919 resultados para Tracing
Resumo:
Este artículo revisa el papel clave que los métodos de estudio de casos han jugado en el estudio de las relaciones internacionales, especialmente en los estudios de Estados Unidos. Los estudios de caso en el subcampo de Relaciones Internacionales no son los estudios inconexos, a-teóricos e ideográficos que sus críticos censuran. Estos forman un conjunto cada vez más estandarizado y riguroso y, junto con el trabajo estadístico y formal, han contribuido a mejorar de forma acumulativa el entendimiento de la política mundial. El artículo analiza y revisa ejemplos de criterios de selección de casos (incluyendo los menos probables, menos y más similares y los casos desviados); la innovación conceptual; teorías tipológicas, tipologías explicativas, el análisis comparativo cualitativo y el análisis de conjuntos difusos; el proceso de rastreo, y la integración de múltiples métodos
Resumo:
El presente trabajo trata de realizar un diagnóstico de la situación de los ambientes del norte de Córdoba en general, y de los departamentos Río Seco, Tulumba y Sobremonte en particular, rastreando las causas del deterioro de los ecosistemas involucrados. Se analizan así, las formas de apropiación de la naturaleza y valorización de los recursos naturales que hicieron las sociedades a través del tiempo. El modelo político-económico dominante a escala nacional repercutió fuertemente sobre las actividades productivas mas importantes de la región, basadas en una ganadería extensiva bovina y caprina y en la tala del monte para obtención de leña y carbón. Estas actividades desarrolladas tradicionalmente por unidades domésticas, hoy, en gran parte, han sido reemplazadas por el cultivo de soja. La crisis de las modalidades productivas locales así, como los cambios acaecidos en los procesos de trabajo de los cultivos de soja que limitan notablemente las posibilidades de inserción laboral estacional, agravan las condiciones de subsistencia de las familias de la región. El marco teórico se construye a partir del diálogo entre las perspectivas historicistas y los enfoques renovados en geografía, ya que ofrecen un amplio arco de vertientes que intentan explicar el estado actual de un territorio a partir del largo proceso de intervenciones humanas, a menudo teñido de diversas irracionalidades. El trabajo tiene como objetivo, mostrar la indisoluble e irreductible relación sociedad-naturaleza. En efecto, el empobrecimiento por degradación de una, conlleva al deterioro y al agravamiento de la situación de la otra. En este caso, el deterioro de los bosques y ecosistemas en general, paralelo a la crisis económica local, coloca a las poblaciones de los departamentos Río Seco, Tulumba y Sobremonte del norte de cordobés, en los márgenes del sistema.
Resumo:
A unique record of the chemical evolution of seawater during hydrothermal recharge into oceanic crust is preserved by anhydrite from the volcanic sequences and sheeted dike complex in ODP Hole 504B. Chemical and isotopic analyses 87Sr/86Sr, delta18O, delta34S of anhydrite constrain the changing composition of fluids due to reaction with basalt. There is a general trend of decreasing 87Sr/86Sr of anhydrite, corresponding to the minor incorporation of basaltic strontium with depth in the volcanic rocks. 87Sr/86Sr ratios decrease rapidly with depth in the dikes to values identical to host basalt (0.7029). Sr/Ca ratios (<0.1 mmol/mol) suggest that recharge fluids have very low Sr concentrations and fluids evolve by first precipitating Sr-bearing phases before extensive exchange of Sr with the host basalt. There is a background trend of decreasing sulfate delta18O with depth from +12-13? in the lower volcanics to +7? in the lower sheeted dikes recording an increase in recharge fluid temperature from c. 150° to c. 250°C, and confirming the presence of sulfate in hydrothermal fluids at elevated temperatures. From the amount of anhydrite recovered from Hole 504B and the amount of seawater sulfur that has been reduced to sulfide, a minimum seawater recharge flux can be calculated. This value is 4-25 times lower than estimates of high-temperature fluid fluxes based on either thermal constraints or global chemical budgets and suggests that there is significant deficit of seawater-derived sulfur in the oceanic crust. Only a minor proportion of the seawater that percolates into the crust near the axis is heated to high temperatures and exits as black smoker-type fluids. A significant proportion of the axial heat loss must be advected at 200-250°C by sulfate-bearing hydrothermal solutions that egress diffusely from the crust. These fluids penetrate into the dikes and exchange both heat and chemical tracers without the extensive clogging of porosity by anhydrite precipitation, which would halt hydrothermal circulation for any reasonable fluid flux. The heating of the major proportion of hydrothermal fluids to only moderate temperatures (c. 250°C) reconciles estimates of hydrothermal fluxes derived from thermal models and global geochemical budgets. The flux of hydrothermal sulfate would be of a magnitude similar to the riverine input, and oxygen-isotopic exchange at 200-250°C between dissolved sulfate and recharge fluids during hydrothermal circulation provides a mechanism to continuously buffer seawater sulfate oxygen to the light isotopic composition observed.
Resumo:
Para los estudiosos de Max Aub, ha sido un rompecabezas intentar averiguar cuál es el límite entre la ficción y la realidad en la novela histórica Jusep Torres Campalans, basada en una ingente documentación sobre Picasso y el ambiente artístico parisino previo a 1914. Tendíamos a creer que el personaje de Ana María Merkel, la compañera del pintor, era totalmente inventado, pero esta mujer, coetánea de Max Aub, realmente existió, y la dificultosa búsqueda de su rastro nos descubre la penuria de la imagen de las mujeres artistas en la literatura, fiel reflejo de la tradicional desigualdad en el reconocimiento social de su valía.
Resumo:
La pregunta que guía la investigación es cómo son entendidos los juegos, los deportes, las gimnasias y la higiene en la Revista de Medicina aplicada a los deportes, educación física y trabajo, entre los años 1935, momento de su fundación, y 1940. Se trata de la divulgación oficial de la Filial Argentina de la Unión Internacional de Médicos del Deporte. Se entiende a la publicación como una forma de legitimar y deslegitimar, desde el discurso médico, ciertos comportamientos relativos al cuerpo de las personas. Se plantean como objetivos: a) Comprender a la Revista de medicina aplicada a los deportes, educación física y trabajo en relación al contexto argentino e internacional de la última mitad de la década de 1930; b) Analizar el discurso médico como legitimador/deslegitimador de prácticas corporales en la publicación en cuestión; y c) Indagar las formas en que son entendidos los juegos, los deportes, las gimnasias y la higiene. Se opta por una metodología de tipo cualitativa o no estándar y por la técnica de rastreo bibliográfico
Resumo:
Este artículo revisa el papel clave que los métodos de estudio de casos han jugado en el estudio de las relaciones internacionales, especialmente en los estudios de Estados Unidos. Los estudios de caso en el subcampo de Relaciones Internacionales no son los estudios inconexos, a-teóricos e ideográficos que sus críticos censuran. Estos forman un conjunto cada vez más estandarizado y riguroso y, junto con el trabajo estadístico y formal, han contribuido a mejorar de forma acumulativa el entendimiento de la política mundial. El artículo analiza y revisa ejemplos de criterios de selección de casos (incluyendo los menos probables, menos y más similares y los casos desviados); la innovación conceptual; teorías tipológicas, tipologías explicativas, el análisis comparativo cualitativo y el análisis de conjuntos difusos; el proceso de rastreo, y la integración de múltiples métodos
Resumo:
El trabajo describe la trayectoria de la Revista a partir de la evocación que su cuarta época realiza de una ?tradición ilustre? de las Ciencias de la Educación en la UNLP y en la Facultad, desde su origen dentro de la Sección Pedagógica de otra Facultad, la Facultad de Derecho, hasta la creación de la Facultad de CE y su posterior inclusión en la actual estructura de la Facultad. Después de una descripción panorámica sobre todo el período cronológico, se privilegia su incidencia en la construcción institucional y se rastrea el papel que algunos personajes fundamentales -los innovadores- tuvieron en ésta. El desarrollo de esta historia suscitará preguntas imprescindibles para pensar la historia de una Facultad que a pesar de ser la primera facultad pedagógica de América y de tener más de 100 años, aún no tiene armada su propia cronología de historia institucional
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A 450 year spring-summer flood layer time series at seasonal resolution has been established from the varved sediment record of Lake Ammersee (southern Germany), applying a novel methodological approach. The main results are (1) the attainment of a precise chronology by microscopic varve counting, (2) the identification of detrital layers representing flood-triggered fluxes of catchment material into the lake, and (3) the recognition of the seasonality of these flood layers from their microstratigraphic position within a varve. Tracing flood layers in a proximal and a distal core and correlating them by application of the precise chronology provided information on the depositional processes. Comparing the seasonal flood layer record with daily runoff data of the inflowing River Ammer for the period from 1926 to 1999 allowed the definition of an approximate threshold in flood magnitude above which the formation of flood layers becomes very likely. Moreover, it was possible for the first time to estimate the "completeness" of the flood layer time series and to recognize that mainly floods in spring and summer, representing the main flood seasons in this region, are well preserved in the sediment archive. Their frequency distribution over the entire 450 year time series is not stationary but reveals maxima for colder periods of the Little Ice Age when solar activity was reduced. The observed spring-summer flood layer frequency further shows trends similar to those of the occurrence of flood-prone weather regimes since A.D. 1881, probably suggesting a causal link between solar variability and changes in midlatitude atmospheric circulation patterns.
Resumo:
High-resolution analyses of the oxygen isotope ratio (18O/16O) of dissolved sulfate in pore waters have been made to depths of >400 meters below seafloor (mbsf) at open-ocean and upwelling sites in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. d18O values of dissolved sulfate (d18O-SO4) at the organic-poor open-ocean Site 1231 gave compositions close to modern seawater (+9.5 per mil vs. Vienna-standard mean ocean water, providing no chemical or isotopic evidence for microbial sulfate reduction (MSR). In contrast, the maximum d18O values at Sites 1225 and 1226, which contain higher organic matter contents, are +20 per mil and +28 per mil, respectively. Depth-correlative trends of increasing d18O-SO4, alkalinity, and ammonium and the presence of sulfide indicate significant oxidation of sedimentary organic matter by sulfate-reducing microbial populations at these sites. Although sulfate concentration profiles at Sites 1225 and 1231 both show similarly flat trends without significant net MSR, d18O-SO4 values at Site 1225 reveal the presence of significant microbial sulfur-cycling activity, which contrasts to Site 1231. This activity may include contributions from several processes, including enzyme-catalyzed equilibration between oxygen in sulfate and water superimposed upon bacterial sulfate reduction, which would tend to shift d18O-SO4 toward higher values than MSR alone, and sulfide oxidation, possibly coupled to reduction of Fe and Mn oxides and/or bacterial disproportionation of sulfur intermediates. Large isotope enrichment factors observed at Sites 1225 and 1226 (epsilon values between 42 per mil and 79 per mil) likely reflect concurrent processes of kinetic isotope fractionation, equilibrium fractionation between sulfate and water, and sulfide oxidation at low rates of sulfate reduction. The oxygen isotope ratio of dissolved pore water sulfate is a powerful tool for tracing microbial activity and sulfur cycling by the deep biosphere of deep-sea sediments.
Resumo:
The influence of fluid flux on petrogenesis in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc was investigated using ion microprobe measurements of B/Be and boron isotope ratios (11B/10B) to document the source and relative volumes of the fluids released from the subducting oceanic plate. We analyzed young lavas from eight different islands along the Tonga-Kermadec Arc, as well as glass shards in volcanic sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 840, which record the variations in the chemistry of Tonga magmatism since 7 Ma. B/Be is variable (5.8-122), in young Tonga-Kermadec Arc lavas. In contrast, glass shards from around 3 to 4 Ma old volcanic sediments at Site 840 have the highest B/Be values yet reported for arc lavas (18-607). These values are too high to be related simply to a sediment influence on petrogenesis. Together with very high d11B values (-11.6 to +37.5) for the same shards and lavas these data indicate that most of the B is derived from fluid escaped from the subducting altered Pacific oceanic crust, rather than from sediment. High d11B values also reflect large degrees of isotopic fractionation in this cold fast subduction zone. Lower d11B values noted in the Kermadec Arc (17 to -4.4) are related to the influence of sediment eroded from New Zealand and slower convergence. High fluid flux (B/Be) is synchronous in Tonga and the Marianas at 3 to 4 Ma and may be related to acceleration of the Pacific Plate just prior to this time. The timing of maximum B/Be at 3 to 4 Ma correlates with maximum light rare earth (LREE) and high field strength element depletion. This suggests maximum degrees of partial melting at this time. Although thinning of the arc lithosphere during rifting to form the Lau Basin is expected to influence the arc geochemistry, variable aqueous fluid flux from the subducting plate alone appears capable of explaining boron and other trace element systematics in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc with no indication of slab melting.
Resumo:
Platinum-group elements (PGE), rhenium and osmium isotope data are reported for basalts from Deep Sea Drilling Project cores in the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP). Lithophile trace element and isotopic characteristics indicate a range of source components including DMM, EMII and subduction-enriched mantle. MORB-like basalts possess smooth, inclined chondrite-normalised PGE patterns with high palladium-PGE/iridium-PGE ratios, consistent with previously published data for MORB, and with the inferred compatibility of PGE. In contrast, while basalts with EMII-type lithophile element chemistry possess high Pt/Ir ratios, many have much lower Pd/Ir and unusually high Ru/Ir of >10. Similarly, back-arc samples from the Shikoku and Parece-Vela basins have very high Ru/Ir ratios (>30) and Pd/Ir as low as 1.1. Such extreme Pd/Ir and Ru/Ir ratios have not been previously reported in mafic volcanic suites and cannot be easily explained by variable degrees of melting, fractional crystallisation or by a shallow-level process such as alteration or degassing. The data appear most consistent with sampling of at least two mantle components with distinct PGE compositions. Peridotites with the required PGE characteristics (i.e. low Pd, but relatively high Ru and Re) have not been documented in oceanic mantle, but have been found in sub-continental mantle lithosphere and are the result of considerable melt depletion and selective metasomatic enrichment (mainly Re). The long-term presence of subduction zones surrounding the Philippine Sea Plate makes this a prime location for metasomatic enrichment of mantle, either through fluid enrichment or infiltration by small melt fractions. The Re-Os isotope data are difficult to interpret with confidence due to low Os concentrations in most samples and the uncertainty in sample age. Data for Site 444A (Shikoku Basin) give an age of 17.7+/-1.3 Ma (MSWD = 14), consistent with the proposed age of basement at the site and thus provides the first robust radiometric age for these samples. The initial 187Os/188Os of 0.1298+/-0.0069 is consistent with global MORB, and precludes significant metasomatic enrichment of Os by radiogenic slab fluids. Re-Os data for Sites 446A (two suites, Daito Basin) and 450 (Parece-Vela Basin) indicate ages of 73, 68 and 43 Ma, which are respectively, 30, 17 and >12 Ma older than previously proposed ages. The alkalic and tholeiitic suites from Site 446A define regression lines with different 187Os/188Osinitial (0.170+/-0.033 and 0.112+/-0.024, respectively) which could perhaps be explained by preferential sampling of interstitial, metasomatic sulphides (with higher time-integrated Re/Os ratios) by smaller percentage alkalic melts. One sample, with lithophile elements indistinguishable from MORB, is Os-rich (146 pg/g) and has an initial 187Os/188Os of 0.1594, which is at the upper limit of the accepted OIB range. Given the Os-rich nature of this sample and the lack of evidence for subduction or recycled crust inputs, this osmium isotope ratio likely reflects heterogeneity in the DMM. The dataset as a whole is a striking indication of the possible PGE and Os isotope variability within a region of mantle that has experienced a complex tectonic history.