Descriptions of Oscillatoria agardhii, O.prolifera and O.rubescens only [Translation from: Translation from: Flora Slodkowodna Polski. Tom 2. Cyanophyta, Glaucophyta (ed. K. Starmach) p350-352. Warsaw, Polska Academia Nauk, 1966]

Short morphological observations are given for the Cyanophyceae Oscillatoria Agardhii, Oscillatoria prolifica and Oscillatoria rubescens.

Review of investigation on the feeding of the European grayling [Translation from: Flora Slodkowodna Polski. Tom 2. Cyanophyta, Glaucophyta (ed. K. Starmach) p350-352. Warsaw, Polska Academia Nauk, 1966]

The composition of the food of the European grayling and the character of its feeding has been studied fully enough, but this knowledge is scattered in the literature and often contradictory. rare exceptions, analysis of the results of different investigations. Therefore the proposed short outline of the history of the study of the problem with a description of the basic data on the feeding of the grayling in different geographical areas is presented as expedient and opportune, primarily in relation to the determination of immediate problems and the trend of research.

Isotope shift measurements using k x-rays in Sn, Sm, and W

Electronic Kαl x-ray isotope shifts have been measured for Sn 116-124, Sm 148-154, W 182-184, W 184-186, and W 182-186 using a curved crystal Cauchois spectrometer. The analysis of the measurements has included the electrostatic volume effect, screening by the transition electron as well as the non-transition electrons, normal and specific mass shifts, dynamical nuclear qudrupole polarization, and a radiative correction effect of the electron magnetic moment in the nuclear charge radii are obtained. Where other experimental data are available, the agreement with the present measurements is satisfactory. Comparisons with several nuclear model predictions yield only partial agreement.

Experimental study study of antiproton-proton annihilation into a pair of charged Pi-Mesons or K-Mesons for incident antiproton mementa in the range from 0.72 GeV/c to 2.62 GeV/c

The cross sections for the two antiproton-proton annihilation-in-flight modes,

ˉp + p → π⁺ + π^-

ˉp + p → k⁺ + k^-

were measured for fifteen laboratory antiproton beam momenta ranging from 0.72 to 2.62 GeV/c. No magnets were used to determine the charges in the final state. As a result, the angular distributions were obtained in the form [dσ/dΩ (Θ_C.M.) + dσ/dΩ (π – Θ_C.M.)] for 45 ≲ Θ_C.M. ≲ 135°.

A hodoscope-counter system was used to discriminate against events with final states having more than two particles and antiproton-proton elastic scattering events. One spark chamber was used to record the track of each of the two charged final particles. A total of about 40,000 pictures were taken. The events were analyzed by measuring the laboratory angle of the track in each chamber. The value of the square of the mass of the final particles was calculated for each event assuming the reaction

ˉp + p → a pair of particles with equal masses.

About 20,000 events were found to be either annihilation into π ^±-pair or k ^±-pair events. The two different charged meson pair modes were also distinctly separated.

The average differential cross section of ˉp + p → π⁺ + π^- varied from ~ 25 µb/sr at antiproton beam momentum 0.72 GeV/c (total energy in center-of-mass system, √s = 2.0 GeV) to ~ 2 µb/sr at beam momentum 2.62 GeV/c (√s = 2.64 GeV). The most striking feature in the angular distribution was a peak at Θ_C.M. = 90° (cos Θ_C.M. = 0) which increased with √s and reached a maximum at √s ~ 2.1 GeV (beam momentum ~ 1.1 GeV/c). Then it diminished and seemed to disappear completely at √s ~ 2.5 GeV (beam momentum ~ 2.13 GeV/c). A valley in the angular distribution occurred at cos Θ_C.M. ≈ 0.4. The differential cross section then increased as cos Θ_C.M. approached 1.

The average differential cross section for ˉp + p → k⁺ + k^- was about one third of that of the π^±-pair mode throughout the energy range of this experiment. At the lower energies, the angular distribution, unlike that of the π^±-pair mode, was quite isotropic. However, a peak at Θ_C.M. = 90° seemed to develop at √s ~ 2.37 GeV (antiproton beam momentum ~ 1.82 GeV/c). No observable change was seen at that energy in the π^±-pair cross section.

The possible connection of these features with the observed meson resonances at 2.2 GeV and 2.38 GeV, and its implications, were discussed.

Thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of an argon plasma jet. Decomposition of nitric oxide between 1300 - 1750 degrees K in an argon plasma

In the first part of the study, an RF coupled, atmospheric pressure, laminar plasma jet of argon was investigated for thermodynamic equilibrium and some rate processes.

Improved values of transition probabilities for 17 lines of argon I were developed from known values for 7 lines. The effect of inhomogeneity of the source was pointed out.

The temperatures, T, and the electron densities, n_e , were determined spectroscopically from the population densities of the higher excited states assuming the Saha-Boltzmann relationship to be valid for these states. The axial velocities, v_z, were measured by tracing the paths of particles of boron nitride using a three-dimentional mapping technique. The above quantities varied in the following ranges: 10¹² ˂ n_e ˂ 10¹⁵ particles/cm³, 3500 ˂ T ˂ 11000 °K, and 200 ˂ v_z ˂ 1200 cm/sec.

The absence of excitation equilibrium for the lower excitation population including the ground state under certain conditions of T and n_e was established and the departure from equilibrium was examined quantitatively. The ground state was shown to be highly underpopulated for the decaying plasma.

Rates of recombination between electrons and ions were obtained by solving the steady-state equation of continuity for electrons. The observed rates were consistent with a dissociative-molecular ion mechanism with a steady-state assumption for the molecular ions.

In the second part of the study, decomposition of NO was studied in the plasma at lower temperatures. The mole fractions of NO denoted by x_NO were determined gas-chromatographically and varied between 0.0012 ˂ x_NO ˂ 0.0055. The temperatures were measured pyrometrically and varied between 1300 ˂ T ˂ 1750°K. The observed rates of decomposition were orders of magnitude greater than those obtained by the previous workers under purely thermal reaction conditions. The overall activation energy was about 9 kcal/g mol which was considerably lower than the value under thermal conditions. The effect of excess nitrogen was to reduce the rate of decomposition of NO and to increase the order of the reaction with respect to NO from 1.33 to 1.85. The observed rates were consistent with a chain mechanism in which atomic nitrogen and oxygen act as chain carriers. The increased rates of decomposition and the reduced activation energy in the presence of the plasma could be explained on the basis of the observed large amount of atomic nitrogen which was probably formed as the result of reactions between excited atoms and ions of argon and the molecular nitrogen.

An investigation of the reaction negative K¯p → K¯π⁺ at P_(lab) = 2 Gev/c

The reaction K^-p→K^-π⁺n has been studied for incident kaon momenta of 2.0 GeV/c. A sample of 19,881 events was obtained by a measurement of film taken as part of the K-63 experiment in the Berkeley 72 inch bubble chamber.

Based upon our analysis, we have reached four conclusions. (1) The magnitude of the extrapolated Kπ cross section differs by a factor of 2 from the P-wave unitarity prediction and the K⁺n results; this is probably due to absorptive effects. (2) Fits to the moments yield precise values for the Kπ S-wave which agree with other recent statistically accurate experiments. (3) An anomalous peak is present in our backward K^-p→(π+n) K^- u-distribution. (4) We find a non-linear enhancement due to interference similiar to the one found by Bland et al. (Bland 1966).

Inelastic K+p reactions at incident momenta from 1.37 GeV/c to 2.17 GeV/c

A number of recent experiments have suggested the possibility of a highly inelastic resonance in K⁺p scattering. To study the inelastic K⁺p reactions, a 400 K exposure has been taken at the L.R.L. 25 inch bubble chamber. The data are spread over seven K⁺ momenta between 1.37 and 2.17 GeV/c.

Cross-sections have been measured for the reaction K⁺p → pK°π+ which is dominated by the quasi-two body channels K∆ and K*N. Both these channels are strongly peripheral, as at other momenta. The decay of the ∆ is in good agreement with the predictions of the rho-photon analogy of Stodolsky and Sakurai. The data on the K*p channel show evidence of both pseudo scalar and vector exchange.

Cross-sections for the final state pK⁺π+π- shows a strong contribution from the quasi-two body channel K*∆. This reaction is also very peripheral even at threshold. The decay angular distributions indicate the reaction is dominated as at higher momenta by a pion exchange mechanism. The data are also in good agreement with the quark model predictions of Bialas and Zalewski for the K* and ∆ decay.

CP and the three pion decay of the K°

The time distribution of the decays of an initially pure K° beam into π+π-π° has been analyzed to determine the complex parameter W (also known as Ƞ^+-° and (x + iy)). The K° beam was produced in a brass target by the interactions of a 2.85 GeV/c π- beam which was generated on an internal target in the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL) Bevatron. The counters and hodoscopes in the apparatus selected for events with a neutral (K°) produced in the brass target, two charged secondaries passing through a magnet spectrometer and a ɣ-ray shower in a shower hodoscope.

From the 275K apparatus triggers, 148 K → π+π-π° events were isolated. The presence of a ɣ-ray shower in the optical shower chambers and a two-prong vee in the optical spark chambers were devices used to isolate the events. The backgrounds were further reduced by reconstructing the momenta of the two charged secondaries and applying kinematic constraints.

The best fit to the final sample of 148 events distributed between .3 and 7.0 K_S lifetimes gives:

ReW = -.05 ±.17

ImW = +.39 +.35/-.37

This result is consistent with both CPT invariance (ReW = 0) and CP invariance (W = 0). Backgrounds are estimated to be less than 10% and systematic effects have also been estimated to be negligible.

An analysis of the present data on CP violation in this decay mode and other K° decay modes has estimated the phase of ɛ to be 45.3 ± 2.3 degrees. This result is consistent with the super weak theories of CP violation which predicts the phase of ɛ to be 43°. This estimate is in turn used to predict the phase of Ƞ°° to be 48.0 ± 7.9 degrees. This is a substantial improvement on presently available measurements. The largest error in this analysis comes from the present limits on W from the world average of recent experiments. The K → πuʋ mode produces the next largest error. Therefore further experimentation in these modes would be useful.

Reprodução de peixes de riachos: uma abordagem comparativa entre as estratégias r e K

No presente trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar a estratégia reprodutiva, enfatizando o investimento energético, de duas espécies de peixe do rio Ubatiba, Maricá, Rio de Janeiro: Parotocinclus maculicauda (K-estrategista) e Astyanax hastatus (r-estrategista). Foram realizadas coletas bimestrais de Junho de 2010 a Abril de 2011 totalizando 236 exemplares amostrados de A. hastatus e 234 de P. maculicauda. Para cada exemplar foram registrados os dados de comprimento padrão (Cp, cm), peso total (Pt, g), peso gonadal (Pg, g), sexo e estádio de maturação. Através da estrutura de tamanho, observamos que as fêmeas atingem maior comprimento, em relação aos machos, para as duas espécies. A relação peso/ comprimento evidenciou para ambas as espécies, crescimento alométrico negativo (inferior a 3), demonstrando crescimento mais longelíneo. Para a proporção sexual, o teste χ2 foi aplicado e indicou que, para as duas espécies, há significativamente mais fêmeas. A distribuição sexual no ano mostrou que as fêmeas se mantêm em maioria durante todo o ano para P. maculicauda. Para A. hastatus este padrão também se mantém, porém com exceção do bimestre Novembro/Dezembro, quando o número de machos torna-se um pouco maior. O tamanho de primeira maturação mostrou-se o mesmo para ambas as espécies (2,5 a 3,0 cm). A variação temporal da freqüência de indivíduos reprodutivos e não reprodutivos juntamente com a distribuição temporal dos valores individuais de IGS mostrou que P. maculicauda se reproduz com maior intensidade nas estações chuvosas (Setembro a Abril), reduzindo sua atividade reprodutiva de maneira significativa nas estações secas (Maio a Agosto). Já A. hastatus demonstrou regular atividade reprodutiva durante todo o ano com pequeno pico no bimestre Novembro/ Dezembro. Desova do tipo total foi registrada para Astyanax, enquanto que para Parotocinclus registrou-se desova parcelada em três lotes. Em ambas as espécies foi observada relação inversa entre volume e a quantidade de ovócitos produzidos, com A. hastatus produzindo muitos ovócitos (fecundidade: 463 + 213 ovócitos/grama de peixe) de reduzido volume (diâmetro = 800 μm e volume = 0,26 mm3) e P. maculicauda produzindo número bem inferior (fecundidade: 47 + 13 ovócitos/grama de peixe), porém com volume superior (diâmetro = 1.600 μm e volume = 2,14 mm3). Com isso o valor energético relativo também se mostrou superior, com A. hastaus produzindo ovócitos vitelogênicos com 0,4+ 0,08 cal/unidade e P. maculicauda produzindo os mesmos ovócitos com 1,8+ 1,1 cal/unidade. Para a produção energética total investida na produção de gametas, foi considerado o tipo de desova de cada espécie, com Astyanax investindo 50,5 + 24 calorias/grama/grama de peixe e Parotocinclus investindo 88,4 + 72,46 cal/grama/grama de peixe, porém sem diferenças significativas (Mann-Whitney; U =235,0, p=0,08), indicando, portanto que independente da estratégia adotada (r ou K), o gasto energético na produção de ovócitos é a mesma.

Avaliação da concentração de Cl, K e Ca na urina, hemolinfa e túbulos de Malpighi de Rhodnius prolixus usando a técnica de fluorescência de raios X por reflexão total por radiação síncrotron (SR-TXRF)

Neste trabalho utilizou-se a técnica fluorescência de raios X usando radiação síncrotron (SR-TXRF) para estudar, quantitativamente, o transporte de cloro, potássio e cálcio na hemolinfa, urina e túbulos de Malpighi (TM) em ninfas de quinto estágio do Rhodnius prolixus (R. prolixus), considerando a excreção destes elementos em diferentes dias após o repasto sanguíneo. R. prolixus é um dos principais vetores do Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causador da doença de Chagas. R. prolixus fornece um sistema modelo particularmente útil porque seus TMs tanto secretam quanto reabsorvem íons a taxas elevadas. Os TMs filtram a hemolinfa e secretam um líquido que é muitas vezes comparado com a urina primária em vertebrados. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a concentração de potássio na urina é substancialmente maior do que na hemolinfa. A concentração de cloro na hemolinfa é menor do que na urina, mas a diferença não é tão marcada como no caso do potássio. No caso do Rhodnius é razoável interpretar a elevada concentração de potássio na urina como adaptativo para o problema de excreção imediato do inseto. A concentração de cálcio nos TMs é substancialmente maior em comparação com os valores encontrados na hemolinfa e urina. Este resultado mostra que o cálcio é retido no corpo do R. prolixus e pouco eliminado. Os resultados obtidos estão coerentes com a literatura. Avaliou-se também o efeito no transporte de Cl, K e Ca após um repasto de sangue de coelho contaminado com HgCl2 de modo a avaliar o efeito da presença deste metal tóxico no balanço iônico nos fluidos de excreção urina e hemolinfa e também pelo principal órgão de transporte, os túbulos de Malpighi. As excreções de Cl e K pela urina são afetadas pela ingestão. Este resultado é esperado levando-se em consideração a ingestão de excesso de Cl através do HgCl2. O transporte de Cl, K e Ca na hemolinfa do Rhodnius prolixus não é afetada pela ingestão de HgCl2. Nos túbulos de Malpighi, as altas concentrações de Ca obtidas foram comparáveis àquelas encontradas nos insetos controle. Pode-se concluir que SR-TXRF é um método muito promissor para análises diretas, rápidas e confiáveis para a quantificação simultânea de elementos envolvidos na regulação do transporte e em todo o sistema excretor de insetos. Além disso, o estudo do transporte e a excreção de elementos no inseto Rhodnius prolixus abrem oportunidade para a maior compreensão de efeitos da poluição em espécies de invertebrados.

Anomalous scattering factor determined by semicircle fitting near the K-absorption edge of Ge

It is shown that the locus of the f' + if '' plot in the complex plane, f' being determined from measured f '' by using the dispersion relation, looks like a semicircle very near the absorption edge of Ge. The semicircular locus is derived from a quantum theory of X-ray resonant scattering when there is a sharp isolated peak in f '' just above the K-absorption edge. Using the semicircular behavior, an approach is proposed to determine the anomalous scattering factors in a crystal by fitting known calculated values based on an isolated-atom model to a semicircular focus. The determined anomalous scattering factors f' show excellent agreement with the measured values just below the absorption edge. In addition, the phase determination of a crystal structure factor has been considered by using the semicircular behavior.

Avaliação de ligações K e T entre perfis estruturais tubulares circulares.

O difundido uso de perfis estruturais tubulares, principalmente devido às vantagens associadas ao comportamento estrutural e estético, levou a uma intensa utilização nos países da Europa, Sudeste Asiático, América do Norte e na Austrália. Países como Canadá, Inglaterra, Alemanha e Holanda fazem uso intensivo dessas estruturas e contam com uma produção corrente, industrializada e contínua com alto grau de desenvolvimento tecnológico. O aumento da oferta deste tipo de perfis, aliado a recentes pesquisas nesta área, leva o Brasil a se inserir neste cenário mundial. Entretanto, as normas brasileiras que regem o dimensionamento destes perfis ainda não se encontram atualizadas, principalmente no que tange ao dimensionamento de ligações de perfis tubulares. Considerando esta perspectiva, este trabalho apresenta uma análise de ligações tipo K e T com perfis tubulares circulares (CHS). Propõe-se estabelecer um quadro comparativo entre as formulações analíticas de dimensionamento proposta pelo Eurocode 3 Parte 1.8, 2 edição do guia de projeto de ligações tubulares do CIDECT, projeto de norma brasileira PN 02.125.03-004 e critérios de deformação limite. Para cada um dos tipos de ligações analisadas, desenvolveu-se um modelo em elementos finitos no programa Ansys, calibrado e validado com resultados experimentais e numéricos existentes na literatura. As não-linearidades física e geométrica foram incorporadas aos modelos, a fim de se mobilizar totalmente a capacidade resistente da ligação. A não-linearidade do material foi considerada através do critério de plastificação de Von Mises através de uma lei constitutiva tensão versus deformação bilinear. A não-linearidade geométrica foi introduzida no modelo através da Formulação de Lagrange Atualizado considerando-se a previsão de grandes deformações de forma a permitir a redistribuição de carregamento na ligação após o escoamento inicial. Esta dissertação propõe ainda, a modelagem de uma treliça planar constituída de perfis tubulares, objetivando estabelecer uma comparação entre um nó isolado e um nó da treliça planar.