics of lake sediments. The stratigraphic changes and variations in lake sediment chemistry with regard to major oxides, trace elements, and organic matter content are probably related to the history of glacial and postglacial lake stages of the Georgian Bay Region and, therefore, the geochemical data can make a useful contribution to a better understanding of the Late-Quaternary history of the Great Lakes.

Textual characteristics of coarse sediments in selected streams of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario

The streams flowing through the Niagara Escarpment are paved by coarse carbonate and sandstone sediments which have originated from the escarpment units and can be traced downstream from their source. Fifty-nine sediment samples were taken from five streams, over distances of 3,000 to 10,000 feet (915 to 3050 m), to determine downstream changes in sediment composition, textural characteristics and sorting. In addition, fluorometric velocity measurements were used in conjunction with measured -discharge and flow records to estimate the frequency of sediment movement. The frequency of sediments of a given lithology changes downstream in direct response to the outcrop position of the formations in the channels. Clasts derived from a single stratigraphic unit usually reach a maximum frequency within the first 1,000 feet (305 m) of transport. Sediments derived from formations at the top of waterfalls reach a modal frequency farther downstream than material originating at the base of waterfalls. Downstream variations in sediment size over the lengths of the study reaches reflect the changes in channel morphology and lithologic composition of the sediment samples. Linear regression analyses indicate that there is a decrease in the axial lengths between the intial and final samples and that the long axis decreases in length more rapidly than the intermediate, while the short axis remains almost constant. Carbonate sediments from coarse-grained, fossiliferous units - iii - are more variable in size than fine-grained dolostones and sandstones. The average sphericity for carbonates and sandstones increases from 0.65 to 0.67, while maximum projection sphericity remains nearly constant with an average value of 0.52. Pebble roundness increases more rapidly than either of the sphericity parameters and the sediments change from subrounded to rounded. The Hjulstrom diagram indicates that the velocities required to initiate transport of sediments with an average intermediate diameter of 10 cm range from 200 cm/s to 300 cm/s (6.6 ft./sec. to 9.8 ft./sec.). From the modal velocitydischarge relations, the flows corresponding to these velocities are greater than 3,500 cfs (99 m3s). These discharges occur less than 0.01 p~r cent (0.4 days) of the time and correspond to a discharge occurring during the spring flood.

Psychographic characteristics of weekend wine tourists : a multiple case study of four wineries in the Niagara Region

The purpose of this study is to examine the psychographic (product attributes, motivation opinions, interest, lifestyle, values) characteristics of wine tourists along the Niagara wine r,~ute, located in Ontario, Canada, using a multiple case study method. Four wineries were selected, two wineries each on the East, and West sides of the wine route during the shoulder-season (January, February, 2004). Using a computer generated survey technique, tourists were approached to fill out a questionnaire on one of the available laptop computers, where a sample ofN=321 was obtained. The study findings revealed that there are three distinct wine tourist segments in the Niagara region. The segments were determined using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a K-means cluster analysis: Wine Lovers, Wine Interested, and Wine Curious wine tourists. These three segments displayed significant differences in their, motivation for visiting a winery, lifestyles, values, and wine purchasing behaviour. This study also examined differences between winery locations, on the East and West sides of the Niagara wine route, with respect to the aforementioned variables. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the regions with respect to these variables. The findings suggest that these differences present opportunities for more effective marketing strategies based on the uniqueness of each region. The results of this study provide insight for academia into a method of psychographic market segmentation of wine tourists and consumer behaviour. This study also contributes to the literature on wine tourism, and the identification of psychographic characteristics of wine tourists, an area where little research has taken place.

Morbidity characteristics related to cardiovascular outcomes in French Canadian Families of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec

PROBLÉMATIQUE: L’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) considère les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCVs) comme l'hypertension, la maladie coronarienne (par exemple, infarctus du myocarde), l'insuffisance cardiaque ainsi que les accidents cérébrovasculaires, parmi les principales causes de mortalité dans le monde. Les MCVs sont des maladies multifactorielles caractérisées par des interactions complexes entre le génome et l'environnement et dont la prévalence augmente rapidement dans toutes les populations du globe, ce qui vient compliquer d'autant l'étude de leurs bases héréditaires. Nos études précédentes sur la population fondatrice des familles Canadiennes-françaises de la région du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) au Québec ont permis d’obtenir une carte des loci significativement liés à des déterminants qualitatifs et quantitatifs de l’hypertension et ses déterminants métaboliques [1, 2]. HYPOTHÈSE ET OBJECTIF: Puisque nos données préliminaires nous suggèrent que la mort prématurée consécutive aux MCVs possède des composantes génétique et environnementale, notre hypothèse de départ est que les maladies avec occurrences fatales et non fatales (OF et ONF, respectivement) ont des caractéristiques distinctes, surtout lorsqu’en lien avec le système CV. Pour réaliser ce projet, nos objectifs sont d’analyser les causes de morbidité/mortalité d’hypertendus avec ou sans obésité chez des familles de la région du SLSJ. Nous accomplirons ceci en interrogeant les registres des hôpitaux et de l'état civil de même que les données généalogiques de 1950 jusqu'à maintenant. Nous voulons décrire et étudier les OF pour les comparer aux NFO. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons identifié un total de 3,654 diagnostiques appartenant aux OF et ONF chez les 343 sujets étudiés. Pour les OF, nous avons trouvé que: (1) un grand total de 1,103 diagnostiques du système circulatoire ont affecté 299 sujets avec 555 occurrences et 247 premières occurrences; (2) 333 des sujets participants ont reçu 1,536 diagnostiques non-CV avec 195 occurrences et 107 premières occurrences; (3) 62 diagnostiques de toutes autres causes chez 62 des sujets participants avec 81 occurrences et 11 premières occurrences. Pour les ONF: (1) 156 diagnostiques du système circulatoire ont affecté 105 sujets; (2) 60 diagnostiques de causes non-CV chez 53 des sujets; (3) et 718 diagnostiques de toutes autres causes chez 252 des sujets. Pour les OF, 109 des 333 sujets affectés par les maladies non-CV et 58 des 62 par toutes autres maladies étaient atteints simultanément par des MCV. Nous avons décrit les caractéristiques des maladies avec occurrences fatales et non fatales. Les MCVs prédominaient dans les résultats des premières occurrences et occurrences totales tandis que les maladies non-CV étaient les plus élevées pour les diagnostiques. De plus, les OF CV ont affecté 67.1% de notre échantillon de population, incluant les sujets co-affectés par les maladies non-CV ou de toutes autres causes. En fait, nos sujets ont un risque trois fois plus élevé de développer des MCVs (p<0.0001; χ2=1,575.348), tandis qu’il diminue de moitié pour les maladies non-CV comparativement au reste de la population du SLSJ (p=0.0006; χ2=11.834). Enfin, le risque de développer des tumeurs malignes est diminué de moitié dans notre échantillon comparativement à l’incidence régionale. CONCLUSION: Cette étude a apporté une nouvelle perspective sur les OF et ONF chez nos sujets de la région SLSJ du Québec après 11 ans. Quand on observe ces résultats en conjonction avec les MCVs, ce risque double.

The influence of primary care clinic characteristics on the quality of care for depression in patients with different comorbidity profiles

Dans les services de première ligne, la majorité des personnes atteintes de dépression souffrent également d’autres maladies chroniques comorbides. Offrir des soins de haute qualité à ces patients représente un défi important pour les intervenants en première ligne ainsi que pour le système de santé. Il y a des raisons de croire que les contextes organisationnels dans lesquels les intervenants pratiquent ont une influence importante sur les soins. Cependant, peu d’études ont examiné directement la façon dont les caractéristiques des cliniques facilitent ou entravent les soins offerts aux patients atteints de dépression et de différents types de maladies chroniques comorbides. L’objectif général de ce projet de recherche était donc de mieux comprendre comment différentes caractéristiques des cliniques de première ligne influencent la qualité des soins pour la dépression chez des patients ayant différents profils de comorbidité. La thèse comporte deux études. Tout d'abord, nous avons effectué une revue systématique examinant les relations entre la comorbidité physique chronique et la qualité des soins pour la dépression dans les services de première ligne afin de clarifier la nature de ces relations et d’identifier les facteurs qui pourraient influer sur ces relations. Ensuite, nous avons effectué une étude aux méthodes mixtes ayant deux volets : (a) un volet quantitatif examinant les relations entre la qualité des soins pour la dépression, les profils de comorbidité des patients, et les caractéristiques des cliniques de première ligne par le biais d’analyses de régression multiniveaux de données issues de deux enquêtes, et (b) un volet qualitatif basé sur une étude de cas explorant les perceptions des professionnels des services de première ligne sur les facteurs organisationnels pouvant influencer la qualité des soins offerts aux patients souffrant de dépression et d’autres maladies chroniques comorbides. Les résultats de ces études ont montré que, bien que la qualité des soins de la dépression en soins primaires soit sous-optimale, certains sous-groupes de patients dépressifs sont plus à risque que d’autres de recevoir des soins pour la dépression inadéquats, notamment des patients ayant uniquement des comorbidités chroniques physiques. Cependant, plusieurs caractéristiques des cliniques de première ligne semblent faciliter l’offre de soins de qualité aux patients atteints de dépression et de maladies chroniques comorbides : les normes et les valeurs liées au travail d'équipe et le soutien mutuel, l'accès au soutien des professionnels ayant une expertise en santé mentale, l’utilisation des algorithmes de traitement et d’autres outils d’aide à la décision pour la dépression, et l’absence d’obstacles liés aux modèles de rémunération inadéquats. Une des façons dont ces caractéristiques favorisent la qualité est en facilitant la circulation des connaissances dans les cliniques de première ligne. Nos résultats suggèrent que des interventions organisationnelles ciblées sont nécessaires pour améliorer la qualité des soins pour la dépression que reçoivent les patients ayant des maladies chroniques comorbides. Ces interventions peuvent viser différents domaines organisationnels (ex : caractéristiques structurelles/stratégiques, sociales, technologies et épistémiques) mais doivent aussi prendre en compte comment les éléments de chaque domaine interagissent et comment ils pourraient influencer les soins pour des patients ayant des profils de comorbidité différents.

Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Structural and Luminescent Characteristics of RF-Magnetron-Sputtered ZnGa2O4:Dy3+ Thin Films

ZnGa2O4:Dy3+ phosphor thin films were deposited on quartz substrates by radio frequency rf magnetron sputtering and the effect of substrate temperature on its structural and luminescent properties was investigated. Polycrystalline film could be deposited even at room temperature. The crystalline behavior, Zn/Ga ratio, and surface morphology of the films were found to be highly sensitive to substrate temperature. Under UV illumination, the as-deposited films at and above 300°C gave white luminescence even without any postdeposition treatments. The photoluminescent PL emission can be attributed to the combined effect of multicolor emissions from the single luminescence center Dy3+ via host-sensitization. Maximum PL emission intensity was observed for the film deposited at 600°C, and the CIE chromaticity coordinates of the emission were determined to be x,y = 0.34, 0.31 .

Studies on the Cure Characteristics of Elastomer Blends

Blends of natural rubber (NR) with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), ethylene-propylene terpolymer (EPDM) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) were vulcanised using an efficient vulcanisation (EV) system and a semi-EV system. Compatible blends show a definite pattern of curing whereas the incompatible blends show no such pattern.

Studies on the Dipping Characteristics of RVNRL and NRLatex Compounds

ABSTRACT: The dipping characteristics of radiation-vulcanized natural rubber latex and natural rubber latex compounds were investigated with a lab-model semiautomatic dipping machine. The effect of the variation of the speed of immersion and withdrawal, dwell time, compound viscosity, and concentration of coagulant on the thickness of the latex deposit was investigated. The results of the study show that the deposit thickness depends on the withdrawal speed of the former, the concentration of the coagulant, dwell times, and the viscosity of the latex compounds

STUDIES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPOSPHERE AND LOWER STRATOSPHERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PASSAGE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

In the present thesis, an attempt has been made to study the characteristics of troposphere and lower stratosphere during the passage of tropical cyclones from a tropical station in India using MST radar. MST radar is an excellent tool for studying various features of the atmosphere from ground to mesospheric heights, as it can be operated continuously with good time and altitude resolution. The major objectives are to identify the multiple layers of reflectivity observed in the atmosphere during cyclones, to study the troposphere characteristics during these cyclones and its dependence on cyclone position and intensity, to detect the waves present in the atmosphere, to study the transport of momentum fluxes and to understand stratosphere. The winds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere are greatly affected by the passage of cyclones; the presence of high reflectivity layers below the tropopause suggests the passage of severe weather systems etc. are some of the major findings of the study. The study can be extended further to understand the circulation and dynamics of the atmosphere associated with the passage of tropical cyclones. The gravity wave generation and its characteristics during the passage of storms is another important aspect to be studied in detail.