The convection during NaClO3 crystal growth observed by the phase shift interferometer

An optical diagnostic system consisting of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the phase shift device and an image processor has been developed for the study of the kinetics of the crystal growing process. The dissolution and crystallization process of NaClO3 crystal has been investigated. The concentration distributions around a growing and dissolving crystal have been obtained by using phase-shift of four-steps theory for the interpretation of the interferograms. The convection (a plume flow) has been visualized and analyzed in the process of the crystal growth. The experiment demonstrates that the buoyancy convection dominates the growth rate of the crystal growing face on the ground-based experiment.

Transient natural ventilation of a space with localised heating

The natural ventilation of a well-mixed, pre-heated room with a point source of heating, and openings at the base and roof is investigated. The transient draining associated with the room being warmer than the exterior combined with the convective ow produced by the point source of heat leads to a fascinating series of transient ow regimes as the system evolves to the two-layer steady-state regime described by Linden, Lane-Ser_ and Smeed [1]. As the room begins to ventilate, a turbulent plume rises from the point source of heat to the ceiling, and typically forms a deepening layer of hot air. However, with a weak heat source, then at some point the ascending plume will intrude beneath the layer of original uid. Otherwise, the ascending plume always reaches the top of the room as the system evolves to a steady state. We develop a simpli_ed model of the transient evolution and test this with some new laboratory experiments. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our results for real buildings.

Transient Ventilation Dynamics Following a Change in Strength of a Point Source of Heat

We investigate the transient ventilation flow within a confined ventilated space, with high- and low-level openings, when the strength of a low-level point source of heat is changed instantaneously. The steady-flow regime in the space involves a turbulent buoyant plume, which rises from the point source to a well-mixed warm upper layer. The steady-state height of the interface between this layer and the lower layer of exterior fluid is independent of the heat flux, but the upper layer becomes progressively warmer with heat flux. New analogue laboratory experiments of the transient adjustment between steady states identify that if the heat flux is increased, the continuing plume propagates to the top of the room forming a new, warmer layer. This layer gradually deepens, and as the turbulent plume entrains fluid from the original warm layer, the original layer is gradually depleted and disappears, and a new steady state is established. In contrast, if the source buoyancy flux is decreased, the continuing plume is cooler than the original plume, so that on reaching the interface it is of intermediate density between the original warm layer and the external fluid. The plume supplies a new intermediate layer, which gradually deepens with the continuing flow. In turn, the original upper layer becomes depleted, both as a result of being vented through the upper opening of the space, but also due to some penetrative entrainment of this layer by the plume, as the plume overshoots the interface before falling back to supply the new intermediate layer. We develop quantitative models which are in good accord with our experimental data, by combining classical plume theory with models of the penetrative entrainment for the case of a decrease in heating. Typically, we find that the effect of penetrative entrainment on the density of the intruding layer is relatively weak, provided the change in source strength is sufficiently large. However, penetrative entrainment measurably increases the rate at which the depth of the draining layer decreases. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of these results for the control of naturally ventilated spaces.

Non-aqueous phase liquid behavior in the subsurface: Transportation, source zone characterization and remediation

Contaminant behaviour in soils and fractured rock is very complex, not least because of the heterogeneity of the subsurface environment. For non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), a liquid density contrast and interfacial tension between the contaminant and interstitial fluid adds to the complexity of behaviour, increasing the difficulty of predicting NAPL behaviour in the subsurface. This paper outlines the need for physical model tests that can improve fundamental understanding of NAPL behaviour in the subsurface, enhance risk assessments of NAPL contaminated sites, reduce uncertainty associated with NAPL source remediation and improve current technologies for NAPL plume remediation. Four case histories are presented to illustrate physical modelling approaches that have addressed problems associated with NAPL transport, remediation and source zone characterization. © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

地幔热柱上升运动的流体动力学模式

关于热点下面地幔热柱(Plume)上升运动的研究,对于开发地热资源,了解火山、地震的成因,以及大陆漂移的驱动力等问题,具有十分重要的意义,本文给出了热柱上升运动的较完整的流体动力学描述,算出了热柱的大小,热柱上升运动的最大涅差、最大速度,以及热柱向岩石圈所传送的热量,其结果与现有的地学观测数据相符合。

地幔对流的数值实验研究

数值实验是地幔对流研究的基本方法。本文概述了近二十年地幔对流研究的主要进展,介绍并评价了每个研究阶段所提出的新概念和新思想。最后,着重讨论了上地幔与全地幔对流的论争。

A model experiment of the plate movement

Detailed analysis of some difficult aspects has been made from modeling the platemovement. A new method of using differential density of material (instead of differentialtemperature) has been developed in the experiments. The effect of convection of mantleon the plate movement has been studied using a centrifugal technique, and a patternshowing the recurrence of the plate movement has been successfully obtained. In this paper, a criterion De=Dm is presented for the similarity of the model to thecounterpart of the original mantle. According to the criterion, what happens in the modelin a span of ten minutes suggests a process of the "original model" going on in geologi-cal time of three million years.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 174 A]

A Constituinte e as formas de prevenir o agravamento dos problemas das grandes cidades. Deni Schwartz, Ministro do Desenvolvimento Urbano, considera que um dos pontos mais sérios é o da propriedade urbana, que não pode ser tratada da mesma forma que a propriedade rural. O Deputado Manoel Castro (PFL-BA) diz que a Constituição deve obrigar o governo a cuidar da habitação popular. Na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) algumas ideias já surgiram, como por exemplo a do usucapião urbano. O Senador Teotônio Vilela Filho (PMDB-AL) considera que a questão urbana está intimamente ligada e dependente a questão agrária. O Deputado Jessé Freire (PFL-RN) quer que a nova Carta garanta instrumentos de planejamento espacial capazes de resolver, como um todo, o problema agrário e urbano. O Deputado Roberto D'Ávila (PDT-RJ) reapresentou duas emendas populares, que não puderam ser aproveitadas por não cumprirem todas as exigências. Uma delas trata da obrigatoriedade de concurso público para ingresso no funcionalismo público. Outra trata de direitos humanos, como a liberdade de credo e direitos dos presos. O Deputado Eraldo Trindade (PFL-AP) apresentou emenda que garante a nacionalização das riquezas minerais. Ivan Lins convoca o povo a participar das emendas populares.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 236]

Um grande número de destaques foi apresentado ao texto do substitutivo. O Relator, Deputado Bernardo Cabral (PMBB - AM) explica a inclusão do sistema parlamentarista no relatório, com seis anos para o mandato do Presidente da República José Sarney, e esclarece também a questão do colégio eleitoral na eleição para presidente da república. Constituintes do Amapá e Roraima criticam o relatório no que concerne a questão da emancipação política dos territórios. O Deputado Eraldo Trindade (PFL-AP) informa que estes territórios não podem ficar atrelados ao poder central. O Deputado Chagas Duarte (PFL-RR) afirma que a única saída é tentar derrubar essa parte do texto do substitutivo na Comissão de Sistematização da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). Progressistas do PT, PDT, PSB, PCB, PC do B e da ala progressista do PMDB preparam estratégia para a votação do substitutivo. O Deputado José Genoíno declara que, dentro do grupo, não há consenso para o sistema de governo e que a discussão se dá principalmente em relação às questões sociais, econômicas e institucionais do Estado. O Deputado Antônio Brito (PMDB-RS) esclarece que o importante é o entendimento, ou seja, buscar o que há em comum entre os partidos para facilitar a votação. O Deputado Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT-SP) afirma que será usado o Regimento Interno. Perguntado sobre a grande quantidade de destaques e a possibilidade de obstrução por parte de alguns partidos, o Presidente da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), Deputado Ulysses Guimarães acredita que, ao final, se chegará ao entendimento e que se reunirá com o Colégio de Líderes para disciplinar os trabalhos.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 323]

O Substitutivo da Constituição começa a circular esta noite, e traz todas as emendas aprovadas na Sistematização. Segundo Deputado João Cunha (PMDB-SP) com o restabelecimento da soberania do Plenário da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), o povo brasileiro poderá dizer o que pensa. Em relação ao sistema de governo, o Deputado Costa Ferreira (PFL-MA) optou pelo presidencialismo porque já está identificado com o povo e os costumes do país. O Deputado Edson Lobão (PFL-MA) afirma que nos países desenvolvidos o parlamentarismo é excelente, mas não considera a melhor solução para a atividade política e institucional no Brasil. O Deputado Miraldo Gomes (PMDB-BA) afirma que deve prevalecer o presidencialismo. Para o Deputado Aluízio Bezerra (PMDB-AC), o sistema parlamentarista é o que mais possibilita uma condução mais democrática e assimila as constantes mutações na estrutura econômica e social do país. Surge uma nova proposta que convoca eleições gerais para 90 ou 120 dias após a promulgação da Constituição. O Deputado Heraldo Trindade (PFL-AP) que também defende as eleições em todos os níveis, tem uma outra proposta de eleições diretas para governador nos Estados do Amapá e Roraima a partir do dia 15 de novembro de 1988. O Deputado José Serra (PMDB-SP) assegura que os aposentados terão mecanismos reais de proteção.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 614 ]

Líderes se reúnem, mas não entram em acordo sobre a anistia das microempresas. A votação da emenda pode ficar para o dia seguinte. Os líderes partidários tentaram negociar a emenda que concede anistia aos micro e pequenos empresários. O líder do governo levou uma proposta de um texto em que a anistia seja concedida exclusivamente aos empréstimos dados no período de vigência do Plano Cruzado 1. Os defensores da anistia querem uma emenda mais abrangente, beneficiando também os devedores do Plano Cruzado 2. Há divergências sobre quem deve pagar os custos da anistia. Para alguns constituintes, os bancos são os vilões da crise econômica brasileira e assim deveriam pagar o preço pelo perdão das dívidas. Há os que lembram que o sistema capitalista é constituído por prejuízos e lucros, sendo assim, o ônus deveria ficar para os acionistas dos grandes bancos. A sessão no plenário prosseguiu com os constituintes votando outros artigos das disposições transitórias. A primeira emenda aprovada garante que a reforma tributária seja executada de forma progressiva, igualando os estados mais pobres aos mais ricos para a distribuição de recursos. O movimento na frente da entrada do plenário foi intenso. Os pequenos agricultores e produtores rurais fizeram pressão, mas a emenda da anistia ainda não tinha sido colocada em votação até o começo da noite. Não havendo acordo a tendência da constituinte é a aprovação da anistia.

应用于固体火箭发动机喷管出口羽流温度测量的光学辐射高温计

利用辐射光谱测量温度的原理,设计并制造了一种新型的非接触式光学辐射高温计.详细介绍该温度计的基本原理和标定方法,并将该温度计应用于火箭发动机喷管出口羽流的温度测量中,初步的实验结果和数值模拟结果相一致.

Numerical Study on Kerosene Spray in Supersonic Flow

Numerical simulation was conducted to study the kerosene spray characteristics injecting into supersonic cross flow. The verification of the simulation was carried out by experimental Schlieren image, and the agreement was obtained by compared the spray plume pictures. Furthermore, the aerodynamic secondary breakup effect of the supersonic cross flow on the initial droplets was investigated. It was revealed that the initial parent drops were broken up into small drops whose diameter is about O(10) micrometers soon after they entered into the supersonic cross flow. During the appropriate range of initial drop size, the parent droplets would be broken up into small drops with the same magnitude diameter no matter how large the initial drops SMD was.

Ecological condition of coastal ocean waters along the U.S. Western Continental Shelf: 2003

Executive Summary: The western National Coastal Assessment (NCA-West) program of EPA, in conjunction with the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS), conducted an assessment of the status of ecological condition of soft sediment habitats and overlying waters along the western U.S. continental shelf, between the target depths of 30 and 120 m, during June 2003. NCA-West and NOAA/NOS partnered with the West Coast states (Washington (WA), Oregon (OR), and California (CA)), and the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) Bight ’03 program to conduct the survey. A total of 257 stations were sampled from Cape Flattery, WA to the Mexican border using standard methods and indicators applied in previous coastal NCA projects. A key study feature was the incorporation of a stratified-random sampling design with stations stratified by state and National Marine Sanctuary (NMS) status. Each of the three states was represented by at least 50 random stations. There also were a total of 84 random stations located within NOAA’s five NMSs along the West Coast including the Olympic Coast NMS (OCNMS), Cordell Bank NMS (CBNMS), Gulf of Farallones NMS (GFNMS), Monterey Bay NMS (MBNMS), and Channel Islands NMS (CINMS). Collection of flatfish via hook-and-line for fish-tissue contaminant analysis was successful at 50 EMAP/NCA-West stations. Through a collaboration developed with the FRAM Division of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, fish from an additional 63 stations in the same region and depth range were also analyzed for fish-tissue contaminants. Bottom depth throughout the region ranged from 28 m to 125 m for most stations. Two slightly deeper stations from the Southern California Bight (SCB) (131, 134 m) were included in the data set. About 44% of the survey area had sediments composed of sands (< 20% silt-clay), about 47% was composed of intermediate muddy sands (20-80% silt-clay), and about 9% was composed of muds (> 80% silt-clay). The majority of the survey area (97%) had relatively low percent total organic carbon (TOC) levels of < 2%, while a small portion (< 1%) had high TOC levels (> 5%), in a range potentially harmful to benthic fauna. Salinity of surface waters for 92% of the survey area were > 31 psu, with most stations < 31 psu associated with the Columbia River plume. Bottom salinities ranged only between 31.6 and 34.4 psu. There was virtually no difference in mean bottom salinities among states or between NMS and non-NMS stations. Temperatures of surface water (range 8.5 -19.9 °C) and bottom water (range 5.8 -14.7 °C) averaged several degrees higher in CA in comparison to WA and OR. The Δσt index of watercolumn stratification indicated that about 31% of the survey area had strong vertical stratification of the water column. The index was greatest for waters off WA and lowest for CA waters. Only about 2.6 % of the survey area had surface dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations ≤ 4.8 mg/L, and there were no values below the lower threshold (2.3 mg/L) considered harmful to the survival and growth of marine animals. Surface DO concentrations were higher in WA and OR waters than in CA, and higher in the OC NMS than in the CA sanctuaries. An estimated 94.3% of the area had bottom-water DO concentrations ≤ 4.8 mg/L and 6.6% had concentrations ≤ 2.3 mg/L. The high prevalence of DO from 2.3 to 4.8 mg/L (85% of survey area) is believed to be associated with the upwelling of naturally low DO water across the West Coast shelf. Mean TSS and transmissivity in surface waters (excluding OR due to sample problems) were slightly higher and lower, respectively, for stations in WA than for those in CA. There was little difference in mean TSS or transmissivity between NMS and non-NMS locations. Mean transmissivity in bottom waters, though higher in comparison to surface waters, showed little difference among geographic regions or between NMS and non-NMS locations. Concentrations of nitrate + nitrite, ammonium, total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and orthophosphate (P) in surface waters tended to be highest in CA compared to WA and OR, and higher in the CA NMS stations compared to CA non-sanctuary stations. Measurements of silicate in surface waters were limited to WA and CA (exclusive of the SCB) and showed that concentrations were similar between the two states and approximately twice as high in CA sanctuaries compared to OCNMS or nonsanctuary locations in either state. The elevated nutrient concentrations observed at CA NMS stations are consistent with the presence of strong upwelling at these sites at the time of sampling. Approximately 93% of the area had DIN/P values ≤ 16, indicative of nitrogen limitation. Mean DIN/P ratios were similar among the three states, although the mean for the OCNMS was less than half that of the CA sanctuaries or nonsanctuary locations. Concentrations of chlorophyll a in surface waters ranged from 0 to 28 μg L-1, with 50% of the area having values < 3.9 μg L-1 and 10% having values > 14.5 μg L-1. The mean concentration of chlorophyll a for CA was less than half that of WA and OR locations, and concentrations were lowest in non-sanctuary sites in CA and highest at the OCNMS. Shelf sediments throughout the survey area were relatively uncontaminated with the exception of a group of stations within the SCB. Overall, about 99% of the total survey area was rated in good condition (<5 chemicals measured above corresponding effect range low (ERL) concentrations). Only the pesticides 4,4′-DDE and total DDT exceeded corresponding effect range-median (ERM) values, all at stations in CA near Los Angeles. Ten other contaminants including seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ag, Zn), 2-methylnaphthalene, low molecular weight PAHs, and total PCBs exceeded corresponding ERLs. The most prevalent in terms of area were chromium (31%), arsenic (8%), 2-methylnaphthalene (6%), cadmium (5%), and mercury (4%). The chromium contamination may be related to natural background sources common to the region. The 2-methylnaphthalene exceedances were conspicuously grouped around the CINMS. The mercury exceedances were all at non-sanctuary sites in CA, particularly in the Los Angeles area. Concentrations of cadmium in fish tissues exceeded the lower end of EPA’s non-cancer, human-health-risk range at nine of 50 EMAP/NCA-West and nine of 60 FRAM groundfish-survey stations, including a total of seven NMS stations in CA and two in the OCNMS. The human-health guidelines for all other contaminants were only exceeded for total PCBs at one station located in WA near the mouth of the Columbia River. Benthic species richness was relatively high in these offshore assemblages, ranging from 19 to 190 taxa per 0.1-m2 grab and averaging 79 taxa/grab. The high species richness was reflected over large areas of the shelf and was nearly three times greater than levels observed in estuarine samples along the West Coast (e.g NCA-West estuarine mean of 26 taxa/grab). Mean species richness was highest off CA (94 taxa/grab) and lower in OR and WA (55 and 56 taxa/grab, respectively). Mean species richness was very similar between sanctuary vs. non-sanctuary stations for both the CA and OR/WA regions. Mean diversity index H′ was highest in CA (5.36) and lowest in WA (4.27). There were no major differences in mean H′ between sanctuary vs. nonsanctuary stations for both the CA and OR/WA regions. A total of 1,482 taxa (1,108 to species) and 99,135 individuals were identified region-wide. Polychaetes, crustaceans and molluscs were the dominant taxa, both by percent abundance (59%, 17%, 12% respectively) and percent species (44%, 25%, 17%, respectively). There were no major differences in the percent composition of benthic communities among states or between NMSs and corresponding non-sanctuary sites. Densities averaged 3,788 m-2, about 30% of the average density for West Coast estuaries. Mean density of benthic fauna in the present offshore survey, averaged by state, was highest in CA (4,351 m-2) and lowest in OR (2,310 m-2). Mean densities were slightly higher at NMS stations vs. non-sanctuary stations for both the CA and OR/WA regions. The 10 most abundant taxa were the polychaetes Mediomastus spp., Magelona longicornis, Spiophanes berkeleyorum, Spiophanes bombyx, Spiophanes duplex, and Prionospio jubata; the bivalve Axinopsida serricata, the ophiuroid Amphiodia urtica, the decapod Pinnixa occidentalis, and the ostracod Euphilomedes carcharodonta. Mediomastus spp. and A. serricata were the two most abundant taxa overall. Although many of these taxa have broad geographic distributions throughout the region, the same species were not ranked among the 10 most abundant taxa consistently across states. The closest similarities among states were between OR and WA. At least half of the 10 most abundant taxa in NMSs were also dominant in corresponding nonsanctuary waters. Many of the abundant benthic species have wide latitudinal distributions along the West Coast shelf, with some species ranging from southern CA into the Gulf of Alaska or even the Aleutians. Of the 39 taxa on the list of 50 most abundant taxa that could be identified to species level, 85% have been reported at least once from estuaries of CA, OR, or WA exclusive of Puget Sound. Such broad latitudinal and estuarine distributions are suggestive of wide habitat tolerances. Thirteen (1.2%) of the 1,108 identified species are nonindigenous, with another 121 species classified as cryptogenic (of uncertain origin), and 208 species unclassified with respect to potential invasiveness. Despite uncertainties of classification, the number and densities of nonindigenous species appear to be much lower on the shelf than in the estuarine ecosystems of the Pacific Coast. Spionid polychaetes and the ampharetid polychaete Anobothrus gracilis were a major component of the nonindigenous species collected on the shelf. NOAA’s five NMSs along the West Coast of the U.S. appeared to be in good ecological condition, based on the measured indicators, with no evidence of major anthropogenic impacts or unusual environmental qualities compared to nearby nonsanctuary waters. Benthic communities in sanctuaries resembled those in corresponding non-sanctuary waters, with similarly high levels of species richness and diversity and low incidence of nonindigenous species. Most oceanographic features were also similar between sanctuary and non-sanctuary locations. Exceptions (e.g., higher concentrations of some nutrients in sanctuaries along the CA coast) appeared to be attributable to natural upwelling events in the area at the time of sampling. In addition, sediments within the sanctuaries were relatively uncontaminated, with none of the samples having any measured chemical in excess of ERM values. The ERL value for chromium was exceeded in sediments at the OCNMS, but at a much lower percentage of stations (four of 30) compared to WA and OR non-sanctuary areas (31 of 70 stations). ERL values were exceeded for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, 2- methylnaphthalene, low molecular weight PAHs, total DDT, and 4,4′-DDE at multiple sites within the CINMS. However, cases where total DDT, 4,4′-DDE, and chromium exceeded the ERL values were notably less prevalent at CINMS than in non-sanctuary waters of CA. In contrast, 2-methylnaphthalene above the ERL was much more prevalent in sediments at the CINMS compared to non-sanctuary waters off the coast of CA. While there are natural background sources of PAHs from oil seeps throughout the SCB, this does not explain the higher incidence of 2-methylnaphthalene contamination around CINMS. Two stations in CINMS also had levels of TOC (> 5%) potentially harmful to benthic fauna, though none of these sites exhibited symptoms of impaired benthic condition. This study showed no major evidence of extensive biological impacts linked to measured stressors. There were only two stations, both in CA, where low numbers of benthic species, diversity, or total faunal abundance co-occurred with high sediment contamination or low DO in bottom water. Such general lack of concordance suggests that these offshore waters are currently in good condition, with the lower-end values of the various biological attributes representing parts of a normal reference range controlled by natural factors. Results of multiple linear regression, performed using full model procedures to test for effects of combined abiotic environmental factors, suggested that latitude and depth had significant influences on benthic variables regionwide. Latitude had a significant inverse influence on all three of the above benthic variables, i.e. with values increasing as latitude decreased (p< 0.01), while depth had a significant direct influence on diversity (p < 0.001) and inverse effect on density (p <0.01). None of these variables varied significantly in relation to sediment % fines (at p< 0.1), although in general there was a tendency for muddier sediments (higher % fines) to have lower species richness and diversity and higher densities than coarser sediments. Alternatively, it is possible that for some of these sites the lower values of benthic variables reflect symptoms of disturbance induced by other unmeasured stressors. The indicators in this study included measures of stressors (e.g., chemical contaminants, eutrophication) that are often associated with adverse biological impacts in shallower estuarine and inland ecosystems. However, there may be other sources of humaninduced stress in these offshore systems (e.g., bottom trawling) that pose greater risks to ambient living resources and which have not been captured. Future monitoring efforts in these offshore areas should include indicators of such alternative sources of disturbance. (137pp.) (PDF contains 167 pages)

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 657]

Os constituintes já apresentaram 1200 pedidos de Destaques de Emendas, uma emenda destacada tem preferencia na hora da votação. As emendas mais destacadas são as que tratam do direito dos trabalhadores, a reforma agrária e o tabelamento dos juros. Os constituintes do PSDB, os tucanos, se reuniram para selecionar os destaques que vão apresentar nesta etapa. A prioridade dos tucanos é acelerar o processo de votação e depois garantir as conquistas do 1º Turno. O PFL apresentou 40 emendas para o 2º Turno, o Presidente do Partido, Senador Marco Maciel, explicou as mais importantes. O Centrão também se prepara para o 2º Turno, os centristas já sabem o que querem tirar e o que vão tentar manter no novo texto. Os constituintes discutem como vão votar os temas mais polêmicos, desde reforma agrária até as eleições em dois turnos.