An approach toward the synthesis of PPAP natural product garsubellin A: construction of the tricyclic core

In a study directed toward the bioactive natural product garsubellin A, an expedient route to the bicyclo 3.3.1]nonan-9-one bearing tricyclic core, with a bridgehead anchored tetrahydrofuran ring, is delineated. The approach emanating from commercially available dimedone involved a DIBAL-H mediated retro aldol/re-aldol cyclization cascade and a PCC mediated oxidative cyclization as the key steps. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DETERMINISTIC ALGORITHMS FOR MATCHING AND PACKING PROBLEMS BASED ON REPRESENTATIVE SETS

In this work, we study the well-known r-DIMENSIONAL k-MATCHING ((r, k)-DM), and r-SET k-PACKING ((r, k)-SP) problems. Given a universe U := U-1 ... U-r and an r-uniform family F subset of U-1 x ... x U-r, the (r, k)-DM problem asks if F admits a collection of k mutually disjoint sets. Given a universe U and an r-uniform family F subset of 2(U), the (r, k)-SP problem asks if F admits a collection of k mutually disjoint sets. We employ techniques based on dynamic programming and representative families. This leads to a deterministic algorithm with running time O(2.851((r-1)k) .vertical bar F vertical bar. n log(2)n . logW) for the weighted version of (r, k)-DM, where W is the maximum weight in the input, and a deterministic algorithm with running time O(2.851((r-0.5501)k).vertical bar F vertical bar.n log(2) n . logW) for the weighted version of (r, k)-SP. Thus, we significantly improve the previous best known deterministic running times for (r, k)-DM and (r, k)-SP and the previous best known running times for their weighted versions. We rely on structural properties of (r, k)-DM and (r, k)-SP to develop algorithms that are faster than those that can be obtained by a standard use of representative sets. Incorporating the principles of iterative expansion, we obtain a better algorithm for (3, k)-DM, running in time O(2.004(3k).vertical bar F vertical bar . n log(2)n). We believe that this algorithm demonstrates an interesting application of representative families in conjunction with more traditional techniques. Furthermore, we present kernels of size O(e(r)r(k-1)(r) logW) for the weighted versions of (r, k)-DM and (r, k)-SP, improving the previous best known kernels of size O(r!r(k-1)(r) logW) for these problems.

The Flow Theory of Mechanism-Based Strain Gradient Plasticity

The flow theory of mechanism-based strain gradient (MSG) plasticity is established in this paper following the same multiscale, hierarchical framework for the deformation theory of MSG plasticity in order to connect with the Taylor model in dislocation mechanics. We have used the flow theory of MSG plasticity to study micro-indentation hardness experiments. The difference between deformation and flow theories is vanishingly small, and both agree well with experimental hardness data. We have also used the flow theory of MSG plasticity to investigate stress fields around a stationary mode-I crack tip as well as around a steady state, quasi-statically growing crack tip. At a distance to crack tip much larger than dislocation spacings such that continuum plasticity still applies, the stress level around a stationary crack tip in MSG plasticity is significantly higher than that in classical plasticity. The same conclusion is also established for a steady state, quasi-statically growing crack tip, though only the flow theory can be used because of unloading during crack propagation. This significant stress increase due to strain gradient effect provides a means to explain the experimentally observed cleavage fracture in ductile materials [J. Mater. Res. 9 (1994) 1734, Scripta Metall. Mater. 31 (1994) 1037; Interface Sci. 3(1996) 169].

Analysis of instability of a cylindrical soap film of finite dimensions

By means of experiments of instability of a uniform cylindrical soap film, Boys had showed that the bubble molded by the film is unstable when its length is greater than its circumference. Recently that is generally called the Rayleigh Criterion. In this paper, a linear theory in hydrodynamics is applied to analyze the stability of the cylindrical soap film supported by two equal size disks; all conditions of the stationary wave on the end plates of two disks are given. From here we get that the Rayleigh Criterion on the stability of the cylindrical soap film is proved.

Shock wave diffraction and reflection around a dusty square cavity

The diffraction and reflection of planar shock wave around a dusty square cavity is investigated numerically, which is embedded in the net bottom surface of a two-dimensional channel, and the induced gas-particle two-phase now. The wave patterns at different times are obtained for three different values of the particle diameter. The computational results show that the existence of particles affects appreciably the shock wave diffraction and cavity flow.

Efecto de labranza y métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas, crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

En el ciclo de primera mayo - septiembre de 1997, en la estación experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San marcos departamento de Carazo, se realizó el presente estudio con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad y la influencia de tres sistemas de labranza (cero, mínima, convencional) y tres métodos de control de maleza, (cultural, mecánico y químico), sobre dinámica de las malezas, el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del frijol común. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Para este estudio se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas en arreglos de bloquescompletos al azar estableciéndose en .las parcelas grandes el factor labranza de suelo y en la pequeña los controles de malezas. Los datos recopilados de las variables en estudios fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y comparaciones de medias a través de Duncan al 5 por ciento de significancia. Las variables evaluadas no presentan interacción entre factores, por tanto se presentan los efectos principales de cada factor. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que labranza convencional y control químico de malezas obtuvieron los menores promedios en cuanto a abundancia y dominancia de malezas. Referente a componentes de rendimiento del frijol común, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre labranzas, pero si en cuanto a controles de malezas, el mejor comportamiento en la mayoría de dichas variables correspondió a control cultural obteniendo mayor número de vainas por plantas (10.8),y mayor peso de cien granos (17.5 g). En cuanto a rendimiento de grano, labranza convencional obtuvo los mayores rendimientos con 1 024.3 kg/ha y el control cultural de malezas con 929.4 kg/ha. Los resultados del análisis económico a través del presupuesto parcial y análisis de dominancia muestra que labranza cero y control cultural presentan la mejor tasa de retomo marginal. Los mayores beneficios netos se encontraron en el tratamiento con labranza convencional y control cultural y los menores costos variables en labranza cero y control cultural de malezas.

Comportamiento de tres cultivares clonales de quequisque (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L) Schott) en condiciones de Pacayita, Masaya, primera 2000-2001

EL objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de plantas de tres cultivares clonales de quequisque Masaya, Nueva Guinea y Apalí, en la comunidad de Pacayita, Masaya. El ensayó fue establecido siguiendo un arreglo de bloques completos al azar en un diseño unifactorial el cual constó de cuatro bloques y tres tratamientos. La unidad experimental conformada de seis surcos de l3.2 m y 1 m de separación entre los mismos, para un área de 79.2 m. En cada surco se establecieron 22 plantas por surco con una separación de 0.6 m entre ellas, y un total de 132 plantas, 237.6 m' por bloques y 1584 m' total en el ensayo. La parcela útil la conformaron los dos surcos centrales sin incluir las primeras 5 plantas, para un total de 20 plantas evaluadas. Las variables morfológicas evaluadas (Altura de planta (cm) número de hojas, grosor del pseudotallo (cm), área foliar (cm'.) y números de hijos). Los componentes de rendimiento (peso promedio por cormelo (g), diámetro (am), peso promedio por planta (g), cormelos con raíces y yemas brotadas, eventos fenológicos (velocidad de brotación y momento de cosecha) e incidencia de enfermedades fungosas y bacterianas. Los tres cultivares presentaron valores estadísticamente diferentes en las variables altura de la planta, grosor del pseudotallo , número de hojas y área foliar al menos en una de las 5 evaluaciones. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los cultivares los componentes número de cormelos por planta, peso de cormelos por planta Masaya (111 qq/mz), Apalí (93 qq/mz), y Nueva Guinea (7lqq/mz) y diámetros de cormelo. El peso promedio de los cormelos fue superior estadísticamente en el clon Masaya (112 g) con relación a Apalí (87 g) y (55 g) Nueva Guinea. La mayor cantidad de raíces y yemas brotadas las registró el cultivar Nueva Guinea lo que en parte indujo un bajo rendimiento. A los 130 dds el mayor porcentaje de plantas con síntomas de la bacteria Xanthomona campestris lo registró el cultivar Apalí con 6.3 %, Nueva Guinea 3% y Masaya 1.55 %, un leve incremento a los 195 días de 7.99 % Apalí y 4.5% para los cultivares Masaya y Nueva Guinea. Los conteo visuales de Colletrotríchum gloesporoides Penz a los 130 dds los cultivares Masaya y Nueva Guinea presentan un 12.36 %, y el cultivar Apalí con un 9 %. A los 195 dds los tres cultivares presentan una reducción de la presencia del hongo el cultivar Masaya con un 5.66 %, Nueva Guinea con 5 % y el cultivar Apalí con un 3 %.

Temas de historia argentina y americana, 2003, n° 3 (número completo)

Mayo de 1910: el imaginario a través de los discursos oficiales / María Victoria Carsen -- Sylvestre Begnis y la instauración nacional del frondicismo. 1954-1958 / Miguel Ángel De Marco (h) -- Un intento de democratización: política sindical durante el gobierno del general Lonardi (23 de septiembre al 13 de noviembre de 1955) / Guillermo E. Gini -- Del esplendor a la crisis. Las misiones guaraníes entre 1734 y 1744 /Ernesto J. A. Maeder -- El 90. La crisis económica y política vista desde la gráfica satírica de la época / Andrea Matallana -- Relaciones comerciales franco-argentinas. 1880-1914 / Hebe C. Pelosi -- Resistencia cultural a un régimen autoritario: El “sonoro” silencio de SUR durante el primer peronismo / Rosalie Sitman -- La creación musical académica argentina como reflejo de la Guerra del Paraguay / Juan María Veniard -- Reseñas Bibliográficas

Experimental Investigation Of Influence Of Interfacial Tension On Convection Of Two-Layer Immiscible Liquid

Benard-Marangoni convections of two-layer fluids heated from the bottom are investigated experimentally with a particle imagine velocimetry. The flows are visualized from the side, and various velocity fields near the onset of convection, such as three-layer vortex convective patterns, are observed when the depth ratio varies in a wide range. A new classification of the convective patterns is proposed with more detail than in previous studies. The analysis of the results indicates that the interface tension greatly influences the motion intensities of the bottom and top layers. The dimensionless wave number increases with the Bond number when the motion in the top layer is not more intense than that in the bottom layer, which agrees with the theoretical prediction.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 009]

A Comissão da Organização dos Poderes e Sistema de Governo da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) realiza debate sobre o papel das instituições brasileiras e a questão da divisão dos poderes em Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário. A Comissão é dividida em três subcomissões: Subcomissão do Poder Legislativo, Subcomissão do Poder Executivo e Subcomissão do Poder Judicário e do Ministério Público. Os senadores Afonso Arinos (PSDB-RJ) e Mário Covas (PSDB-RJ) e os deputados Aldroaldo Streck (PDT-RS) e Victor Faccioni (PDS-RS) debatem sobre o tipo de sistema de governo a ser adotado: Presidencialismo, Parlamentarismo ou o Sistema Misto. O senador José Fogaça (PMDB-RS), em entrevista, relata a preferência dos constituintes em relação ao sistema de governo a ser adotado. O deputado Egídio Ferreira Lima (PMDB-PE), relator da Comissão da Organização dos Poderes e Sistemas de Governo faz uma síntese dos assuntos abordados na Comissão. O deputado Oscar Corrêa (PFL-MG), presidente da Comissão da Organização dos Poderes e Sistema de Governo relata sobre início dos trabalhos.

Endothall species selectivity evaluation: northern latitude aquatic plant community

Species selectivity of the aquatic herbicide dipotassium salt of endothall (Aquathol® K) was evaluated on plant species typically found in northern latitude aquatic plant communities. Submersed species included Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.), Illinois pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis Morong.), sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus L.), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), elodea (Elodea canadensis Michx.) and wildcelery (Vallisneria americana L.). Emergent and floating-leaf plant species evaluated were cattail (Typha latifolia L.), smartweed (Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.), pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.) and spatterdock (Nuphar advena Aiton). The submersed species evaluations were conducted in 7000 L mesocosm tanks, and treatment rates included 0, 0.5 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/L active ingredient (ai) endothall (dipotassium salt of endothall). The exposure period consisted of a 24-h flow through half-life for 7 d. The cattail and smartweed evaluation was conducted in 860 L mesocosm tanks, and the spatterdock and pickerelweed evaluations were conducted in 1600 L mesocosm tanks. Treatment rates for the emergent and floating-leafed plant evaluations included 0, 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/L ai endothall, and the exposure period consisted of removing and replacing half the water from each tank, after each 24 h period for a duration of 120 h. Biomass samples were collected at 3 and 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). Endothall effectively controlled Eurasian watermilfoil and curlyleaf pondweed at all of the application rates, and no significant regrowth was observed at 8 WAT. Sago pondweed, wildcelery, and Illinois pondweed biomass were also significantly reduced following the endothall application, but regrowth was observed at 8 WAT. Coontail and elodea showed no effects from endothall application at the 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L application rates, but coontail was controlled at 4.0 mg/L rate. Spatterdock, pickerelweed, cattail, and smartweed were not injured at any of the endothall application rates.

Redescription of Hypoptopoma inexspectata (Holmberg, 1883), with notes on its anatomy (Siluriformes: Loricariidae).

Hypoptopoma inexspectata is diagnosed and redescribed based on the examination of additional material and comparison with its congeners. This poorly known hypoptopomine species is distributed in the Paraguay and Paraná river draínages. Hypoptopoma inexspectata is diagnosable based on the autapomorphy biserial arrangement of anterior snout rostral margin odontodes, laterally extended to limit between second and third infraorbital plates, with dorsally directed dorsad series separated from ventrally directed ventrad series by a narrow odontode-free area, which at the level of first and second infraorbital plates is reduced to a dividing line of the series. The species can be further distinguished by the combination (1) low number of canal-bearing lateral plates (20-22, typically 21), (2) presence of a shield of prepectoral dermal plates, (3) arrangement of abdominal plates in one paired series of 3-5 plates, (4) shorter least interorbital distance 4856% head lengh, (5) larger horizontal eye diameter 17-20% head lengh, and (6) least orbit-nare distance 812% head lengh. Intraspecific variation skull dermal bones, neuracranium and suspensorium bones, dermal plates, adipose fin is reported. (PDF has 20 pages.)

Travels in Brazil

Teve sua primeira edição publicada em Londres, em 1816. No ano seguinte, foi confeccionada uma segunda edição, que, em seguida, foi traduzida para o alemão e para o francês, esta sob o título Voyages dans la partie septentrionale du Brésil, depuis 1809 jusqu'en 1815..., em dois volumes. Muito bem recebida pela crítica, logo tornou-se um trabalho clássico sobre o Nordeste do Brasil.

Abbildungen zur naturgeschichte brasiliens : herausgegeben Von Maximilian, Prinzen Von Wied-Neuwied = Recueil de Planches coloriées d'animaux Du Brésil / publie par S.A.S. le Prince Maximilien de Wied-Neuwied

Abbildungen zur naturgeschichte brasiliens é uma magnífica obra publicada em fascículos, cada um deles contendo seis lâminas e seis folhas de texto. As estampas, coloridas, foram gravadas em metal e o texto explicativo apresenta-se em alemão e francês. As gravuras representam espécies da fauna brasileira identificadas pelo autor durante a expedição científica que, juntamente com os naturalistas Georg Freyreiss e Friedrich Sellow, empreendeu ao brasil entre 1815 e 1817. Segundo Borba de Moraes trata-se de edição "muito rara nos dias de hoje".

Codigo Brasiliense, ou, Collecção das leis, alvarás, decretos, cartas regias &c., promulgadas no Brasil desde a feliz chegada do Principe Regente N. S. a estes Estados

O Codigo Brasiliense reúne as primeiras leis promulgadas em solo brasileiro, desde o ano de 1808 até 1822, abrangendo todo o Período Joanino. Essas leis fazem parte dos primeiros impressos produzidos pela Impressão Regia, possuindo, portanto, a característica de incunábulos brasileiros. Segundo pesquisa da John Carter Brown Library, existem várias versões tipograficamente diferentes, não encadernadas, impressas possivelmente em Lisboa. As diferenças podem ser detectadas, particularmente, pela capital ornamentada E, cuja variante digitalizada encontra-se no site daquela instituição. É muito raro encontrar em um mesmo acervo os 3 volumes que compõem o Código e, mais ainda, encontrar exemplares completos. É obra importantíssima para a memória brasileira.