云南矮马和普通马的比较细胞遗传学观察

云南矮马和普通马的比较细胞遗传学观察中科院昆明动物研究所细胞与分子进化开放研究实验室刘爱华，林世英云南省畜牧兽医科学研究所解德文分布于云南、四川、广西、贵州等省（区）有关矮马的生理生化指标和近缘分布、生态特征以及细胞遗传学等资料已有报道。本实验采用细...

Intergroup interactions in Tibetan macaques at Mt. Emei, China

Data on intergroup-interactions (I-I) were collected in 5 seasonally provisioned groups (A, B, D, D-1, and E) of Tibetan macaques (Macaca Thibetana) at Mt. Emei in three 70-day periods between 1991 April-June (P1), September-November (P2), December-1992 February (P3). The I-I were categorized as forewarning made by high-ranking males (including Branch Shaking and/or Loud Calls), long-distance interactions in space (specified by changes in their foraging movements), and close encounters (with Affinitive Behavior, Male's Herding Female, Sexual Interaction, Severe Conflict, Adult Male-male Conflict, Opportunistic Advance and Retreat, etc. performed by different age-sex classes). From periods Fl to P3, the I-I rate decreased with reduction in population density as a positive correlate of food clumpedness or the number of potential feeders along a pedestrian trail. On the other hand, from the birth season (BS, represented by P1 and P3) to the mating season (MS, represented by P2) the dominance relation between groups, which produced a winner and a loser in the encounters, became obscure; the proportion of close encounters in the I-I increased; the asymmetry (local groups over intruders) of forewarning signals disappeared; the rate of branch shaking decreased; and sometimes intergroup cohesion appeared. Considering that sexual interactions also occurred between the encountering groups, above changes in intergroup behaviors may be explained with a model of the way in which the competition for food (exclusion) and the sexual attractiveness between opposite sexes were in a dynamic equilibrium among the groups, with the former outweighing the latter in the BS, and conversely in the MS. Females made 93% of severe conflicts, which occurred in 18% of close encounters. Groups fissioned in the recent past shared the same home range, and showed the highest hostility to each other by females. In conspicuous contrast with females' great interest in intergroup food/range competition, adult male-male conflicts that were normally without body contact occurred in 66% bf close encounters; high-ranking male herding of females, which is typical in baboons, appeared in 83% of close encounters, and showed no changes with season and sexual weight-dimorphism; peripheral juvenile and subadult males were the main performers of the affinitive behaviors, opportunistic advance and retreat, and guarding at the border. In brief, all males appeared to "sit on the fence" at the border, likely holding out hope of gaining the favor of females both within and outside the group. Thus, females and males attempted to maximize reproductive values in different ways, just as expected by Darwin-Trivers' theory of sexual selection. In addition, group fission was observed in the largest and highest-ranking group for two times (both in the MS) when its size increased to a certain level, and the mother group kept their dominant position in size and rank among the groups that might encounter, suggesting that fission takes a way of discarding the "superfluous part" in order to balance the cost of competition for food and mates within a group, and the benefit of cooperation to access the resources for animals in the mother group. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Challenges for Data Sensing and Analysis

The objective of this study was to identify challenges in civil and environmental engineering that can potentially be solved using data sensing and analysis research. The challenges were recognized through extensive literature review in all disciplines of civil and environmental engineering. The literature review included journal articles, reports, expert interviews, and magazine articles. The challenges were ranked by comparing their impact on cost, time, quality, environment and safety. The result of this literature review includes challenges such as improving construction safety and productivity, improving roof safety, reducing building energy consumption, solving traffic congestion, managing groundwater, mapping and monitoring the underground, estimating sea conditions, and solving soil erosion problems. These challenges suggest areas where researchers can apply data sensing and analysis research.

Comparison of Camera Motion Estimation Methods for 3D Reconstruction of Infrastructure

Camera motion estimation is one of the most significant steps for structure-from-motion (SFM) with a monocular camera. The normalized 8-point, the 7-point, and the 5-point algorithms are normally adopted to perform the estimation, each of which has distinct performance characteristics. Given unique needs and challenges associated to civil infrastructure SFM scenarios, selection of the proper algorithm directly impacts the structure reconstruction results. In this paper, a comparison study of the aforementioned algorithms is conducted to identify the most suitable algorithm, in terms of accuracy and reliability, for reconstructing civil infrastructure. The free variables tested are baseline, depth, and motion. A concrete girder bridge was selected as the "test-bed" to reconstruct using an off-the-shelf camera capturing imagery from all possible positions that maximally the bridge's features and geometry. The feature points in the images were extracted and matched via the SURF descriptor. Finally, camera motions are estimated based on the corresponding image points by applying the aforementioned algorithms, and the results evaluated.

Machine Vision Enhanced Post-earthquake Inspection

Camera motion estimation is one of the most significant steps for structure-from-motion (SFM) with a monocular camera. The normalized 8-point, the 7-point, and the 5-point algorithms are normally adopted to perform the estimation, each of which has distinct performance characteristics. Given unique needs and challenges associated to civil infrastructure SFM scenarios, selection of the proper algorithm directly impacts the structure reconstruction results. In this paper, a comparison study of the aforementioned algorithms is conducted to identify the most suitable algorithm, in terms of accuracy and reliability, for reconstructing civil infrastructure. The free variables tested are baseline, depth, and motion. A concrete girder bridge was selected as the "test-bed" to reconstruct using an off-the-shelf camera capturing imagery from all possible positions that maximally the bridge's features and geometry. The feature points in the images were extracted and matched via the SURF descriptor. Finally, camera motions are estimated based on the corresponding image points by applying the aforementioned algorithms, and the results evaluated.

三峡水库上游消落区生态渔业模式研究

根据生态渔业系统的需要,结合不同鱼的食性和空间生态位要求,对开县当地常规放养模式的品种和结构进行了合理调整。确定以草鱼为主养鱼,鲢、鳙为配养鱼,由食性相似而价值较高的异育银鲫代替常规的鲤鱼,并套养黄颡鱼,各种鱼的放养比例大致为草鱼45.7%、异育银鲫11%、黄颡鱼0.6%、鲢25%、鳙17.8%。结果表明,该模式单产约7267.5kg/hm2,毛利润约18757.5元/hm2,增产比例为53.7%,经济效益提高143%。

微量营养物质对毛纺废水生物处理效果的影响

研究了Mg、Mo、Zn、维生素B1以及烟酸等微量营养物质对活性污泥降解CODCr活性的 影响,同时,对微量营养物质作用前后处理系统微生物群落结构进行了比较研究。试验结果表明:毛 纺废水缺乏生物处理系统所需足够的微量营养物质;不同种类和浓度的微量营养物质对活性污泥降 解CODCr活性的影响效果也不相同,Mg、Mo、Zn、雏生素B1和烟酸的最佳浓度分别为5 mg／L, 2 mg／L,1 mg／L,1 mg／L和1 mg／L;其最佳促进效果可使CODCr降解速率分别达到对照系统的 180％、140％、130％,

银鲫生殖方式多样性的转铁蛋白和同工酶标记的遗传分析

用银鲫克隆D、克隆A和鲤鱼的精子分别与银鲫克隆F的卵子受精产生了三种繁殖组合FD、LA和FL;再用转铁蛋白和同工酶标记对这三种组合的遗传模式进行比较研究。结果发现,FL���合的子代具有与其母本完全相同的体形和电泳图谱,表现出雌核生殖银鲫的克隆品性。而在FD组合中则出现了体形的分化和酶谱的多态性;在一些个体的蛋白座位上同时检测到了父本和母本各自特有的谱带,证明FD生殖过程中有性重组的发生。同时,在所研究的蛋白的不同座位上存在着极端的连锁不平衡现象,可以推断在FD的重组过程中多个基因座位组成的连锁群(甚至是染色

Taper-free and vertically oriented Ge nanowires on Ge/Si substrates grown by a two-temperature process

Taper-free and vertically oriented Ge nanowires were grown on Si (111) substrates by chemical vapor deposition with Au nanoparticle catalysts. To achieve vertical nanowire growth on the highly lattice mismatched Si substrate, a thin Ge buffer layer was first deposited, and to achieve taper-free nanowire growth, a two-temperature process was employed. The two-temperature process consisted of a brief initial base growth step at high temperature followed by prolonged growth at lower temperature. Taper-free and defect-free Ge nanowires grew successfully even at 270 °C, which is 90 °C lower than the bulk eutectic temperature. The yield of vertical and taper-free nanowires is over 90%, comparable to that of vertical but tapered nanowires grown by the conventional one-temperature process. This method is of practical importance and can be reliably used to develop novel nanowire-based devices on relatively cheap Si substrates. Additionally, we observed that the activation energy of Ge nanowire growth by the two-temperature process is dependent on Au nanoparticle size. The low activation energy (∼5 kcal/mol) for 30 and 50 nm diameter Au nanoparticles suggests that the decomposition of gaseous species on the catalytic Au surface is a rate-limiting step. A higher activation energy (∼14 kcal/mol) was determined for 100 nm diameter Au nanoparticles which suggests that larger Au nanoparticles are partially solidified and that growth kinetics become the rate-limiting step. © 2011 American Chemical Society.