City meadows : Vitality from a living heritage

In the middle of the hustle and bustle of a city, you may find a city meadow. A city meadow refers to a green area situated in an urban setting, the management of which aims at maintaining meadow species and facilitating outdoor recreation for city residents. Some of these green areas situated in cities are managed in a detailed and planned manner, while others have been left untended and are now wild, overgrown and in some cases impenetrable. However, all these meadows share one similarity: they play an important role in producing ecosystem services. What, then, is meant by ecosystem services? The multitude of flowers that bloom during summer, recreational opportunities, maintaining nature’s diversity, as well as filtering urban runoff are some of the everyday “services” that city meadows provide for the urban environment and its residents. This publication covers several different points of view by numerous experts on the importance of green areas in cities. The message is clear: management of city meadows improves both natural and cultural environments in a cost-effective manner. City meadows also help improve the health and enjoyment of city residents. When a green area is well-managed, the reputation and image of the surrounding properties and neighbourhood will also improve, as will their financial value!

Enteral fluid therapy through nasogastric tube in rumen cannulated goats

This paper reports the effects of fluid therapy in goats through nasogastric route with an electrolyte solution composed by concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride similar to goat plasma (140mmol/L of Na+, 4.5mmol/L of K+, 110mmol/L of Cl-). Four Alpine Chamoisee goats, two of them with evident leakage of the rumen cannulas, were used in a crossover experimental design of two periods and two groups. In one group the two goats were submitted to a treatment protocol to induce dehydration before the fluid therapy, whereas the other group was not. Fluid therapy consisted supplying 10mL/kg/h of the electrolyte solution during 8 hours. No signs of discomfort or stress were observed. The dehydration model employed caused a mild dehydration indicated by decrease in feces humidity, body weight and abdominal circumference, and increase in plasma total solids concentration. During fluid therapy globular volume and plasma total solids decreased, whereas % body weight and abdominal circumference increased. No signs of hyperhydration were observed and serum electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+) presented no significant alterations in both groups. Fluid therapy proposed in this study was efficient to treat dehydration, even for rumen cannulated animals with evident leakage, and can be administrated safely with no electrolyte imbalance.

GIS assessing traditional and modern agricultural land use/land cover change. A case study 1959-2005: Rekijoki, Somero, SW-Finland

Finland’s rural landscape has gone through remarkable changes from the 1950’s, due to agricultural developments. Changed farming practices have influenced especially traditional landscape management, and modifications in the arable land structure and grasslands transitions are notable. The review of the previous studies reveal the importance of the rural landscape composition and structure to species and landscape diversity, whereas including the relevance in presence of the open ditches, size of the field and meadow patches, topology of the natural and agricultural landscape. This land-change study includes applying remote sensed data from two time series and empirical geospatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The aims of this retrospective research is to detect agricultural landscape use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics and discuss the consequences of agricultural intensification to landscape structure covering from the aspects of landscape ecology. Measurements of LULC are derived directly from pre-processed aerial images by a variety of analytical procedures, including statistical methods and image interpretation. The methodological challenges are confronted in the process of landscape classification and combining change detection approaches with landscape indices. Particular importance is paid on detecting agricultural landscape features at a small scale, demanding comprehensive understanding of such agroecosystems. Topological properties of the classified arable land and valley are determined in order to provide insight and emphasize the aspect the field edges in the agricultural landscape as important habitat. Change detection dynamics are presented with change matrix and additional calculations of gain, loss, swap, net change, change rate and tendencies are made. Transition’s possibility is computed following Markov’s probability model and presented with matrix, as well. Thesis’s spatial aspect is revealed with illustrative maps providing knowledge of location of the classified landscape categories and location of the dynamics of the changes occurred. It was assured that in Rekijoki valley’s landscape, remarkable changes in landscape has occurred. Landscape diversity has been strongly influenced by modern agricultural landscape change, as NP of open ditches has decreased and the MPS of the arable plot has decreased. Overall change in the diversity of the landscape is determined with the decrease of SHDI. Valley landscape considered as traditional land use area has experienced major transitional changes, as meadows class has lost almost one third of the area due to afforestation. Also, remarkable transitions have occurred from forest to meadow and arable land to built area. Boundaries measurement between modern and traditional landscape has indicated noticeable proportional increase in arable land-forest edge type and decrease in arable land-meadow edge type. Probability calculations predict higher future changes for traditional landscape, but also for arable land turning into built area.

Aspectos ecológicos de um trecho de floresta de brejo em Itatinga, SP: florística, fitossociologia e seletividade de espécies

(Aspectos ecológicos de um trecho de floresta de brejo em Itatinga, SP: florística, fitossociologia e seletividade de espécies). No presente trabalho estudou-se um trecho de floresta de brejo localizada na fazenda Santa Irene, de propriedade da EUCATEX Ltda., no município de Itatinga-SP (48º38'52,2"W e 23º17'41,6"S), com uma área de 2 ha. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado através do método de censo de 1 ha do remanescente florestal, onde foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com PAP (perímetro à altura do peito) > a 15 cm. Foram amostrados 1310 indivíduos, pertencentes a 28 famílias, 34 gêneros e 39 espécies do estrato arbustivo-arbóreo. As famílias que apresentaram os maiores valores de IVC foram Clusiaceae (53,49), Burseraceae (41,30), Euphorbiaceae (31,42). Podocarpaceae (9,04), Caesalpiniaceae (6,99), Myrsinaceae (6,38), Melastomataceae (5,75), Anacardiaceae (5,70), Arecaceae (4,51) e Styracaceae (4,44). Estas 10 famílias somaram 74,50% do IVC total. As espécies de maior destaque em IVC foram Calophyllum brasiliense (53,49), Protium almecega (41,30), Pera obovata (14,46), Podocarpus sellowii (9,04), Hyeronima alchorneoides (8,68), Copaifera langsdorffii (6,99), Rapanea guianensis (5,72), Tapirira guianensis (5,70), Miconia ligustroides (5,62) e Sebastiania serrata (4,71). Tais espécies somadas perfazem 77,84% do IVC total. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H') obtido foi de 2,751 nats/indivíduos. Baseado em critérios florísticos e fitossociológicos, as espécies amostradas foram divididas em dois grupos: a) espécies peculiares, com os subgrupos de peculiares exclusivas e não exclusivas e b) complementares, com os subgrupos de áreas secas e indiferentes.

Fitossociologia de um remanescente de floresta higrófila (mata de brejo) em Campinas, SP

Foi realizado um levantamento fitossociológico em dois fragmentos de floresta higrófila (mata de brejo) no município de Campinas, SP. Em cada fragmento foram alocadas 10 parcelas contíguas de 10 m x 10 m e amostrados todos os indivíduos com PAP (perímetro à altura do peito) ³ 10 cm. Os dados dos dois fragmentos foram agrupados e analisados em conjunto. Ao todo foram amostrados 955 indivíduos de 55 espécies, 44 gêneros e 29 famílias. Foi observada baixa diversidade em espécies (H’ = 2,80 nats/indivíduo). As espécies de maior IVI, em ordem decrescente, foram Calophyllum brasiliensis (Clusiaceae), Protium almecega (Burseraceae), Styrax pohlii (Styracaceae), Syagrus romanzoffiana (Arecaceae), Talauma ovata (Magnoliaceae), Geonoma brevispatha (Arecaceae), Trichilia pallida (Meliaceae), Inga luschnathiana (Mimosaceae), Guarea macrophylla (Meliaceae) e Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae), representadas por grande número de indivíduos. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Myrtaceae (9 espécies), Lauraceae (6), Meliaceae (5), Euphorbiaceae (4) e Fabaceae (3). Essas matas são restritas a áreas de solo permanentemente encharcado e revelam um padrão florestal característico, com peculiaridades florísticas, estruturais e fisionômicas que as diferenciam das demais unidades florestais do estado de São Paulo.

Estrutura e dinâmica de uma população de Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. em floresta higrófila do sudeste do Brasil

As estruturas de tamanho e espacial de uma população de Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae) foram estudadas em uma área de 3600 m2 de floresta higrófila localizada em Brotas, SP. No primeiro censo, foram marcados 1658 indivíduos e, após um ano, este número havia aumentado para 1706. A estrutura de tamanho não mudou durante o período de estudo, com predomínio de plântulas (indivíduos £ 0,2 m) e jovens (> 0,2 - 2 m) e menor número de subadultos (> 2 - 10 m) e adultos (> 10 m). A mortalidade em plântulas (29,7%) e jovens (5,3%) foi bem maior que em subadultos (0,7%) e adultos (0%), e teve como causa principal o soterramento na época chuvosa. O maior número de plantas novas concentrou-se nos locais mais baixos da área, onde sementes trazidas pela água eram acumuladas. A taxa de recrutamento de plântulas foi alta (48,1%), e a de jovens (7,3%), subadultos (1,9%) e adultos (0%), bem menores. Plantas de todas as classes de tamanho apresentaram distribuição espacial agregada, devido à topografia do terreno, que favorece o encharcamento do solo e o acúmulo de sementes, e à presença de sementes sob os adultos reprodutivos. Dispersão de frutos por morcegos ou pela água, capacidade de sobrevivência em condições hipóxicas, estrutura de tamanho com predomínio de plântulas e jovens e crescimento da população, são os principais fatores que determinam C. brasiliense como a espécie de maior importância na floresta estudada e também em outras florestas semelhantes do sudeste do Brasil.

Vuoristojen katoava elämä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Composição florística de veredas no Município de Uberlândia, MG

Foram estudadas quatro comunidades vegetais de veredas no Municipio de Uberlândia, MG, durante dois anos com o objetivo de conhecer sua composição florística. As veredas foram percorridas por meio de trilhas estabelecidas, ao acaso, passando pela borda (local de solo mais seco), meio (solo medianamente úmido) e fundo (solo saturado com água). A freqüência de visitas à cada vereda foi mensal e o material botânico coletado foi incluído no Herbarium Uberlandense (HUFU). A identificação das espécies foi feita utilizando-se chaves analíticas, consultas a especialistas de várias famílias e/ou comparação com exsicatas devidamente identificadas e depositadas nos herbários HUFU, IBGE e UB. No levantamento florístico foram registradas 526 espécies, 250 gêneros e 89 famílias. As cinco famílias com maior número de espécies foram Poaceae (64), Asteraceae (63), Cyperaceae (54), Melastomataceae (27) e Fabaceae (23). Na zona de borda da vereda foram amostradas 361 espécies sendo 168 exclusivas deste ambiente. Um total de 300 espécies ocorreu na zona de meio, sendo 75 exclusivas. Na zona de fundo ocorreu a menor riqueza específica, compreendendo um total de 136 espécies com 52 exclusivas desta área. A grande riqueza florística encontrada nas veredas amostradas deve-se, possivelmente, às diferenças edáficas, especialmente aquelas relacionadas com a umidade.

Quantitative features of Cedrela odorata L. wood (Meliaceae)

Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) occurs in the Atlantic forest, Amazon rain forest, riparian forest of the country, and wetlands, which demand species adapted to their water conditions. Studies in ecological wood anatomy demonstrated that weather factors' variations have direct influence on the wood anatomical structure and that the fragmentation of the natural habitats is a direct cause of the edge effect which alters the abiotic aspects of the location, interfering consequently in its vegetation. A comparative analysis of 20 anatomical quantitative features of the wood structure was performed in populations of Cedrela odorata growing inside and on the edge of the swamp forest and granulometric analysis was made on the soil. The quantitative data were submitted to the Mann-Whitney's nonparametric test, presenting a statistically significant value decrease in the eleven wood features mean for the specimens growing in the edge of swamp forest.

The erythrocyte cytoskeleton protein 4.2 is not demonstrable in several mammalian species

Erythrocyte membrane proteins from 44 representative mammals were studied. Protein 4.2 was not detected in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) (N = 14), Southern Brazilian swamp large rats (Myocastor coypus) (N = 2), cutias (Dasyprocta sp) (N = 4), and horses (Equus caballus) (N = 13). These animals also presented high ankyrin concentrations except for the horse which did not exhibit a sharp band, although minor components located between proteins 2 and 3 could account for the ankyrin family. The rodents studied did present band 6, which was not detectable in other common rodents such as white rats (Rattus norvegicus) (N = 9) and mice (Mus musculus) (N = 12). Since the absence of protein 4.2 does not disrupt the cytoskeleton membrane, we suggest that it is not an essential protein. Its absence may be compensated physiologically by the higher ankyrin concentration observed.

PRODUÇÃO DE LEITE DE CABRAS PURAS NO CURIMATAÚ PARAIBANO DURANTE A LACTAÇÃO

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a produção de leite de cabras puras das raças Anglo Nubiana, Parda Alemã e British Alpine, durante 195 dias de lactação, na microrregião do Curimataú paraibano. Foram utilizados 6 animais puros de cada raça, de 2a e 3a ordem de parição. O controle leiteiro teve início 30 dias após a parição, com uma periodicidade de 15 dias, durante 195 dias, nas ordenhas matutina e vespertina, perfazendo um total de 72 coletas. A produção obtida para as raças Anglo Nubiana, Parda Alemã e British Alpine, correspondeu a 873,6, 1.162,0 e 2.069,0g, respectivamente. Foi evidenciada influência significativa (P<0,05) dos parâmetros raça, período de lactação e período de ordenha sobre a produção, não sendo observado para a raça British Alpine o efeito da lactação sobre a produção.

Effect of genotype, finishing system, and sex on physiochemical characteristics of goat meat

Seventy-eight kids of both sexes and five genotypes were used: Alpine, ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½ BA), ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine, ½ Anglo-nubian + ½ Alpine and "tricross" (½ Anglo-nubian + ¼ Boer + ¼ Alpine) with initial average weight of 14.1 ± 2.5. The objective was to evaluate the effect of genotype, finishing system, and sex on the physiochemical characteristics of goat meat. Finishing systems were: ST1 - kid + dam in pasture and ST2 - weaned kid and feedlot. Kids in ST1 were kept in an area with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, and after grazing, water and mineral salt/mix were fed ad libitum to the animals. The animals in ST2 were confined in collective pens distributed according to genotypes and received diet with 16% CP and 73% TDN. The values of pH, a* (red content), Cooking Loss (CL), and Ether Extract (EE) percentage were influenced by genotype. Values for red content (a*) and L* (brightness), CL and percentages of moisture, protein, EE, and ash were influenced by the finishing system. Longissimus dorsi muscle from animals ½ BA exhibited better physiochemical characteristics. For greater tenderness and higher percentages of fat, consumers should choose female kid goat meat.

Henkilöstöjohtamisen ja työkuorman hallinnan yhteys organisaatiositoutumiseen suomalaisilla palkansaajilla

Tutkielmassani tarkastelen henkilöstöjohtamisen sekä autonomian ja stressin eli yhdessä työkuormituksen hallinnan yhteyttä organisaatiositoutumiseen. Pohdin millä tavalla palkansaajan sitoutuminen organisaatioon rakentuu; ovatko tärkeämmässä asemassa työn hallintaan liittyvät tekijät vai organisaation panostus henkilöstöönsä? Etsin optimaalista autonomia- stressi- ja henkilöstöjohtamisen onnistuneisuustasoa, jolla palkansaajan sitoutuneisuus on maksimissaan. Pohdin myös organisatorisen sitoutumisen roolia nykytyöelämässä ja niitä motiiveja, joilla palkansaajien työnkuvien painetasapainoa ja työn tuottavuutta säädellään. Olen myös kiinnostunut mahdollisista yhteisvaikutusmekanismeista, joita organisaatiositoutumisen selittäjillä saattaa olla. Tutkimusmateriaalinani käytän kansainvälisen MEADOW -konseptin mukaista poikkileikkausaineistoa Työelämän käytännöt 2012: työntekijät (N=1711). Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytän lineaarista regressiota. Tulokset osoittavat, että suomalaiset ovat suurelta osin hyvin sitoutuneita työpaikkoihinsa ja selittäjäjoukostani tärkein tekijä tässä on henkilöstöjohtaminen. Keskitasoiseen sitoutumiseen päästään jo tyydyttävälläkin henkilöstöjohtamisella, sen sijaan korkean tason sitoutuneisuus edellyttää johtamisen onnistumista – mielellään myös jonkin verran autonomiaa. Työstressiä siedetään hyvin, jos vain henkilöstöjohtaminen tai vaihtoehtoisesti autonomia-asiat ovat kunnossa. Selittäjillä on yhteisvaikutuksia, ne täydentävät ja tarvittaessa paikkaavat toisiaan. Autonomian sitoutumista nostava efekti ja stressin sitä laskeva efekti ovat suhteellisen pienehköjä verrattuna henkilöstöjohtamisen suureen merkitykseen sitoutumisen rakentumisessa. Tulosta selittää palkansaajien korkea halu sitoutua, mutta myös henkilöstöjohtamisen kokonaisvaltaisuus. Organisaatiolta tuleva tuki ja kannustus ovat työnkuvaakin tärkeämpi tekijä sitoutumisessa. Tutkimukseni vahvistaa myös oletuksen siitä, että palkansaajan sitouttaminen on mahdollista hänen väestöllisiin taustaominaisuuksiinsa katsomatta.

Grass-endophyte coevolution and ploidy levels in fescues

ABSTRACT Fescues consist of wild and cultivated grasses that have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. They are an excellent model species for evolutionary ecology studies that investigate symbiosis and polyploidization and their effects on plant performance. First, they are frequently infected with symbiotic endophytic fungi known to affect a plant’s ability to cope with biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Second, fescue species have been reported to have substantial intraspecific variation in their ploidy level and morphology. In my thesis, I examined large-scale generalizations for frequency of polyploidy and endophyte infections and their effects on plant morphology. As a model species, I selected red (Festuca rubra) and viviparous sheep’s (F. vivipara) fescues. They are closely related, but they differ in terms of distribution and endophyte infection frequency. I investigated the biogeographic pattern and population biology of 29 red and 12 viviparous sheep’s fescue populations across ≈300 latitudes in Europe (400-690 N). To examine plant ploidy levels, I implemented time- and cost-efficient plate-based high throughput flow cytometric analysis. This efficient procedure enabled me to analyze over 1000 red fescue individuals. I found three ploidy levels among them: overall 84 %, 9 % and 7 % of the red fescue plants were hexaploid, tetraploid and octoploid, respectively. However, all viviparous sheep’s fescue plants were tetraploid. Ploidy level of red fescue appeared to some extent follow gradients in latitude and primary production as suggested by previous studies, but these results could be explained better by taking the sampling design and local adaptation into account. Three Spanish populations were mostly tetraploids and one high elevation population in northernmost Finland (Halti) was octoploid, while most other populations (25 sites) were dominated by hexaploids. Endophyte infection frequencies of wild fescue populations varied from 0 to 81 % in red fescue populations and from 0 to 30 % in viviparous sheep’s fescue populations. No gradients with latitude or primary production of the sites were detected. As taxonomy of red fescues is somewhat unclear, I also studied morphology, ploidy variation and endophyte status of proposed subspecies of European red fescues. Contrary to previous literature, different ploidy levels occurred in the same subspecies. In addition to wild fescues, I also used two agronomically important cultivars of meadow and tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix and S. pratensis). As grass-legume mixtures have an agronomic advantage over monocultures in meadows, I carried out a mixture/competition experiment with fescues and red clover to find that species composition, nutrient availability and endophyte status together determined the total biomass yield that was higher in mixtures compared to monocultures. The results of this thesis demonstrate the importance of local biotic and abiotic factors such as grazing gradients and habitat types, rather than suggested general global geographical or environmental factors on grass polyploidization or its association with symbiotic endophytic fungi. I conclude that variation in endophyte infection frequencies and ploidy levels of wild fescues support the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution. Historical incidents, e.g., glaciation and present local factors, rather than ploidy or endophyte status, determine fescue morphology.

Welland Canal Survey of Lands William May Jr., 1826

Survey map and description of William May Jr.'s land created by The Welland Canal Company. Included is a written description of the land along with a drawing of the land. The land is described as having 2 good acres and the rest being swamp. The property borders 12 mile creek in Grantham township. Noteable features include; a large pond, division line between lots 20 and 21 as well as 21 and 22, concession line. Surveyor notes are seen in pencil on the map. Click on 'detail' to see Map