Diálogos de La Habana (2012-2016) : ¿Ahora sí la paz?

Tras conocer cuatro años de debate (dentro y fuera de La Habana), los borradores de dos puntos de la agenda y presenciar el crecimiento de bandas criminales y/u organizaciones sucesoras del paramilitarismo, de la mano de la expansión de economías ilegales y una polarización creciente (y preocupante por sus características) en torno a la paz y el conflicto social/armado en el país, el presente trabajo pretende analizar a profundidad el carácter y alcance de los discursos emitidos por los negociadores en La Habana.

Methodology of Care Humanitude in Promoting Self-care in Dependent People: An Integrative Review

Abstract. The aging of the population has led to an increase in the prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases and dependence. We need to implement humanized health care that will improve the quality of life and well-being of these people and help maintain their autonomy and self-care. Objective: To identify the implications of the caring in Humanitude in promoting self-care in the dependent person. Methods: Integrative review of the literature of the period between 2007 and 2015, using the databases Medline, EBSCO and Google Scholar. In using the PI[C]OD methodology and criteria for inclusion and exclusion, we obtained 54 items where 7 were selected for analysis. Results: There are several health benefits in the promotion of self-care, by ap-plying the Humanitude caring philosophy, mainly regarding the relationship be-tween the nurse and the patient. Conclusions: It is essential to develop further studies focused on the implications of caring in Humanitude in self-care in the dependent person.

Quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. A new challenge for parents, professionals and community

The Quality of life is currently a major topic discussed in our society. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been developing a unifying and transcultural definition of QOL. They considered it as 'the individual's perception of his or her position in life, within the cultural context and value system he or she lives in, and in relation to his or her goals, expectations, parameters and social relations. It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the person's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships and their relationship to salient features of their environment (WHOQOL, 1997, p. 1). Congenital heart disease is the most prevalent congenital disease in Portugal. Despite the advances in cardiac treatment and an early correct diagnosis that could increase the survival of children with congenital heart disease, this condition influences the quality of life of children, adolescents and their parents. Knowing the perception of quality of life could help healthcare professionals, nurses in particular, providing suited care to the needs of these families, establishing priorities in their interventions, sensing predictors of a poor quality of life, promoting adherence to treatment and boosting compliance with treatment, and fostering greater satisfaction for these children, adolescents and their parents. Purpose As part of broader research and with the awareness that the chronic conditions could impact the quality of life and considering that all advances on treating congenital cardiac diseases we have defined this main objective: To determine the quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) and the perception of their parents, as well as factors that influence it. Methods It is a quantitative, descriptive and correlational research. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, which consisted of four parts: socio-demographic and educational characteristics, clinical characteristics, and quality of life, obtained using the Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory - PCQLI - (Marino, Tomlinson, Wernovsky, Drotar , Newburger, Mahony et al., 2010) translated into Portuguese. Data collection took place between February and July 2014, in compliance with ethical research guidelines. The sample comprised 59 children, 59 parents of children, 80 adolescents and 80 parents of adolescents. Results The results indicated that children, adolescents, and their parents have high level of perceived health. The results are similar in all groups: children and parents and adolescents and parents. In the group of children, we observed the classification of "Good" in 66.10%, followed by the "Very Good" at 18.65% and "fair" in 15.25% of cases. The parents of the children responded in about half the cases that the health of their children was "good" (50.85%), "very good" in 30.51% "fair" in 11.86% and "Excellent "in 6.78%. In turn, the group of adolescents can be seen that 46.25% rate their health as "good", 32.50% as "very good", 16.25% as "Average" and 5% as "Excellent". Parents of teenagers classify the health of their children mostly as "good" in 42.50%, 31.25% as "very good", 20% as "fair" and 6.25% as "excellent". To point out that none of the respondents pointed out the option of a health status "Bad". About the quality of life, in general the results indicated that children, adolescents and their parents have high levels of quality of life, and that perceptions of parents and children are similar. Only in the children's group (8 to 12 years old), was no influence of socio-demographic, school or clinical variables on quality of life observed. For adolescents (13 to 18 years old), school, special education, school retention, the age of diagnosis of congenital heart disease, cardiac catheterization and surgical intervention influenced their quality of life. Perception of quality of life of parents of children and of adolescents was influenced by socio-demographic and clinical variables. The results partly agree with the literature in this field. About the influence of some variables: - The perception of quality of life expressed by children and adolescents with congenital heart disease and parents are related, with statistical significance. - There were no statistically significant relationships between the quality of life of children and adolescents and their age, gender or socioeconomic status. - Adolescents differ statistically significant between their quality of life and their education, the frequency of special education and the existence of grade retention. The severity of heart disease, the number of cardiac catheterizations or surgery and the presence of other health disorders are unrelated to the quality of life of children and adolescents. - Adolescents revealed that the level of quality of life is influenced by the age of diagnosis of CHD by cardiac catheterization and surgery. - For parents of children and adolescents gender and their education don´t influence their perception of quality of life. Only the socioeconomic status of parents of teens has statistically significant difference to quality of life. - Parents of children and adolescents do not show statistically significant relationship between the perceived level of quality of life and severity of disease, age at diagnosis, the number of surgical interventions and the existence of other health disorders. - There is a relationship of statistical significance between cardiac catheterization and the perceived quality of life by parents of adolescents; between the number of cardiac catheterizations and the perception of quality of life of parents of children; and between performing surgery and the perception of parents of children and adolescents. Conclusion To analyze the quality of life of children and adolescents with CHD must be a key focus of attention in caring for this population, allowing the identification of individual differences, interests, preferences, and prevent potential problems. The knowledge acquired along with clinical experience contributes to improve the quality of life of children and families, facilitating their growth, psycho-emotional development and social integration. Nevertheless, the reading and interpretation of these results must be prudent and cautious, there are limitations to this research, including: the use of a range of specific quality of life for the Congenital heart disease in children, adolescents, and parents but whose validation process could not be completed in this study; the low prevalence of severe conditions in our sample; the absence of national studies to enable comparison with the results obtained. We intend to continue the process of validation of instrument and enlarge the research to Lisbon and Oporto, other major centers where the cardiac conditions can be treated

Quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease

Purpose: The Quality of life is currently a major topic discussed in our society. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been developing a unifying and transcultural definition of QOL. They considered it as 'the individual's perception of his or her position in life, within the cultural context and value system he or she lives in, and in relation to his or her goals, expectations, parameters and social relations. It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the person's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships and their relationship to salient features of their environment (WHOQOL, 1997, p. 1). Congenital heart disease is the most prevalent congenital disease in Portugal. Despite the advances in cardiac treatment and an early correct diagnosis that could increase the survival of children with congenital heart disease, this condition influences the quality of life of children, adolescents and their parents. Knowing the perception of quality of life could help healthcare professionals, nurses in particular, providing suited care to the needs of these families, establishing priorities in their interventions, sensing predictors of a poor quality of life, promoting adherence to treatment and boosting compliance with treatment, and fostering greater satisfaction for these children, adolescents and their parents. 'As part of broader research and with the awareness that the chronic conditions could impact the quality of life and considering that all advances on treating congenital cardiac diseases we have defined this main objective: To determine the quality of life in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) and the perception of their parents, as well as factors that influence it. Methods: It is a quantitative, descriptive and correlational research. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, which consisted of four parts: socio-demographic and educational characteristics, clinical characteristics, and quality of life, obtained using the Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory ? PCQLI - (Marino, Tomlinson, Wernovsky, Drotar , Newburger, Mahony et al., 2010) translated into Portuguese. Data collection took place between February and July 2014, in compliance with ethical research guidelines. The sample comprised 59 children, 59 parents of children, 80 adolescents and 80 parents of adolescents. Results: The results indicated that children, adolescents, and their parents have high level of perceived health. The results are similar in all groups: children and parents and adolescents and parents. In the group of children, we observed the classification of "Good" in 66.10%, followed by the "Very Good" at 18.65% and "fair" in 15.25% of cases. The parents of the children responded in about half the cases that the health of their children was "good" (50.85%), "very good" in 30.51% "fair" in 11.86% and "Excellent "in 6.78%. In turn, the group of adolescents can be seen that 46.25% rate their health as "good", 32.50% as "very good", 16.25% as "Average" and 5% as "Excellent". Parents of teenagers classify the health of their children mostly as "good" in 42.50%, 31.25% as "very good", 20% as "fair" and 6.25% as "excellent". To point out that none of the respondents pointed out the option of a health status "Bad". About the quality of life, in general the results indicated that children, adolescents and their parents have high levels of quality of life, and that perceptions of parents and children are similar. Only in the children?s group (8 to 12 years old), was no influence of socio-demographic, school or clinical variables on quality of life observed. For adolescents (13 to 18 years old), school, special education, school retention, the age of diagnosis of congenital heart disease, cardiac catheterization and surgical intervention influenced their quality of life. Perception of quality of life of parents of children and of adolescents was influenced by socio-demographic and clinical variables. The results partly agree with the literature in this field. About the influence of some variables: The perception of quality of life expressed by children and adolescents with congenital heart disease and parents are related, with statistical significance. There were no statistically significant relationships between the quality of life of children and adolescents and their age, gender or socioeconomic status. Adolescents differ statistically significant between their quality of life and their education, the frequency of special education and the existence of grade retention. The severity of heart disease, the number of cardiac catheterizations or surgery and the presence of other health disorders are unrelated to the quality of life of children and adolescents. Adolescents revealed that the level of quality of life is influenced by the age of diagnosis of CHD by cardiac catheterization and surgery. For parents of children and adolescents gender and their education don?t influence their perception of quality of life. Only the socioeconomic status of parents of teens has statistically significant difference to quality of life. Parents of children and adolescents do not show statistically significant relationship between the perceived level of quality of life and severity of disease, age at diagnosis, the number of surgical interventions and the existence of other health disorders. There is a relationship of statistical significance between cardiac catheterization and the perceived quality of life by parents of adolescents; between the number of cardiac catheterizations and the perception of quality of life of parents of children; and between performing surgery and the perception of parents of children and adolescents. Conclusion: To analyze the quality of life of children and adolescents with CHD must be a key focus of attention in caring for this population, allowing the identification of individual differences, interests, preferences, and prevent potential problems. The knowledge acquired along with clinical experience contributes to improve the quality of life of children and families, facilitating their growth, psycho-emotional development and social integration. Nevertheless, the reading and interpretation of these results must be prudent and cautious, there are limitations to this research, including: the use of a range of specific quality of life for the Congenital heart disease in children, adolescents, and parents but whose validation process could not be completed in this study; the low prevalence of severe conditions in our sample; the absence of national studies to enable comparison with the results obtained. We intend to continue the process of validation of instrument and enlarge the research to Lisbon and Oporto, other major centers where the cardiac conditions can be treated.

Capacitação do doente oncológico com doença avançada/cuidador para a gestão da dor em domicílio

Introdução: A dor oncológica é assustadora, tanto para o doente como para o cuidador, quer pela intensidade como por vezes surge, quer pela associação a outros sintomas e alterações nas atividades de vida, causando sofrimento e isolamento social. Capacitar o doente e o cuidador para a gestão da dor, passa por ensinar a identificar, a monitorizar, a relacionar a dor com outros sintomas e com as atividades de vida. Assim como, ensinar a gerir de forma adequada a terapêutica prescrita. Objetivos: Avaliar a aplicação de um programa educativo na capacitação do doente oncológico/cuidador com doença avançada, na gestão da dor em domicílio; Identificar intervenções de Enfermagem no decurso da aplicação do programa; Identificar dificuldades na capacitação do doente/cuidador; Avaliar a capacidade do doente antes e após a aplicação do programa educativo. Metodologia: Este estudo foi realizado no âmbito do projeto de doutoramento. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal quase experimental, em que foi avaliado o conhecimento relativo à dor antes e depois da aplicação do programa e foi feita uma análise transversal dos registos elaborados pelos participantes, após os vários momentos de contacto/ensino. Participaram no estudo 52 doentes oncológicos com doença avançada, que frequentavam um hospital de dia, em consulta e tratamento sintomático ou curativo de 2ª ou 3ª linha. Resultados: A aplicação do programa educativo exigiu contactos (momentos de ensino) com os participantes, verificandose que 75% dos participantes iniciaram o programa no 1º contacto e 25% iniciaram no 2º contacto. O número de contactos por participante variou entre os 2 e os 6, tendo-se efetuado 3 contactos a 52% dos participantes, 4 a 25% e 2 a 21%. Um participante teve 5 momentos de contacto e outro, 6 momentos. Quanto à capacidade para realização completa dos registos, verificou-se que no final, 50% dos participantes realizaram registos completos de forma independente, destes, 8% adotaram o comportamento correto na tomada da medicação, 6% não modificaram o comportamento e nos restantes esta mudança não se revelou significativa. Trinta e três por cento dos participantes não conseguem realizar os registos sem ajuda, devido ao agravamento dos sintomas, ou baixo nível de literacia, mas identificam e avaliam a dor e outros sintomas. Quinze por cento realizam os registos de forma incompleta e 1 participante apenas descreve a experiência de dor. Conclusões: O desenvolvimento de um programa educativo para capacitação exige uma avaliação do número de momentos de interação necessários para que o processo ocorra. Existem condicionalismos à efetivação dos momentos de contacto, tais como, o estado clínico do doente, a literacia e o desenvolvimento do processo de saúde doença. A aplicação do programa em 3 momentos de ensino foi o mais frequente nesta população. Após a aplicação do programa, a maioria dos doentes/ cuidadores apresentam capacidade para identificar, avaliar e monitorizar a dor e outros sintomas, assim como as alterações nas atividades de vida. Verificou-se uma melhoria na gestão da terapêutica antiálgica. Palavras-chave: dor oncológica; programa educativo; intervenção de enfermagem; capacitação Referências bibliográficas: Borneman, T., Koczywas, M., Sun, V., Piper, B. F., Smith-Idell, C., Laroya, B., & Ferrell, B. (2011). Eficácia de uma intervenção clínica para eliminar as barreiras ao tratamento da dor e fadiga em oncologia. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14(2), 197-205. doi: 10,1089 / jpm.2010.0268 Tsigaroppoulos, T., Mazaris, E., Chatzidarellis, E., Skolarikos, A. Varkarakis, I., & Deliveliotis, C. (2009). Problems faced by relatives caring for cancer patients at home. International Journal Of Nursing Practice, 15(1), 1-6. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2008.01725.x Vallerand, A., Riley-Doucet, C., Hasenau, S., & Templin, T. (2004). Improving cancer pain management by homecare nurses. Oncology Nursing Forum, 31(4), 809-816. doi:10.1188/04.ONF.809-816 West, C., Dodd, M., Paul, S., Schumacher, K., Tripathy, D., Koo, P., & Miaskowski, C. (2003). The PRO-SELF(c): Pain control programan effective approach for cancer pain management. Oncology Nursing Forum, 30(1), 65-73. doi:10.1188/03

O reiki para cuidar de quem cuida

“O Reiki para Cuidar de Quem Cuida” surge de vivências hospitalares de profissionais de saúde que solicitam e recorrem a sessões do Projeto “Terapia de Reiki/Shiatsu aos profissionais de Saúde do serviço de obstetrícia e bloco de partos”, referindo dores, stress, ansiedade e mal-estar. Objetivos: dar visibilidade ao Reiki como técnica terapêutica no cuidar e avaliar o Burnout dos profissionais de saúde antes e após sessão de Reiki. Metodologia: sensibilização para Reiki e Burnout, aplicação de questionários, tratamento de dados, pesquisa bibliográfica. Resultados: os profissionais de saúde necessitam de mais informação e de mais sessões de Reiki que referem ser muito úteis e promotoras de bem-estar; encontram-se em nível Médio de Burnout, reduzindo os valores após o Reiki. Conclusões: o Reiki reduz o Burnout, a sua inclusão na prática de enfermagem traduz-se em ganhos em saúde para si e para os utentes; ABSTRACT: Title: Reiki: Caring for Those who Care “Reiki: Caring for Those who Care” arised from health personnel’s experiences who request and resort to the project’s sessions “Reiki Therapy/Shiatsu to the Health Personnel of the Maternity and of the Obstetric/Gynecological Emergency Department”, who refer pain, stress, anxiety and malaise. Objectives: Presenting Reiki as a therapeutic technique in caring and evaluate health personnel’s Burnout before and after Reiki sessions. Methods: Raising awareness to Reiki and Burnout, questionnaires, data treatment, bibliographic research. Results: Health personnel need more information and more Reiki sessions, which refer being useful and wellbeing promoters; they experience a medium level of Burnout, having this value decreased after Reiki sessions. Conclusions: Reiki reduces Burnout, and its inclusion in the nursing practice results in health personnel’s and patient’s health outcomes.

Programa de Atención Integral de la Persona Adulta Mayor (PAIPAM)

El Programa de Atención Integral de la Persona Adulta Mayor, PAIPAM, del Centro de Estudios Generales de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, tuvo su origen con un curso de sensibilización sobre el proceso de envejecimiento y la etapa de la vejez dirigido a jóvenes estudiantes universitarios(as), en 1996. Este Programa integra todas las áreas del quehacer universitario, a saber: la docencia, la extensión, la investigación, la producción y la vinculación externa con el fin de contribuir al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las personas adultas mayores, con actividades y proyectos que facilitan la convivencia amorosa entre las distintas generaciones y desde valores como la comprensión, el respeto y la solidaridad Abstract The integrated project named Programme of Comprehensive Care for Seniors (PAIPAM as per its acronym in Spanish) had its starting point in an awareness course on aging and elderly taught to freshmen students of the Humanities Department back in 1996. By the year 2000 the course had became a regular programme of the Humanities Department at the Universidad Nacional. It integrates all the academic areas of the University; namely, teaching, extension, research, production and external linkage. PAIPAM seeks to contribute to theimprovement of the quality of life of senior citizens by means of activities and projects that further facilitate a caring coexistence between generations while growing the values of understanding, respect and solidarity. 

Pedagogy of healthcare interactions. A study on pediatric well-child visits as culture-oriented and culture-making sites

This study investigates interactions between parents and pediatricians during pediatric well-child visits. Despite constituting a pivotal moment for monitoring and evaluating children’s development during the critical ‘first thousand days of life’ and for family support, no study has so far empirically investigated the in vivo realization of pediatrician-parent interactions in the Italian context, especially not from a pedagogical perspective. Filling this gap, the present study draws on a corpus of 23 videorecorded well-child visits involving two pediatricians and twenty-two families with children aged between 0 and 18 months. Combining an ethnographic perspective and conversation analysis theoretical-analytical constructs, the micro-analysis of interactions reveals how well-child visits unfold as culture-oriented and culture-making sites. By zooming into what actually happens during these visits, the analysis shows that there is much more than the “mere” accomplishment of institutionally relevant activities like assessing children’s health or giving parents advice on baby care. Rather, through the interactional ways these institutional tasks are carried out, parents and pediatricians presuppose, ratify, and transmit culturally-informed models of “normal” growth, “healthy” development, “good” caring practices, and “competent” parenting, thereby enacting a pervasive yet unnoticed educational and moral work. Inaugurating a new promising line of inquiry within Italian pedagogical research, this study illuminates how a) pediatricians work as a “social antenna”, bridging families’ private “small cultures” and broader socio-cultural models of children’s well-being and caregiving practices, and b) parents act as agentive, knowledgeable, (communicatively) competent, and caring parents, while also sensitive to the pediatrician’s ultimate epistemic and deontic authority. I argue that a video-based, micro-analysis of interactions represents a heuristically powerful instrument for raising pediatricians’ and parents’ awareness of the educational and moral density of well-child visits. Insights from this study can constitute a valuable empirical resource for underpinning medical and parental training programs aimed at fostering pediatricians’ and parents’ reflexivity.