A história da ciência e o objeto de seu estudo: confrontos entre a ciência periférica, a ciência central e a ciência marginal

The historiography of science has undergone a profound change from the traditional perspective of a few decades ago, according to which only mainstream science was worth pursuing as a research field. Such a restricted outlook was not conducive to a thorough understanding of the whole process of the construction of science. New approaches have breathed new life into the discipline, taking into account not only scientific endeavours from so-called peripheral societies, but also from different quarters within or close to the central groups. From this a new and far more interesting view has emerged, showing a complex and richer texture.

Sähköinen tarkastuslista rakennusteollisuuden laadunvalvonnan tukena

Rakennusteollisuus on tunnettu useita muita aloja hitaammasta uuden teknologian käyttöönotosta. Yleisesti käytössä on hyvin perinteinen paperia ja kynää hyödyntävä tiedontallennuskäytäntö. Paperin käytössä tiedon tallennusvälineenä on useita ongelmia kuten säilytettävyys ja hallittavuus, joista päästään eroon siirtymällä sähköiseen tiedon tallennukseen. Laadun varmistamiseksi voidaan käyttää tarkastuslistoja, jotka toimivat tarkastuksien suorittajan muistin tukena. Muutettaessa tarkastuslista sähköiseen muotoon, voidaan välttyä paperisen tarkastuslistan ongelmilta, kuten käsialan tunnistamiselta ja merkintätapojen vaihtelevuudelta. Tässä diplomityössä käsitellään rakennusteollisuuden laadunhallinnan nykytilaa sekä sähköisen tarkastuslistan käyttöä rakennusteollisuuden laadunvalvonnassa. Lisäksi esitellään prototyyppi sähköisestä tarkastuslistasta osana laadunvalvontaa. Sähköinen tarkastuslista toteutetaan dynaamisesti niin, että tarkastuslistojen pohjalta on mahdollista luoda käyttöliittymä kyseessä olevan listan mukaisesti päätelaitteelle. Sähköisen tarkastuslistan prototyyppi on toteutettu WWW-sovelluspalveluna (World Wide Web), joka mahdollistaa useiden erilaisten päätelaitteiden hyödyntämisen.

Back to the island of calm: mallorcan human traditional medicine and ethnobotany

This study reveals that a successful ethnobotanical survey can take place still nowadays, even close to one of the hotspots of tourism in the Mediterranean coast. This is the first approach in this field entirely based on interviews with local people in Mallorca. An amount of 235 informants has been inquired from all the 53 municipalities of the island. The data collected have been analyzed from the botanical and ethnographical points of view, and managed using the online platform of our research team (details at www.etnobiofic.cat). The Mallorcan ethnopharmacopoeia includes 255 plant taxa referring more than 150 medicinal use categories. Ethnomedical queries as the one here presented contribute to the knowledge of the traditional use of plants of the island and appreciate the benefits of this knowledge, applied to the present and future of its society.

Back to the island of calm: Mallorcan human traditional medicine and ethnobotany

This study reveals that a successful ethnobotanical survey can take place still nowadays, even close to one of the hotspots of tourism in the Mediterranean coast. This is the first approach in this field entirely based on interviews with local people in Mallorca. An amount of 235 informants has been inquired from all the 53 municipalities of the island. The data collected have been analyzed from the botanical and ethnographical points of view, and managed using the online platform of our research team (details at www.etnobiofic.cat). The Mallorcan ethnopharmacopoeia includes 255 plant taxa referring more than 150 medicinal use categories. Ethnomedical queries as the one here presented contribute to the knowledge of the traditional use of plants of the island and appreciate the benefits of this knowledge, applied to the present and future of its society.

Construction and validation of a scoring system for the selection of high-quality data in a Spanish population primary care database (SIDIAP)

Background Computerised databases of primary care clinical records are widely used for epidemiological research. In Catalonia, the InformationSystem for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) aims to promote the development of research based on high-quality validated data from primary care electronic medical records. Objective The purpose of this study is to create and validate a scoring system (Registry Quality Score, RQS) that will enable all primary care practices (PCPs) to be selected as providers of researchusable data based on the completeness of their registers. Methods Diseases that were likely to be representative of common diagnoses seen in primary care were selected for RQS calculations. The observed/ expected cases ratio was calculated for each disease. Once we had obtained an estimated value for this ratio for each of the selected conditions we added up the ratios calculated for each condition to obtain a final RQS. Rate comparisons between observed and published prevalences of diseases not included in the RQS calculations (atrial fibrillation, diabetes, obesity, schizophrenia, stroke, urinary incontinenceand Crohn’s disease) were used to set the RQS cutoff which will enable researchers to select PCPs with research-usable data. Results Apart from Crohn’s disease, all prevalences were the same as those published from the RQS fourth quintile (60th percentile) onwards. This RQS cut-off provided a total population of 1 936 443 (39.6% of the total SIDIAP population). Conclusions SIDIAP is highly representative of the population of Catalonia in terms of geographical, age and sex distributions. We report the usefulness of rate comparison as a valid method to establish research-usable data within primary care electronic medical records

Kaukojäähdytysverkon rakennevaihtoehdot

Kaukojäähdytyksellä tarkoitetaan keskitetysti tuotetun jäähdytysenergian jakamista kiinteistöihin jakeluverkossa kiertävän kylmän veden välityksellä, eli kaukojäähdytys on ulkoistettu jäähdytysratkaisu. Jäähdytysenergiaa tarvitaan työtehon, viihtyisyyden ja sisäilman laadun parantamiseksi, sekä joidenkin prosessien tarpeisiin. Siinä missä perinteinen kiinteistökohtainen jäähdytysjärjestelmä tuottaa jäähdytysenergian sähköllä, käytetään kaukojäähdytyksessä jäähdytysenergian tuottamiseen sellaisia resursseja, jotka muuten jäisivät käyttämättä. Tästä syystä kaukojäähdytys vähentää merkittävästi hiilidioksidipäästöjä, jonka lisäksi kaukojäähdytys vähentää kylmäkoneissa käytettävien kylmäaineiden aiheuttamia kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä. Kaukolämpöverkkoa muistuttavan kaukojäähdytysverkon rakentaminen vaatii suuria investointeja. Nykyisin jakeluverkon rakenteena käytetään 2Mpuk- rakennetta, jonka todettiin olevan teknistaloudellisesti soveltuvin vaihtoehto Helsingin Energian kaukojäähdytysverkkoon. Myös PE 100 putkia voitaisiin käyttää PN 16 paineluokassa alle DN 300 kokoluokkaa vastaavissa johdoissa, ja PN 10 paineluokassa alle DN 400 johdoissa. Kaukolämpöverkon paineluokan valinta vaikuttaa oleellisesti investointikustannuksiin PE- putkilla ja joillekin alueille kannattanee rakentaa alemman paineluokan omaava erillisverkko PE- putkista. Happidiffuusion kautta PE- putkista pääsee jonkin verran happea verkkoon, mutta määrät ovat melko pieniä, eikä muitakaan teknisiä esteitä hyvin korroosiota kestävien PE- putkien käytölle ole. 2Mpuk- rakenteelle suurimman riskin aiheuttaa elementtien liitoskohdista teräsputken pinnalle pääsevä ulkopuolinen vesi. Koska kaukojäähdytysjohdot ovat lisäksi yleensä ympäristöä kylmempiä, kondensoivat ne vettä pinnallensa kaukolämpöjohdoista poiketen. Ulkopuolisen veden aiheuttamaa riskiä voitaisiin pienentää eristämällä liitoskohdat sähkömuhveilla. Verkoston rakentamiskustannuksia ja liikenteelle aiheutuvia haittoja voidaan vähentää ojattomia rakentamismenetelmiä, kuten suuntaporausta käyttämällä.

Estudi per a la construcció de l'EDAR mitjançant filtres verds de la Nou de Gaià (Tarragonès)

El tractament de les aigües en nuclis menors de 2000 habitants es troba pendent de completar per part de l’Agència Catalana de l’Aigua més concretament al corresponent Pla de Sanejament d’Aigües Residuals Urbanes (PSARU). El nucli de La Nou de Gaià (al Tarragonès) es troba pendent de la construcció de la corresponent instal·lació de sanejament, projectada al 2007. Alternativament a les depuradores tradicionals basades en l’ús de formigó (o materials alternatius) i en la despesa elèctrica per assegurar una aeració i una evacuació dels fangs generats, existeixen tecnologies “toves”. Aquestes tecnologies, també conegudes com a “verdes”, es basen en imitar els sistemes naturals maximitzant el seu potencial d’autodepuració. A grans trets existeixen dos formes de depurar les aigües de forma ecològica”: llacunatges (existeix una capa d’aigua lliure) i filtres verds. El present estudi es basa en l’aplicació de filtres verds de morfologia vertical i flux subsuperficial, plantat amb canyes dels generes Scirpus o Phragmites. El resultat han estat 4 bases de 35*35 per a tractar un cabal de 150 m3/d i una població equivalent de 1272.

The construction of infant and primary school teachers’ identity during their initial professional development and first years of work (Identidoc). Summary, main results and contributions

Educators who are currently beginning their professional career at any level of the educationalsystem and who will likely have to work during the next thirty to forty years will be takingpart in the education of individuals who, with the permission of prophets and doomsayers,will live part of their lives in the 22nd century. That long but simple statement causes a bit ofvertigo as well as a good amount of reflection on the part of we educators who were trainedin the 20th century, are working in the 21st century, and are responsible for preparing peopleto build a tomorrow that is already today (Millán and Sancho, 1995). This is the starting pointof our research groups’ interest in exploring how men and women who have graduated fromteacher education programs with specializations in infant and primary education learn to beteachers, and how they establish and position themselves as teachers during their university studies and the first years of their professional life...

The construction of infant and primary school teachers’ identity during their initial professional development and first years of work (Identidoc). Summary, main results and contributions

Educators who are currently beginning their professional career at any level of the educationalsystem and who will likely have to work during the next thirty to forty years will be takingpart in the education of individuals who, with the permission of prophets and doomsayers,will live part of their lives in the 22nd century. That long but simple statement causes a bit ofvertigo as well as a good amount of reflection on the part of we educators who were trainedin the 20th century, are working in the 21st century, and are responsible for preparing peopleto build a tomorrow that is already today (Millán and Sancho, 1995). This is the starting pointof our research groups’ interest in exploring how men and women who have graduated fromteacher education programs with specializations in infant and primary education learn to beteachers, and how they establish and position themselves as teachers during their university studies and the first years of their professional life...

The construction of infant and primary school teachers’ identity during their initial professional development and first years of work (Identidoc). Summary, main results and contributions

Educators who are currently beginning their professional career at any level of the educationalsystem and who will likely have to work during the next thirty to forty years will be takingpart in the education of individuals who, with the permission of prophets and doomsayers,will live part of their lives in the 22nd century. That long but simple statement causes a bit ofvertigo as well as a good amount of reflection on the part of we educators who were trainedin the 20th century, are working in the 21st century, and are responsible for preparing peopleto build a tomorrow that is already today (Millán and Sancho, 1995). This is the starting pointof our research groups’ interest in exploring how men and women who have graduated fromteacher education programs with specializations in infant and primary education learn to beteachers, and how they establish and position themselves as teachers during their university studies and the first years of their professional life...

The construction of infant and primary school teachers’ identity during their initial professional development and first years of work (Identidoc). Summary, main results and contributions

Educators who are currently beginning their professional career at any level of the educationalsystem and who will likely have to work during the next thirty to forty years will be takingpart in the education of individuals who, with the permission of prophets and doomsayers,will live part of their lives in the 22nd century. That long but simple statement causes a bit ofvertigo as well as a good amount of reflection on the part of we educators who were trainedin the 20th century, are working in the 21st century, and are responsible for preparing peopleto build a tomorrow that is already today (Millán and Sancho, 1995). This is the starting pointof our research groups’ interest in exploring how men and women who have graduated fromteacher education programs with specializations in infant and primary education learn to beteachers, and how they establish and position themselves as teachers during their university studies and the first years of their professional life...

From "being to the self" to "become to be": on development of autonomy construction in nursing students

Objective: To understand nursing student's self-consciousness and his/her autonomy in the discipline of fundamentals of professional care in the context of a liberating pedagogical proposal. Methodology. This qualitative, case-based research in the model of Ludke and André involved 14 students participating in the discipline. Data were collected by non-participatory observation and analysis of documents. Field observation was conducted from March to July 2010 and data were collected according to the proposal of Minayo: pre-analysis, exploration of material and treatment of results. Results. We constructed two thematic units of analysis: from "being to the self" and exercise of "become to be". Conclusion. When nursing students feel more liberty, they have the opportunity to substitute the scary prospect of learning something new material to something that motivates their curiosity and leads them to become more autonomous.

Construction and application of a portable microcontrolled turbidimeter for the in situ determination of sulfate

This study reports on the construction of a turbidimeter employing light emitting diodes as radiation source at a wavelength of 405 nm, a photodiode as detector, a temperature sensor and a microcontroller used for data acquisition and processing. The turbidimeter was applied to determine sulfate concentrations in natural water employing barium chloride as reagent. Potential interferences and recovery studies were performed and an interference of 3.5 % and a recovery between 97.8 and 108 % were estimated. The analytical performance of in situ turbidimeter for the determination of sulfate was evaluated and compared with two commercial spectrophotometers and a good agreement was obtained.

Traditional and transgenic strategies for controlling tomato-infecting begomoviruses

Viruses of to the family Geminiviridae are considered some of the most important pathogens in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Members of one Geminiviridae genus, Begomovirus, have been causing severe losses, particularly in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) production in the Americas and the Caribbean. Several new begomoviruses have been reported in the region and, at least one, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), has been brought in from the Old World via infected transplants. In addition, the recombination events that are playing an important role in Begomovirus diversity have increased the complexity of their control. This scenario has led to the search for control measures that go beyond traditional host genetic resistance, chemical controls and cultural practices. In this review, besides the recommended classical control measures, transgenic approaches will be discussed, as well as the mechanisms involved in their successful control of viruses.

Suurlujuusterästen suuren lujuuden ja pienen murtovenymän tuomat erityispiirteet teräsrakenteen suunnittelijalle

Suurlujuusteräskonstruktioiden suunnittelu eroaa perinteisten rakenneterästen vastaavasta lukuisten lisähuomiota vaativien ilmiöiden ja seikkojen osalta, jotka kytkeytyvät toisiinsa rakenteen valmistettavuuden ja toiminnallisuuden kautta. Lujuuden sallima vapaampi suunnittelu esimerkiksi ohuempine materiaalivahvuuksineen ja näennäisesti vapaampine elementtigeometrioineen kumuloituu suurlujuusteräsmateriaalin kautta vaativampana työstettävyytenä. Tämä heijastuu suunnittelijalle materiaalin pienen murtovenymän ja käytettävissä olevat laitteistoresurssien kautta. Suurlujuusterästen muovaaminen vaatii perinteisiin rakenneteräksiin nähden suurempaa voimankäyttöä, mutta pieni murtovenymä rajoittaa saavutettavissa olevia muotoja. Materiaalivahvuuksien muuttuessa vaatii hitsausliitosten suunnittelu esimerkiksi railomuotojen uudelleensuunnittelua, sekä lämmöntuonnin aiheuttamien muutosten tarkempaa huomioimista. Näiden yhteensovittaminen ohjaa suunnittelijan poikkeuksetta hakemaan ratkaisuja erilaisista hitsausaineista ja -prosesseista. Suuren lujuuden ja pienen murtovenymän suurlujuusteräselementtien mekaanisten ominaisuuksien ja erilaisen elementtigeometrian yhdistelmänä kumuloituva rakennetekninen käyttäytyminen eroaa selvästi perinteisistä teräslaaduista. Yksittäisten elementtien suhteen korostuvat esimerkiksi stabiliteettiomiinaisuudet, sekä kokonaisten rakenteiden suhteen liitosratkaisujen vaikutus koko konstruktion toimintaan. Onnistuneella suurlujuusteräsuunnittelulla saavutettuja etuja ovat käyttökohteesta riippuen esimerkiksi kymmenien prosenttien massa- ja kustannussäästöjen kautta kumuloituvat konstruktion toiminnalliset edut. Suuren lujuuden terästen materiaaliteknisten erityispiirteiden suhteen ei kuitenkaan ole tarjolla perinteisiä rakenneteräksiä vastaavaa määrää yhteisesti sovittuja standardoituja suunnitteluohjeita. Tämän johdosta korostuu suunnittelijan kyky hahmottaa teräsmateriaalin lujuusluokan taakse piiloutuvat ilmiöt, sekä materiaalitekniset erityispiirteet ja niiden kytkeytyminen toisiinsa valmistettavuuden ja toiminnallisuuden kautta.